Background: Maggot meal, popularly magmeal is a core product consisting of dried defatted larvae that is ground into a high protein larvae meal. It is a potential alternative for fish replacement in the diet of quails. Methods: A study on... more
Background: Maggot meal, popularly magmeal is a core product consisting of dried defatted larvae that is ground into a high protein larvae meal. It is a potential alternative for fish replacement in the diet of quails. Methods: A study on 240 Japanese quail birds from day old to six week of age was conducted at Poultry Research Station, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai with magmeal supplementation during the year 2015-16. The birds were divided into four groups and each having with three replicates with 20 birds in each replicate. Group 1 (Control group) was fed basal diet (with 7% fish meal), group 2 was fed basal diet replacing 50% fish meal with magmeal, group 3 was fed basal diet replacing 75% fish meal with magmeal and group 4 was fed with Japanese quail basal diet replacing 100% fish meal with magmeal. Economic evaluation of magmeal at various levels of inclusion in Japanese quail diet was calculated. Result: There was a sizeable reduction in the cost of production in all the treatment groups when compared to control group. It is concluded that feed containing magmeal was found to be cost effective than the feed containing fishmeal for the Japanese quails.
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In the dairy sector, water is vital. Water is needed in numerous phases of dairy production, including washing the animals, drinking, processing, and so on. Sustainable water management remains a 21st-century concern as freshwater... more
In the dairy sector, water is vital. Water is needed in numerous phases of dairy production, including washing the animals, drinking, processing, and so on. Sustainable water management remains a 21st-century concern as freshwater supplies dwindle. Several aspects, including breed selection, herd size, housing, food, and milking equipment, impact the evaluation of a dairy farm’s water use. Climate change threatens dairying due to temperature and water changes. The Indian dairy industry has a large water footprint, and its key production hubs— Punjab, Haryana, North Gujarat, Western UP, and Tamil Nadu – are in severely water-stressed areas. This study aims to determine the water footprint of several Gujarat breeds. It also seeks to examine the many facets of water management in the dairy-producing industry of Gujarat’s four districts. This study provides a general overview of the average water needed for cow and buffalo milk production in four different districts of Gujarat – Anand, Kheda, Mehsana and Banaskantha. It examines the direct intake of water by milch animals for drinking, feeding, and cleaning. Milch animals drink an average of 62.18 litres per day. In Gujarat, a milch cow requires 95.38 litres of water per day, which includes drinking water and water absorbed via feed fodder. A milch cow uses 9.8 litres of water per day for cleaning. According to the findings, drinking water has a considerable influence on milk production in milch animals.
Water is an essential component of the dairy industry. Water is required at various stages of dairy farming, including Water is required at various stages of dairy farming, including animal cleaning, drinking, and processing. Sustainable... more
Water is an essential component of the dairy industry. Water is required at various stages of dairy farming, including Water is required at various stages of dairy farming, including animal cleaning, drinking, and processing. Sustainable water management is one of the most pressing
challenges of the 21st century, as freshwater resources become scarce. Several factors influence water use assessment on a dairy farm, including breed selection, herd size, maintaining, feeding, and milking technology. Climate change poses a threat to dairying due to temperature fluctuations and water scarcity. Indian dairying has a high water footprint, and its major production hotspots – Punjab, Haryana, North Gujarat, Western UP, and Tamil Nadu – are in severely water-stressed regions. The purpose of this research is to determine the water footprint of various breeds in Banaskantha. It also intends to investigate various aspects of water
management in the dairy production sector in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district. This paper presents a broad picture of the average water required for cow and buffalo milk production in Banaskantha. It takes into account the direct consumption of water by milch animals for drinking, feed and fodder, and cleaning. The milch animal consumes an average of 57.34 litres of water per day. A milch animal requires 98.13 litres of water per day in Banaskantha, which includes drinking water and water consumed through feed fodder. Daily cleaning water consumption per dairy animal is 12.14 litres. The study shows that drinking water has a significant impact on the milk production of milch animals.
challenges of the 21st century, as freshwater resources become scarce. Several factors influence water use assessment on a dairy farm, including breed selection, herd size, maintaining, feeding, and milking technology. Climate change poses a threat to dairying due to temperature fluctuations and water scarcity. Indian dairying has a high water footprint, and its major production hotspots – Punjab, Haryana, North Gujarat, Western UP, and Tamil Nadu – are in severely water-stressed regions. The purpose of this research is to determine the water footprint of various breeds in Banaskantha. It also intends to investigate various aspects of water
management in the dairy production sector in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district. This paper presents a broad picture of the average water required for cow and buffalo milk production in Banaskantha. It takes into account the direct consumption of water by milch animals for drinking, feed and fodder, and cleaning. The milch animal consumes an average of 57.34 litres of water per day. A milch animal requires 98.13 litres of water per day in Banaskantha, which includes drinking water and water consumed through feed fodder. Daily cleaning water consumption per dairy animal is 12.14 litres. The study shows that drinking water has a significant impact on the milk production of milch animals.
Water is an essential component of the dairy industry. Water is required at various stages of dairy farming, including cleaning the animals, drinking, processing, and so on. Sustainable water management is one of the most pressing... more
Water is an essential component of the dairy industry. Water is required at various stages of dairy farming, including cleaning the animals, drinking, processing, and so on. Sustainable water management is one of the most pressing problems of the 21st century, as freshwater resources become scarce. Several factors influence water use assessment on a dairy farm,
including breed selection, herd size, keeping, feeding, and milking technology. Climate change poses a threat to dairying due to temperature fluctuations and water scarcity. The Indian dairy industry has a large water footprint, and its major production hotspots – Punjab, Haryana, North Gujarat, Western UP, and Tamil Nadu – are located in severely water-stressed regions. The purpose of this research is to determine the water footprint of various breeds in Gujaratʼs Anand district. It also intends to investigate various aspects of water management in the dairy production sector in the Anand district. This paper presents an overview of the average amount of water required for cow and buffalo milk production in
Anand. It takes into account the direct consumption of water by milch animals for drinking, feed and fodder, and cleaning. The milch animal consumes an average of 59.38 litres of water per day. In Anand, a milch animal requires 89.02 litres of water per day, which includes drinking water and water consumed through feed and fodder. Each milch animal uses 6.27 litres of water per day for cleaning purposes. According to the findings, drinking water has a significant impact on the milk production of milch animals.
including breed selection, herd size, keeping, feeding, and milking technology. Climate change poses a threat to dairying due to temperature fluctuations and water scarcity. The Indian dairy industry has a large water footprint, and its major production hotspots – Punjab, Haryana, North Gujarat, Western UP, and Tamil Nadu – are located in severely water-stressed regions. The purpose of this research is to determine the water footprint of various breeds in Gujaratʼs Anand district. It also intends to investigate various aspects of water management in the dairy production sector in the Anand district. This paper presents an overview of the average amount of water required for cow and buffalo milk production in
Anand. It takes into account the direct consumption of water by milch animals for drinking, feed and fodder, and cleaning. The milch animal consumes an average of 59.38 litres of water per day. In Anand, a milch animal requires 89.02 litres of water per day, which includes drinking water and water consumed through feed and fodder. Each milch animal uses 6.27 litres of water per day for cleaning purposes. According to the findings, drinking water has a significant impact on the milk production of milch animals.
ECG is a simple and fast diagnostic tool that records heart's electrical activity and helps to detect cardiac abnormalities, electrolyte imbalances etc. Pregnancy is a physiological phenomenon that affects all the systems of the maternal... more
ECG is a simple and fast diagnostic tool that records heart's electrical activity and helps to detect cardiac abnormalities, electrolyte imbalances etc. Pregnancy is a physiological phenomenon that affects all the systems of the maternal body. ECG can help to detect various physiological adaptations in the maternal cardiovascular system during pregnancy. Sometimes these changes mislead the diagnosis of cardiac diseases. This study highlights the changes in the electrocardiogram of Black Bengal goats during normal pregnancy and thus helps to differentiate physiological changes from the pathological conditions. In this study, pregnant Black Bengal goats (n=6) aged between 1 to 3 years with gestational age ranging from 75-100 days and non-pregnant Black Bengal goats (n=6) aged between 1 to 3 years were considered. A 12-lead standard ECG recorder (Cardiarts 108 T-MK VII-BPL) was used for recording electrocardiogram. The ECG machine was set with a paper speed of 25 mm/sec and sensitivity of 1 (1 cm = 1 mv). No significant changes were observed in P wave amplitude of pregnant and non-pregnant goats. However, in lead I, duration of P wave was significantly higher in pregnant goats. In lead III, P wave was found inverted in 1 out of 6 cases. Amplitude of R wave was significantly higher in non-pregnant goats in lead I. In pregnant goats, R wave was found inverted in 5 out of 6 cases in lead I. In lead II, R wave was found inverted in 5 out of 6 cases and in lead III, R wave was found inverted in 2 out of 6 cases. The RR interval was significantly higher in pregnant goats in lead I. The heart rate was significantly lower in pregnant goats in comparison to non-pregnant goats in lead I. This study enhances the understanding of normal physiological changes in the ECG during pregnancy which helps in better management of cardiovascular disorders.
Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland associated with intramammary infection (IMI) in dairy cattle. Bacteria are the most common etiological agent followed by yeasts or moulds, Prototheca spp. algae and viruses which... more
Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland associated with intramammary infection (IMI) in dairy cattle. Bacteria are the most common etiological agent followed by yeasts or moulds, Prototheca spp. algae and viruses which can cause intramammary infection. Physical trauma or chemical irritation also causes mastitis. Mastitis alters the composition and properties of milk, resulting in reduced cheese yields and a reduction in the shelf life of manufactured dairy products. Treatment costs, veterinary costs, and labor costs rise while milking parlor efficiency can decrease due to increased time spent attending to mastitic animals. Thus the application of ethnoveterinary practices and veterinary homeopathy/veterinary Ayurveda in the treatment of mastitis in dairy cattle is necessary.
Livestock production and health are significantly affected by climate change which has direct and indirect impacts on the productivity of the animals. Disturbances in ecosystems occur due to global climate change and which affects the... more
Livestock production and health are significantly affected by climate change which has direct and indirect impacts on the productivity of the animals. Disturbances in ecosystems occur due to global climate change and which affects the animal production system and also allows the prevalence of many animal diseases since they are interrelated to each other. Livestock production has widely contributed to increasing global emission of greenhouse gases through rumen fermentation which makes livestock activity the main promoter of climate change. Global climate change has deleterious effects on animal health, reproduction, mortality, and production. Such impact can be reduced by modifying livestock diets through alterations in forage-concentrate ratios, supplementation of feed additives, shelter management, and prevention of disease outbreaks. This review focuses on the mitigation strategies necessary to be implemented in the animal agriculture sector addressing animal welfare overall.
Gujarati newspaper article on 'Importance of camel milk on Alzheimer's patients' on the occasion of World Alzheimer's Day 2021
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Research Interests:
Livestock sector has immense potential for growth in India. The biggest impediment to such growth is the wide spread prevalence of diseases like FMD, PPR and Brucellosis which adversely affect the productivity of animals. Controlling... more
Livestock sector has immense potential for growth in India. The biggest impediment to such growth is the wide spread prevalence of diseases like FMD, PPR and Brucellosis which adversely affect the productivity of animals. Controlling animal diseases is an effective solution to bring the downtrodden farmers out of hunger, starvation and poverty.
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The RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) are the group of neuropeptides synthesized predominantly from the hypothalamus that negatively affects the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal (hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal [HPG]) axis. These peptides... more
The RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) are the group of neuropeptides synthesized predominantly from the hypothalamus that negatively affects the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal (hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal [HPG]) axis. These peptides are first identified in quail brains and emerged as the mammalian orthologs of avian gonadotropin inhibitory hormones. The RFRP-3 neurons in the hypothalamus are present in several mammalian species. The action of RFRP-3 is mediated through a G-protein-coupled receptor called OT7T022. The predominant role of RFRP-3 is the inhibition of HPG axis with several other effects such as the regulation of metabolic activity, stress regulation, controlling of non-sexual motivated behavior, and sexual photoperiodicity in concert with other neuropeptides such as kisspeptin, neuropeptide-Y (NPY), pro-opiomelanocortin, orexin, and melanin. RFamide peptides synthesized in the granulosa cells, interstitial cells, and seminiferous tubule regulate steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in the gonads. The present review is intended to provide the recent findings that explore the role of RFRP-3 in regulating HPG axis and its potential applications in the synchronization of reproduction and its therapeutic interventions to prevent stress-induced amenorrhea.
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Aim: The present investigation was intended to generate some basic data on electrocardiography (ECG) parameters in different breeds and their alterations in respect to sex and age. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was... more
Aim: The present investigation was intended to generate some basic data on electrocardiography (ECG) parameters in different breeds and their alterations in respect to sex and age. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out on 239 owned dogs of 11 different breeds presented to the Institute Veterinary Clinic during 2018-2019. The animals, irrespective of breed and sex were grouped on the basis of their age groups. Recordings of ECG were performed by a single-channel ECG machine (CardiartR, BPL, India) at 25 mm/s paper speed and 10 mm=1 mV calibration keeping the animals on the right lateral recumbence without any anesthesia. Heart rate, along with the amplitude and duration of different waves and complexes was measured. Results: Heart rate did not vary significantly among breeds, sex, and different age groups. The highest heart rate has been reported in Doberman and the lowest in Beagle. The heart rate was lowest at the age group of 6 months-2.5 years and highest around 10.5-12.5 years irrespective of breed and sex. The incidence of sinus arrhythmia was mostly seen in older dogs. All the waves and complexes did not vary significantly between breeds, age, and sex except P duration which was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Golden retriever and Doberman breeds. Conclusion: The present investigation generated some reference values of ECG in dogs which will help the clinicians to diagnose different cardiac abnormalities through ECG.
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Electrocardiographic values were recorded in six male Ganjam lambs and six adult male Ganjam sheep of Odisha. The amplitude of P-wave and T-wave recorded positively (above the baseline) while the QRS complex recorded negatively in lead I... more
Electrocardiographic values were recorded in six male Ganjam lambs and six adult male Ganjam sheep of Odisha. The amplitude of P-wave and T-wave recorded positively (above the baseline) while the QRS complex recorded negatively in lead I and lead-II of both lambs and adult sheep. Reverse was the case in lead III with both P-wave and T-wave recording negatively and the QRS complex recording positively. The amplitude of P-wave, amplitude of QRS complex and the heart rate were significantly (p< 0.05) higher in lambs than adults while the QT interval was significantly lower in lambs than the adult sheep.
A study was conducted on 240 Japanese quail birds (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from day old to six weeks of age to evaluate the effect of magmeal supplementation on haematological parameters at Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. The... more
A study was conducted on 240 Japanese quail birds (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from day old to six weeks of age to evaluate the effect of magmeal supplementation on haematological parameters at Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. The birds were divided into 4 groups with 20 birds each in each group in 3 replicates and fed with diet replacing fish meal with magmeal at varying proportion-G1 (Control group with 7%), G2 (50%), G3 (75%) and G4 (100%). The effect of magmeal inclusion on hematological parameters suggested that there was a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration in G2 and G3 when compared G1 and then significantly increased (P < 0.01) in G4. There was no significant difference in hemoglobin concentration between the groups on the inclusion of magmeal at six weeks of age. But there was a significantly high increase (P < 0.01) in hemoglobin concentration at six weeks than at three weeks of age of birds in control and experimental groups of Japanese quails. The highest hemoglobin concentration observed was 14.98 ± 0.10 g/dL in G3 at six weeks of age. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in total erythrocyte count as the percentage of magmeal inclusion increased within the groups at three and six weeks of age. There was no significant difference observed in total leucocyte count between the control and experimental groups and between the three and six weeks upon the inclusion of magmeal at different levels. There was no significant difference in differential count between the three weeks and six weeks of age in control and experimental groups of Japanese quails. Thus it was concluded the inclusion of magmeal can possibly lead to increase in poultry production and consequent economic affordability to the much needed animal protein.
Consumption of unsafe food and water has become a growing threat to health and economy showing redundant effects on vulnerable population, especially women and children worldwide. Every year one out of ten person falls ill due to the... more
Consumption of unsafe food and water has become a growing threat to health and economy showing redundant effects on vulnerable population, especially women and children worldwide. Every year one out of ten person falls ill due to the consumption of contaminated food, while, four hundred and twenty thousand people die including one hundred twenty five thousand children under the age of five years. 3 million people die in developed and developing countries while 600 million people worldwide get affected from food and waterborne diseases annually. Keeping this in view, the United Nations has initiated multiple programmes to ensure "food safety" of the consumers.
The magnitude of the damage caused by the locusts in India in current times during the time of Corona has been alarming. Locusts belong to the family Acrididae. Being polyphagous feeders, an average small locust swarm can eat as much food... more
The magnitude of the damage caused by the locusts in India in current times during the time of Corona has been alarming. Locusts belong to the family Acrididae. Being polyphagous feeders, an average small locust swarm can eat as much food in a day as about 10 elephants, 25 camels or 2500 people as per the FAO. Locusts cause damage by devouring the leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, bark and crops. They have the capacity to break down trees because of their weight settled in mass. Locusts reported in India are desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), Bombay locust (Nomadacris succincta) and tree locust (Anacridium sp.) The locust has three distinct stages-egg, hopper and adult. Swarms of gregarious adults migrate downwind and can cover up to about 150 km/day. Cause of Locust Crisis Guaiacol, produces in the gut of desert locusts by the breakdown of plant material and undertaken by the gut bacterium Pantoea agglomerans, is the important constituent of pheromones that cause locust swarming (Dillon, Rod J. et al., 2002) Climate change is the key factor of the current outbreak. During dry spells, solitary locusts are forced together in the patchy areas of land with remaining vegetation. This sudden crowding releases serotonin in their central nervous systems that make locusts more sociable and promote rapid movements and more varied appetite (Guo et al., 2013). Unusual weather conditions generate strong cyclones and heavy rains in the Arabian Peninsula, triggering higher than normal vegetation growth that create a conducive environment for locusts to feed on and surge. Increasing sea temperatures lead to more extreme rainfall-creating suitable conditions for hatching and breeding.
A study was conducted on 240 Japanese quail birds (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from day old to six week of age at Poultry Research Station, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 600 051 with magmeal supplementation. Maggot meal, popularly... more
A study was conducted on 240 Japanese quail birds (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from day old to six week of age at Poultry Research Station, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 600 051 with magmeal supplementation. Maggot meal, popularly magmeal is a core product consisting of dried defatted larvae that is ground into a high protein larvae meal. The birds were divided into four groups with 20 birds each in each group in three replicates where group 1 (Control group) was fed with Japanese quail basal diet (with 7 per cent fish meal), group 2 was fed with Japanese quail basal diet replacing 50 per cent fish meal with magmeal, group 3 was fed with Japanese quail basal diet replacing 75 per cent fish meal with magmeal and group 4 was fed with Japanese quail basal diet replacing 100 per cent fish meal with magmeal. Economic evaluation of magmeal at various levels of inclusion in Japanese quail diet was calculated. There was a huge reduction in the cost of production in all other treatments groups when compared to
control group. Feed containing magmeal was found to be cost effective than the feed containing fishmeal for the Japanese quails.
control group. Feed containing magmeal was found to be cost effective than the feed containing fishmeal for the Japanese quails.
Research Interests:
A study was conducted on 240 Japanese quail birds (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from day old to six week of age at Poultry Research Station, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 600 051 with magmeal supplementation. Maggot meal, popularly... more
A study was conducted on 240 Japanese quail birds (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from day old to six week of age at Poultry
Research Station, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 600 051 with magmeal supplementation. Maggot meal, popularly
magmealis a core product consisting of dried defatted larvae that is ground into a high protein larvae meal. The birds were divided
into four groups with 20 birds each in each group in three replicates where group 1 (Control group) was fed with Japanese quail
basal diet (with 7 per cent fish meal), group 2 was fed with Japanese quail basal diet replacing 50 per cent fish meal with magmeal,
group 3 was fed with Japanese quail basal diet replacing 75 per cent fish meal with magmeal and group 4 was fed with Japanese
quail basal diet replacing 100 per cent fish meal with magmeal. Economic evaluation of magmeal at various levels of inclusion in
Japanese quail diet was calculated. There was a huge reduction in the cost of production in all the treatment groups when compared
to control group. Hence it is concluded that feed containing magmeal was found to be cost effective than the feed containing
fishmeal for the Japanese quails.
Research Station, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 600 051 with magmeal supplementation. Maggot meal, popularly
magmealis a core product consisting of dried defatted larvae that is ground into a high protein larvae meal. The birds were divided
into four groups with 20 birds each in each group in three replicates where group 1 (Control group) was fed with Japanese quail
basal diet (with 7 per cent fish meal), group 2 was fed with Japanese quail basal diet replacing 50 per cent fish meal with magmeal,
group 3 was fed with Japanese quail basal diet replacing 75 per cent fish meal with magmeal and group 4 was fed with Japanese
quail basal diet replacing 100 per cent fish meal with magmeal. Economic evaluation of magmeal at various levels of inclusion in
Japanese quail diet was calculated. There was a huge reduction in the cost of production in all the treatment groups when compared
to control group. Hence it is concluded that feed containing magmeal was found to be cost effective than the feed containing
fishmeal for the Japanese quails.
Research Interests:
A study was conducted on 240 Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from day old to six week of age at Poultry Research Station, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 600 051 with “magmeal” supplementation. Maggot meal, popularly... more
A study was conducted on 240 Japanese quail (Coturnix
coturnix japonica) from day old to six week of age at Poultry
Research Station, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 600
051 with “magmeal” supplementation. Maggot meal,
popularly “magmeal” is a core product consisting of dried
defatted larvae that is ground into a high protein larvae meal.
The birds were divided into four groups with 20 birds each in
each group in three replicates, Birds in group 1 (Control
group) was fed with Japanese quail basal diet (with 7 per cent
sh meal), group 2 was fed with Japanese quail basal diet
replacing 50 per cent sh meal with magmeal, group 3 was fed
with Japanese quail basal diet replacing 75 per cent sh meal
with magmeal and group 4 was fed with Japanese quail basal
diet replacing 100 per cent sh meal with magmeal.
Economic evaluation of magmeal at various levels of
inclusion in Japanese quail diet was calculated. There was a
huge reduction in the cost of production in all treatments
groups when compared to control group. Feed containing
magmeal was found to be cost effective than the feed
containing shmeal for the Japanese quails.
coturnix japonica) from day old to six week of age at Poultry
Research Station, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 600
051 with “magmeal” supplementation. Maggot meal,
popularly “magmeal” is a core product consisting of dried
defatted larvae that is ground into a high protein larvae meal.
The birds were divided into four groups with 20 birds each in
each group in three replicates, Birds in group 1 (Control
group) was fed with Japanese quail basal diet (with 7 per cent
sh meal), group 2 was fed with Japanese quail basal diet
replacing 50 per cent sh meal with magmeal, group 3 was fed
with Japanese quail basal diet replacing 75 per cent sh meal
with magmeal and group 4 was fed with Japanese quail basal
diet replacing 100 per cent sh meal with magmeal.
Economic evaluation of magmeal at various levels of
inclusion in Japanese quail diet was calculated. There was a
huge reduction in the cost of production in all treatments
groups when compared to control group. Feed containing
magmeal was found to be cost effective than the feed
containing shmeal for the Japanese quails.
Research Interests:
Proceedings and Recommendations of International Symposium on "Sustainable management of Animal Genetic Resources for Livelihood Security in Developing Countries" and XII Annual Convention of Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal... more
Proceedings and Recommendations of International Symposium on "Sustainable management of Animal Genetic Resources for Livelihood Security in Developing Countries" and XII Annual Convention of Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Diversity (SOCDAB) - Feb 13 and 15, 2015 at Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai organised by TANUVAS, SOCDAB, NBAGR and SEVA.