van dong

... Democratisation was, however, set in motion in 1977 when party elections were introduced on the islands as a result of the merger of the Zanzibari Afro Shirazi Party (ASP) with the Tanganyikan African National ... Wakil got 85 votes and his opponent, Seid Shariff Hamad, 78. ...

We show that, in frameworks of the economical 3-3-1 model, the suitable pattern of neutrino masses arises from the three quite different sources - the lepton-number conserving, the spontaneous lepton-number breaking and the explicit lepton-number violating, widely ranging over the mass scales including the GUT one: $u\sim O(1) \mathrm{GeV}$, $v\approx 246 \mathrm{GeV}$, $\om\sim O(1) \mathrm{TeV}$ and $\mathcal{M}\sim \mathcal{O}(10^{16}) \mathrm{GeV}$. At the tree-level, the model contains three Dirac neutrinos: one massless, two large with degenerate masses in the order of the electron mass. At the one-loop level, the left-handed and right-handed neutrinos obtain Majorana masses $M_{L,R}$ in orders of $10^{-2}-10^{-3} \mathrm{eV}$ and degenerate in $M_R=-M_L$, while the Dirac masses get a large reduction down to $\mathrm{eV}$ scale through a finite mass renormalization. In this model, the contributions of new physics are strongly signified, the degenerations in the masses and the last hierarchy between the Majorana and Dirac masses can be completely removed by heavy particles. All the neutrinos get mass and can fit the data.

Interactions among the standard model gauge bosons and scalar fields in the framework of SU(3)_C X SU(3)_L X U(1)_X gauge model with minimal (economical) Higgs content are presented. From these couplings, all scalar fields including the neutral scalar $h$ and the Goldstone bosons can be identified and their couplings with the usual gauge bosons such as the photon, the charged $W^\pm$ and the neutral $Z$, without any additional condition, are recovered. In the effective approximation, full content of scalar sector can be recognized. The CP-odd part of Goldstone associated with the neutral non-Hermitian bilepton gauge boson $G_{X^0}$ is decouple, while its CP-even counterpart has the mixing by the same way in the gauge boson sector. Masses of the new neutral Higgs boson $H^0_1$ and the neutral non-Hermitian bilepton $X^0$ are dependent on a coefficient of Higgs self-coupling ($\lambda_1$). Similarly, masses of the singly-charged Higgs boson $H_2^\pm$ and of the charged bilepton $Y^\pm$ are proportional through a coefficient of Higgs self-interaction ($\lambda_4$). The hadronic cross section for production of this Higgs boson at the LHC in the effective vector boson approximation is calculated. Numerical evaluation shows that the cross section can exceed 260 $fb$.

The $SU(3)_C X SU(3)_L X U(1)_X$ gauge model with the minimal scalar sector (two Higgs triplets) is studied in detail. One of the vacuum expectation values $u$ is a source of lepton-number violations and a reason for the mixing among the charged gauge bosons - the standard model $W$ and the bilepton (with L=2) gauge bosons as well as among neutral non-Hermitian $X^0$ and neutral gauge bosons: the photon, the $Z$ and the new $Z'$. Because of these mixings, the lepton-number violating interactions exist in both charged and neutral gauge boson sectors. An exact diagonalization of the neutral gauge boson sector is derived and bilepton mass splitting is also given. The lepton-number violation happens only in the neutrino but not in the charged lepton sector. In this model, lepton-number changing ($\Delta L = \pm 2$) processes exist but "only" in the neutrino sector. Constraints on VEVs of the model are estimated and $u \simeq \emph{O}(1) \textrm{GeV}$, $v \simeq v_{weak} = 246 \textrm{GeV}$ and $\om \simeq \emph{O}(1) \textrm{TeV}$.