Антивоеното расположение, кое од крајот на 1917 година започнало да ce шири меѓу војниците на буг... more Антивоеното расположение, кое од крајот на 1917 година започнало да ce шири меѓу војниците на бугарската армија, зело големи размери на Македонскиот фронт. Огромното незадоволство на војската од продолжувањето на Првата светска војна најчесто ce поврзува со нејзииата исцрпеност од долгогодишното војување, недоволната снабденост со прехранбени продукти и слабата вооруженост. Опаднатата воена дисциплина и моралниот дух на војниците влијаеле во редовите на армијата да ce создадат поволни услови за појава на политичка агитација. Главен иницијатор за политичкото активирање на бугарската војска била партијата на тесните социјалисти. Анонимните брошури и листови, во кои јавно или прикриено ce барало да ce следи примерот на руската револуција и да ce собори власта, често ce среќавале меѓу војниците. Во некои од нив, како во брошурата што во јануари 1918 година стигнала до началникот на македонската военополициска подсекција во Скопје, ce пропагирала револуција која ќе стави не само крај на војната, туку ќе создаде и балканска федерација.1 Како одраз на реалната состојба на теренот борбената способност на бугарската армија на Македонскиот фронт била осетно намалена. Случаите на дезертирање, пројавување на недисциплина, кревање на бунтови, кои ги имало уште од почетокот на војната, со време станале вообичаена појава. Од податоците кои биле изнесени во Народно собрание на Бугарија ce гледа дека од почетокот на војната до јуни 1918 година само на Македонскиот фронт биле судени околу 40. 000 лица.2 Документот кој овде го објавуваме е концепт на одлука на воен полев истражен судија на III балканска пешадиска дивизија од мај 1918 година. Одлуката е личен препис, но во отсуство на официјалната верзија, a и заради податоците што ги содржи на мислење сме дека треба да биде презеитирана во јавноста. Уште иовеќе што прекршокот з а кој станува збор не ce доведува во прашање со тоа што станува збор за концепт. Имено, отпочнувањето на истрагата и судењето џ а лицето Ангел Петров било иницирано од неговата
The Austrian Monarchy, and later the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, paid a lot of attention to the ec... more The Austrian Monarchy, and later the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, paid a lot of attention to the economic situation in the European part of the Ottoman Empire, and to that of Macedonia in particular. Reports of diplomatic representatives in Bitola (Monastir) between December 1871 and July 1878 can serve as a confirmation of this interest. The reports by Petar Okuli and Franc von Knapich, its two consuls at the time, are proof of how important the information on the economic life of the city and its immediate surroundings was to the Monarchy. Detailed reports on trade traffic and economic life in Bitola were regularly sent from this consulate, to the higher instances, first to the Austro-Hungarian Consulate in Salonica and later directly to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary. In this article we rely on archival documents to present an overview of the goods that were imported and exported from the city, and of its economic life.
After the World War I numerous Macedonian émigrés who found themselves in Bulgaria set up various... more After the World War I numerous Macedonian émigrés who found themselves in Bulgaria set up various organizations bringing them together. Although the activities of most of such organisations were controlled by the VMRO, there were some periods when it was possible for an independent pro-sovereignty movement to exist under the umbrella of Macedonian émigré associations. The forceful takeover of the Ilinden Organization-one of the most vocal champions of Macedonian interests on emigration-executed by way of the physical liquidation of its members by VMRO activists, was symptomatic of the way in which every attempt was stifled of expressing pro-independence sentiments leading to Macedonia's political independence.
A campaign on restricting the production and trade of opium
and opium derivatives in the world wh... more A campaign on restricting the production and trade of opium and opium derivatives in the world which was conducted in the period between the two World Wars had a decisive influence on the production, processing and trade of the Macedonian opium. In order to mitigate the negative consequences from the international opium conventions in April 1932, the Turkish-Yugoslav Treaty on the export of opium was signed. The unorganized offer of opium and mutual competition between the two countries, with the Treaty it was supposed to be exceed. The inclusion of Persia in this opiate treaty it should enable even greater control in exporting opium and improve the position of opium producers in those countries. Negotiations on concluding a treaty on the export of opium between Turkey, Yugoslavia and Persia were held from January to March 1935 in Istanbul. They ended up with failure. The result was even more competition on the opium market between these countries and reducing the price of opium. All these had far-reaching negative consequences for the producers of Macedonian opium.
The demand for Macedonian opium on the world market in the interwar period was high. Due to the f... more The demand for Macedonian opium on the world market in the interwar period was high. Due to the fact that this opium was one of the highest quality in the world, ie. with the highest percentage of morphine, it was especially sought after by the world, mainly the American pharmaceutical industry. High profitability has led to the export of opium abroad not only legally , but often illegally. To prevent opium abuse, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Yugo-slavia has signed several international opium conventions and enacted several restrictive measures and laws on the production and trade of opium and narcotics. However, the state had difficulty dealing with the problem as surplus production versus consumption (out of the permitted quantity) became the main source of illegal trade. For these reasons, in the mid-1930s, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was in a very difficult position in the League of Nations in Geneva. In addition to attempting to reconstruct the illegal opium trade, we point to the impact it had on Yugoslav-American trade relations and the international reputation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during the interwar period. Сузбивањето на злоупотребата на опиум и неговите деривати бил главен приоритет на меѓународните опиумски конференции одржани во периодот од 1912 до 1936 година. Со конвенциите усвоени на овие конференции се настојува-ло да се воведе контрола на производството на опиум и да се забрани неговото криумчарење. Првиот обид за воведување мерки за контролирање на производ-ството на опиум и опојните деривати бил направен со Хашката опиумска кон-венција, (јануари 1912 година). 1 Тогаш познатите дроги (морфиум, кокаин и нив-1 Arhiv Jugoslavije (натаму: AJ), Beograd,159-12-3.; worldLII.org/int/other/LNTSer/1922/29.html
After the World War I numerous Macedonian émigrés who found themselves in Bulgaria set up various... more After the World War I numerous Macedonian émigrés who found themselves in Bulgaria set up various organizations bringing them together. Although the activities of most of such organisations were controlled by the VMRO, there were some periods when it was possible for an independent pro‑sovereignty movement to exist under the umbrella of Macedonian émigré associations. The forceful takeover of the Ilinden Organization – one of the most vocal champions of Macedonian interests on emigration – executed by way of the physical liquidation of its members by VMRO activists, was symptomatic of the way in which every attempt was stifled of expressing pro‑independence sentiments leading to Macedonia’s political independence.
Антивоеното расположение, кое од крајот на 1917 година започнало да ce шири меѓу војниците на буг... more Антивоеното расположение, кое од крајот на 1917 година започнало да ce шири меѓу војниците на бугарската армија, зело големи размери на Македонскиот фронт. Огромното незадоволство на војската од продолжувањето на Првата светска војна најчесто ce поврзува со нејзииата исцрпеност од долгогодишното војување, недоволната снабденост со прехранбени продукти и слабата вооруженост. Опаднатата воена дисциплина и моралниот дух на војниците влијаеле во редовите на армијата да ce создадат поволни услови за појава на политичка агитација. Главен иницијатор за политичкото активирање на бугарската војска била партијата на тесните социјалисти. Анонимните брошури и листови, во кои јавно или прикриено ce барало да ce следи примерот на руската револуција и да ce собори власта, често ce среќавале меѓу војниците. Во некои од нив, како во брошурата што во јануари 1918 година стигнала до началникот на македонската военополициска подсекција во Скопје, ce пропагирала револуција која ќе стави не само крај на војната, туку ќе создаде и балканска федерација.1 Како одраз на реалната состојба на теренот борбената способност на бугарската армија на Македонскиот фронт била осетно намалена. Случаите на дезертирање, пројавување на недисциплина, кревање на бунтови, кои ги имало уште од почетокот на војната, со време станале вообичаена појава. Од податоците кои биле изнесени во Народно собрание на Бугарија ce гледа дека од почетокот на војната до јуни 1918 година само на Македонскиот фронт биле судени околу 40. 000 лица.2 Документот кој овде го објавуваме е концепт на одлука на воен полев истражен судија на III балканска пешадиска дивизија од мај 1918 година. Одлуката е личен препис, но во отсуство на официјалната верзија, a и заради податоците што ги содржи на мислење сме дека треба да биде презеитирана во јавноста. Уште иовеќе што прекршокот з а кој станува збор не ce доведува во прашање со тоа што станува збор за концепт. Имено, отпочнувањето на истрагата и судењето џ а лицето Ангел Петров било иницирано од неговата
The Austrian Monarchy, and later the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, paid a lot of attention to the ec... more The Austrian Monarchy, and later the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, paid a lot of attention to the economic situation in the European part of the Ottoman Empire, and to that of Macedonia in particular. Reports of diplomatic representatives in Bitola (Monastir) between December 1871 and July 1878 can serve as a confirmation of this interest. The reports by Petar Okuli and Franc von Knapich, its two consuls at the time, are proof of how important the information on the economic life of the city and its immediate surroundings was to the Monarchy. Detailed reports on trade traffic and economic life in Bitola were regularly sent from this consulate, to the higher instances, first to the Austro-Hungarian Consulate in Salonica and later directly to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary. In this article we rely on archival documents to present an overview of the goods that were imported and exported from the city, and of its economic life.
After the World War I numerous Macedonian émigrés who found themselves in Bulgaria set up various... more After the World War I numerous Macedonian émigrés who found themselves in Bulgaria set up various organizations bringing them together. Although the activities of most of such organisations were controlled by the VMRO, there were some periods when it was possible for an independent pro-sovereignty movement to exist under the umbrella of Macedonian émigré associations. The forceful takeover of the Ilinden Organization-one of the most vocal champions of Macedonian interests on emigration-executed by way of the physical liquidation of its members by VMRO activists, was symptomatic of the way in which every attempt was stifled of expressing pro-independence sentiments leading to Macedonia's political independence.
A campaign on restricting the production and trade of opium
and opium derivatives in the world wh... more A campaign on restricting the production and trade of opium and opium derivatives in the world which was conducted in the period between the two World Wars had a decisive influence on the production, processing and trade of the Macedonian opium. In order to mitigate the negative consequences from the international opium conventions in April 1932, the Turkish-Yugoslav Treaty on the export of opium was signed. The unorganized offer of opium and mutual competition between the two countries, with the Treaty it was supposed to be exceed. The inclusion of Persia in this opiate treaty it should enable even greater control in exporting opium and improve the position of opium producers in those countries. Negotiations on concluding a treaty on the export of opium between Turkey, Yugoslavia and Persia were held from January to March 1935 in Istanbul. They ended up with failure. The result was even more competition on the opium market between these countries and reducing the price of opium. All these had far-reaching negative consequences for the producers of Macedonian opium.
The demand for Macedonian opium on the world market in the interwar period was high. Due to the f... more The demand for Macedonian opium on the world market in the interwar period was high. Due to the fact that this opium was one of the highest quality in the world, ie. with the highest percentage of morphine, it was especially sought after by the world, mainly the American pharmaceutical industry. High profitability has led to the export of opium abroad not only legally , but often illegally. To prevent opium abuse, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Yugo-slavia has signed several international opium conventions and enacted several restrictive measures and laws on the production and trade of opium and narcotics. However, the state had difficulty dealing with the problem as surplus production versus consumption (out of the permitted quantity) became the main source of illegal trade. For these reasons, in the mid-1930s, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was in a very difficult position in the League of Nations in Geneva. In addition to attempting to reconstruct the illegal opium trade, we point to the impact it had on Yugoslav-American trade relations and the international reputation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during the interwar period. Сузбивањето на злоупотребата на опиум и неговите деривати бил главен приоритет на меѓународните опиумски конференции одржани во периодот од 1912 до 1936 година. Со конвенциите усвоени на овие конференции се настојува-ло да се воведе контрола на производството на опиум и да се забрани неговото криумчарење. Првиот обид за воведување мерки за контролирање на производ-ството на опиум и опојните деривати бил направен со Хашката опиумска кон-венција, (јануари 1912 година). 1 Тогаш познатите дроги (морфиум, кокаин и нив-1 Arhiv Jugoslavije (натаму: AJ), Beograd,159-12-3.; worldLII.org/int/other/LNTSer/1922/29.html
After the World War I numerous Macedonian émigrés who found themselves in Bulgaria set up various... more After the World War I numerous Macedonian émigrés who found themselves in Bulgaria set up various organizations bringing them together. Although the activities of most of such organisations were controlled by the VMRO, there were some periods when it was possible for an independent pro‑sovereignty movement to exist under the umbrella of Macedonian émigré associations. The forceful takeover of the Ilinden Organization – one of the most vocal champions of Macedonian interests on emigration – executed by way of the physical liquidation of its members by VMRO activists, was symptomatic of the way in which every attempt was stifled of expressing pro‑independence sentiments leading to Macedonia’s political independence.
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Abstracts by Vera Goseva
and opium derivatives in the world which was conducted in the period between the two World Wars had a decisive influence on the production, processing and trade of the Macedonian opium. In order to
mitigate the negative consequences from the international opium
conventions in April 1932, the Turkish-Yugoslav Treaty on the export
of opium was signed. The unorganized offer of opium and mutual
competition between the two countries, with the Treaty it was supposed to be exceed. The inclusion of Persia in this opiate treaty it should
enable even greater control in exporting opium and improve the position of opium producers in those countries. Negotiations on concluding a treaty on the export of opium between Turkey, Yugoslavia and
Persia were held from January to March 1935 in Istanbul. They ended
up with failure. The result was even more competition on the opium
market between these countries and reducing the price of opium. All
these had far-reaching negative consequences for the producers of
Macedonian opium.
Papers by Vera Goseva
and opium derivatives in the world which was conducted in the period between the two World Wars had a decisive influence on the production, processing and trade of the Macedonian opium. In order to
mitigate the negative consequences from the international opium
conventions in April 1932, the Turkish-Yugoslav Treaty on the export
of opium was signed. The unorganized offer of opium and mutual
competition between the two countries, with the Treaty it was supposed to be exceed. The inclusion of Persia in this opiate treaty it should
enable even greater control in exporting opium and improve the position of opium producers in those countries. Negotiations on concluding a treaty on the export of opium between Turkey, Yugoslavia and
Persia were held from January to March 1935 in Istanbul. They ended
up with failure. The result was even more competition on the opium
market between these countries and reducing the price of opium. All
these had far-reaching negative consequences for the producers of
Macedonian opium.