Geography

????? 13 ??? (15 ??? ????? ? 2014 ????) ????????? ?????, ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ???????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ? ???????????, ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ???????????, ?? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????. ? ???? ????? ???? ??????????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ???? ? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????????. ???????, ??? ?????? ???????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????. ? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????????????? ????????, ???? ? ????????? ?????????, ?????, ??????, ?????, ????? ? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ?????. After 13 ( 15 in 2014 at the time of departure) years of unsuccessful war , US withdrawal may cause a major political,security and strategic vacuum in Afghanistan , which may not only further deteriorate the situation of Afghanistan but also causemany problems in neighbouring and regional countries. These countries have their own political, economical and security interests andobjectives in Afghanistan. Therefore, these countries will try to influence Afghanistan in many ways after the departure. Therefore, theinterests, role and strategy of Pakistan, India, Russia, Iran, China and Turkey has been analysed in detail in this paper. This paper alsodiscusses different partnerships which emerge in Afghanistan after the exit of the US and allied forces.

????? — ???????????????? ????? ??????????-????????? ??????????, ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ????.??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????. ????? — ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????? ?? ?????? ????, ????????????? ?? ????????? ????? ????. ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????, ? ???? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ?? ??????????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ????????? ????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????-?????????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????. China is immediate neighbour of Central Asian States and has very long history of engagement with the region. A brief history of Chinese engagementis discussed in given paper. China is world largest economy and dependent of imported oil and gas form different part of world and this oiland gas supply is expensive and vulnerable because of various reasons, therefore China is focusing on Central Asia as this region has vast amountof hydrocarbons. Chinese policies and strategies to grab Central Asian oil and gas are also examined in given paper.

Geopolitics is the study of international relations and conflicts from geographical perspective, in other words it is also defined as thepractice of states, competing for the dominance and control the territory. Central Asia, due to its geopolitical importance has alwaysattracted the attention of all major schools of geopolitical thoughts especially, ‘the school of political landscape’ (English school)and school of geopolitical organism’ (German school). This region has also been the core of Russian and the former Soviet Union’sgeopolitical imagination. Since the emergence of independent Central Asian States (CAS), struggle has erupted to control space inthis region for hydrocarbon resources and various other reasons.Russia has reclaimed this region for controlling energy supply from the Central Asian Region (CAR) to the countries of Asia, Europeand other parts of the world. China is focusing on the energy resources of this region to reduce its energy dependency on MiddleEast and Africa countries. For China security of the import of the hydrocarbon resources through the Indian Ocean is also a reasonto pay attention towards the CAR. The US and EU need central Asian energy to reduce dependency on Russian gas supply to Europe.Pakistan and India are also potential players in the central Asian energy game. These countries are also trying hard to engage butdue to different geopolitical problems and difficulties have not been successful. Turkey, a west Asian country with rapidly growingeconomy is trying to tap central Asian energy with the help of Iran. Thus, a detailed analysis of the energy politics of global playersin the Central Asia is the subject matter of this paper. Players in the region divided in three category, all three category power’s policiesand achievement are discussed in the given paper.Methodology: The study is based on secondary data and information. The analysis is based on empirical, historical, comparative,descriptive methods and critical qualitative assessment of the events and political developments in the study region.

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«?????????», ??????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????????. ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????. ???????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ? ???????? ??? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????-????? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????????, ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ?? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????, ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????. ???? ????? 23 ??? ????????????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???????????????? ?????? ? ? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????. ? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ????????? ? ??????????, ????????????? ? ???????????. ????? ????, ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ?? ???????, ?????????? ???? ?????????? ? ?? ????????, ????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????. After the sudden independence of Central Asian States (CAS) a question was raised about the political system which they would follow. Since these states got independence without going through any political movement, debate and struggle so there could not emerge any consensus on political models and structures. In the absence of any opposition, political power was transferred to former communist party leaders or secretaries in all these states. These rulers run their respective states in old soviet dictator style and denied any space and democratic rights to their rivals and political opponents. To maintain their hold on the system these rulers also committed huge human right violations. Adoption of different types and versions of constitution failed to nurture multi party and fair political systems. Many opposition leaders of these states had to live in exile and state prisons. Elections, though conducted regularly after five or six years were not free and fair as reported by many independent observers. According to many experts these elections were not more than referendums technically designed to approve the authoritarian rules. Even after 23 years of independence the CASs are still being ruled by old soviet communist leaders and in same style without any real development of democratic systems. With this perspective, present paper is intended to analyse the political and democratic developments in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Further, emergence of different opposition parties and their failure, rulers of these states and their policies and programmes to maintain their grip on system have also been examined in this paper.

Russia is one of the 8 member states of the Arctic Council, so the Arctic is one of the priority areas of Russia’s foreign policy. Another player in the Arctic territories in cooperation with Russia is Belarus, which can provide assistance in many areas related to technological progress. In this article, the author examines which areas of cooperation between Russia and Belarus are the most successful, and what platforms (The Union State of Russia and Belarus or the EAEU) and institutions exist for this purpose. In addition, it is important to consider the problems that arise in the process of cooperation, as well as the question of whether a confrontation is possible within the integration association. The author also notes further lines of cooperation and opportunities for both states in the Arctic.