shokrollah asghari

The objective of this study was to compare the spatial variability of physical and chemical parameters of the soil in orchard, crop, and bare land uses being adjacent to each other located in the north-west Lake Urmia. Soil sampling was done based on regular gridding in bare and orchard land uses in to dimensions of 300 × 300 m2 and in crop land use into dimensions of 200 × 60. The location of the points was recorded through the global positioning system (GPS). A total of 108 soil samples (36 samples per each land use) were taken from the terrain depth of 0 to 20 cm. Disturbed samples were ari dried in the laboratory in order to measure the soil propertie, including particle density (Dp), particle size distribution, permanent wilting point (PWP), organic carbon (OC), mean weight diameter of aggregates’(MWD), soil acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), CaCo3, bulk density (Db), saturated (θs) and, field capacity (FC) moisture content, The, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) uere measured in undisturbed soil samples . The soil measured parameters were transferred to the Geographic Information System software (GIS) environment to determine the geostatistical parameters and the spatial variation map of soil properties was prepared. The results showed that there were positive and significant correlation between MWD and organic carbon (r = 0. 675 **) and Ks (r = 675 **) and also, negative and significant correlation between MWD and sand (r = 0.328 **) and Db (r = 0. 472/0 **). The average of MWD in orchard, crop and arid land use was obtained 1.23, 0.83 and 0.48 mm, respectively. And also, the average of EC (extract 1 to 10) in orchard, crop and bare land use was obtained 0.33, 0.16, and 0.56 ds.m-1. The best model of spatial structure is gaussian model for OC in both crop and bare land use, for MWD and EC in the orchard land use, and for EC in bare land use and is spherical for MWD and EC in crop land use and is linear for MWD in arid land use and is exponential for OC in orchard land use. in orchard land use, EC and Dp had the highest (279 m) and lowest (57 m) impact range, respectively. In crop land use, AW and EC had the highest (282 m) and the lowest (23 m) impact range, respectively. In bare land use, pH and Dp had the highest (563 m) and lowest (110 m) impact range, respectively. The results of geostatistical analysis showed that most of the parameters have strong correlation in orchard and arid land use, moderate correlation in crop land use in the studied area. The results obtained from the evaluation of the interpolation methods showed that cokriging method was the best method for OC and EC parameters in orchard land and for MWD and EC in bare land use, the best method and kriging method was the best method for MWD in orchard land use and for MWD and OC in crop land use and for OC in bare land use, and IDW was the best method for EC in crop land use. Among the studied characteristics, saturation moisture content (144.2) in orchard land use, sand (15.2) in crop land use and soil porosity (49.62) in bare land use had the highest piece effect (C0) and SAR and soil acidity pH (0.0001) in orchard land use and the EC parameter (0.00001) in crop land use, and the parameters Dp and EC (0.00001) had the lowest piece impact among all measured parameters. The results showed that the physical and chemical quality of the soils in the lands affected by the salt of Lake Urmia in orchard and crop land use was higher than bare land use. Therefore, by selecting suitable management methods, the quality loss of the soils near the Lake Urmia can be partially prevented.

Coarse-textured soils have generally low organic matter and unstable structure. Using cheap waste materials such as sewage sludge is one of the solutions for their associated problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Ardabil municipal sewage sludge on some physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam soil selected from Ardabil plain under cultivation of spring wheat. A greenhouse experiment was done as randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were zero (control), 11.5, 23, 46, 69 g of air dried sludge per kg of air dried soil equivalent to zero, 30, 60, 120 and 180 tons of sludge/ha, respectively. After mixing the sludge with the soil, the spring wheat seeds were sown in pots. Parameters were measured after wheat harvest, 4 months after mixing the sludge with the soil. The results showed that the all rates of sludge from 30 to 180 ton/ha significantly decreased soil bulk density, particle density macropore...

Direct measurement of soil hydraulic and mechanical properties is time consuming, costly and sometimes unreliable due to soil heterogeneity and experimental errors. On the other hand, these properties can be estimated from readily available soil properties using pedotransfer functions (PTFs). This research describes regression based PTFs to predict dependent soil properties including penetration resistance (PR), mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD), some points of soil water retention curve (SWRC), its slope at the inflection point (Sp), the van Genuchten a and n parameters from independent soil properties including sand, silt, clay, geometric mean (dg) and standard deviation (δg) of the soil particles diameter, relative bulk (Db-rel) and particle density (Dp), total porosity (n), water repellency (WR), initial water content (Pm), organic carbon (OC) and equivalent calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Totally, 75 soil samples were taken from Fandoglou forest lands of Ardabil, Iran. Then t...

Recently, sewage sludge as a cheap organic fertilizer and rich in nutrients has received considerable attention in many countries. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Tabriz petrochemical factory ' s biological sludge on some soil biochemical and chemical indices such as the number of microorganism s, substrate-ind uced respiration, electrical conductivity, hot water-soluble carbohydrates and total nitrogen as well as their temporal variations in a calcareous soil selected from Mohaghegh Ardabili University ' s Research Station. The greenhouse experiment was done as a factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates. The first factor was the rates of applied sludge as 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 ton/ha of air dry soil and the second factor was the incubation times as 30, 90 and 180 days. Incubation of the treatments was done at 22±4 ◦ C and 0.75 field capacity moisture for 6 months. The results indicated that the all rates of applied slu...

Soil erosion and sediment yield nowdays has become one of the most important environmental problems. Therefore, soil management is essential for optimum utilization and reduce its degradation. Due to lack of data related to soil erosion and sedimentation in the watersheds of the Iran most suitable empirical models for estimating erosion and sediment is mandatory. Universal Soil Loss Equation due to simple calculations, is the most widely used method to estimate the potential soil erosion. In this study, the performance of Universal Soil Loss Equation and some version of it, including RUSLE and MUSLE were assesed using software ILWIS in Pixel level hill_slope and sub- watershed spatial scales. So the first maping factors of Universal Soil Loss Equation in each of the versions of Universal Soil Loss Equation in three spatial level. Universal Soil Loss Equation include rainfall erosivity factors, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness factor, crop/cover and management factor and ...

Rainfall-Runoff transformation proceses in a region is complex and affected by many different factors. In this study, the relationship between runoff and sediment yield with land use type by using of rainfall simulator and the spatial variability by using of geostatistics and geographical information system (GIS) software were considered in the Fandoghlu region. For this purpose, Fandoghlu Region in Ardabil Province that has forest, range and cultivated land was selected. Sampling the disturbed and undisturbed were soils done in 50 points with a 500×500 square meter regular ratio grids, as well as, Runoff and sediment yield sampling by using of rainfall simulator, too. The position points through Global Positioning System (GPS) was recorded. Then some soil properties measured in the laboratory. Simulated rainfall intensity of 21.867 mm per minute for 15 minutes was performed, and runoff and sediment samples collected and transported to the laboratory. In addition, the percentage of ...

In semiarid regions, physical quality of fine-textured soils is generally poor due to low rate of organic matter and consequently weak stability of aggregates. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) on some physical quality indices and also their temporal variability in a clay loam soil which was selected from a semiarid region in the west of Iran. These indices were mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, dispersible clay ratio (DC), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), and total porosity (n). The rates of PAM including 0 (control), 0.125, and 0.25 g kg-1 of air dry soil were mixed with the soil and uniformly packed into plastic pans, and incubated in a greenhouse at 0.7 to 0.8 field capacity moisture content (0.123-0.14 g g-1) and 22 ± 4 oC for 6 months . MWD, DC, Ks, and n were measured for the soil taken from the 10–15 cm layer of pans at 30, 90, and 180 days. The results showed that both low and high rates of PAM signif...

Road salting is used as a persuaded way to keep road safety in winter. The use of chemical deicer such as sodium chloride can increase soil salinity in Pasture lands near the road and damage the soil microbial community. To survey this issue, fourty eight soils were sampled perpendicularly at distances of 2, 5, 10m below the slope of the road and 20m above the slope (as control) from three Snowy sites with a high intake of salt in Pasture lands nearby the Nir- Sarab road. Soils were sampled from 0–15 cm depth in four replications in spring and autumn. After preparing, samples were transferred in to the lab using a flask containing ice and kept at 4 oC. Two chemical properties, and several biological indicators of soil samples were measured: soil organic carbon content, electrical conductivity, soil microbial population, basal respiration, substrate induced respiration, microbial biomass content and metabolic quotient (qCO2). The results of this research revealed that at distances of...

Determining degree of ability of soil weathering in an area and showing in the form of maps in GIS can be useful in improving the management of water and soil. To evaluate the abrasion extent normally we use experimental relations. In this study which is done in the in the area of Bloukhloochaye in Ardebil province, Firstly the effective parameters in abrasion in the riversides such as topography factors, soil and ground, hydrology, usage alterations have been considered. Then variable factors were classified to time, general, physiology, hydrology and ground factors. In time parameters, four types of photos including year 1334 using the aerial photography, year 1359 using TM satellite photography, years 1382 and 1389 using Google Earth were provided and effective abrasion level in the river was compared. After determining independent variables including(topography, hydrology, ability to abrasion and ground factors) and effective abrasion level in the river as a dependant varioable,...

Soil erosion is one of the most important aspects of natural resource degradation. Soil erosivity coefficient (k) in the universal soil loss equation is one of the factors affecting the amount of soil losses and the study and its determination can be important.One of the effective factors on soil erosion is the physical stability of the soil against the degradation factors that is determined by the erodibility index in the universal soil loss equation.Gradient effects on soil erodibility were a member of various land. In this study, the effect of slope and elevation on soil erodibility index in the Molla Ahmad area of Ardabilprovince, was investigated. The results showed that elevation of the area did not have a significant effect on the K index and this effect was significant only in the altitudes above 1750 m. But, the increase of the land slope constantly increased soil erodibility and the flat lands of the region with 0-2 and 2-5 percent slope class had the least value of the K ...

In order to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizers and legumes on improving the quality of soil chemical properties, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the year 2016 in Ardabil.in this experiment, three organic fertilizers (cow’s compost,cow’s vermicompost and chicken manure)and two types of legums Peaand Lentilwere used in the main plots.labratory data was analyzed using the SAS Ver9.1 software.the results showed that three types of organic manures caused a significant increase in soil quality characteristics.in general, he results showed the simultaneous application of legumes and organic fertilizers and the occurrence of interactions between them,while improving the soil fertility, produced a good performance in this experiment.the results of analysis of variance and comparision of meanings showed that the highest amount of soil phosphorus was observed in cow’s compost and the highest amount of calcium and chlorine in...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined application of organic fertilizers and leguminous plants cultivation on water penetration parameters in a selected soil from semi-arid region. Factorial experiment was based on randomized complete block design in which the first factor was three types of organic fertilizers including bovine compost, vermicompost, bovine and poultry manure, second factor, consumption of fertilizers in three levels including zero, 75 and 150 kg pure nitrogen fertilizer per hectare and in the third factor, three treatments of legume cultivation were included without cultivating, chickpea and lentil cultivation in three replications. Based on the results of this research among organic fertilizer treatments, bovine compost manure had the most positive effect on the cumulative penetration of water in selected soil from semi-arid region. Also, in the interaction effect of fertilizer use on the cumulative penetration curve of water had the high...

Petrochemical sludge is a cheap organic additive that can be used for modifying soil quality of semiarid regions in Iran. This study was conducted in large pots (50 cm diameter, 25 cm heigh) to characterize the organic carbon (OC), bulk density (ρ b ), particle density (ρ p ), total porosity (n), macroporosity (pores > 30 µm), and available water capacity (AWC) of a calcareous semiarid soil in relation to the application of petrochemical sludge at four rates (25, 50, 75 and 100 Mg ha -1 ) during time. There was also a control treatment (without sludge). Incubation of treatments was done in a greenhouse with field capacity moisture content of 0.7-0.8 and temperature of 22±4°C for 6 months. All parameters were measured at 60, 120 and 180 days. Results indicated that all used sludge rates significantly (P = 0.01) increased OC and decreased ρ b as compared to the control. Correlation between OC and ρ b was significant (P = 0.001). Macroporosity and AWC significantly (P = 0.01) increased with sludge application only at the rate of 100 Mg ha -1 . Significant correlation was found between OC with ρ b and AWC in the 3 incubation times. This study showed that the petrochemical sludge improved physical quality of the semiarid soil.

The objective of this study was to compare the spatial variability of physical and chemical parameters of the soil in orchard, crop, and bare land uses being adjacent to each other located in the north-west Lake Urmia. Soil sampling was done based on regular gridding in bare and orchard land uses in to dimensions of 300 × 300 m2 and in crop land use into dimensions of 200 × 60. The location of the points was recorded through the global positioning system (GPS). A total of 108 soil samples (36 samples per each land use) were taken from the terrain depth of 0 to 20 cm. Disturbed samples were ari dried in the laboratory in order to measure the soil propertie, including particle density (Dp), particle size distribution, permanent wilting point (PWP), organic carbon (OC), mean weight diameter of aggregates’(MWD), soil acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), CaCo3, bulk density (Db), saturated (θs) and, field capacity (FC) moisture content, The, and satu...