Population Geography

The current study analyses the impact of religion, education, and development on the spatial pattern of fertility in West Bengal, where different religions groups live together. Using the data from Fertility Tables of Census of India, 2011, it has considered the parameters of 'parity progression ratios', 'projected parity progression ratios',' TFR', 'age-order specific fertility rates', and 'cumulated order-specific fertility rates' and accordingly analysed. Multiple regression analysis has been used to determine the impact of development and use of contraceptive on fertility in West Bengal, while logistic regression analysis to understand the impact of religion and education on fertility. West Bengal has the lowest total fertility rate (TFR, 2.42) in the country (TFR, 2.89) and its spatial pattern shows that its four southern districts (Haora, Kolkata, South 24 Parganas and Purba Mednipur) and four eastern districts (Burdwan, Nadia, North 24 Parganas and Hugli) have
lower TFR.

This paper aims to capture the importance of demographic dimension in thesustainable development process of the rural space. From a series ofstatistics data we realized an analysis of demographic indicators, which ithelped us to trace the development trends characteristic for our area ofstudy. To understand the evolution in time and the implications of humanresource in the process of development it was necessary referencing themwith national or local historical events. Demographic dimension analysishighlights the development stage of rural space and help the formulation ofthe future local policies that regard the sustainable development.

Ciò che in questo contributo si è tentato di analizzare è in particolare l’impatto derivante per l’Italia dai sostanziali cambiamenti nelle quote percentuali di popolazione attiva sulla performance economica, confrontando la situazione demografica del passato con quella di oggi e possibilmente del futuro. Negli ultimi trent’anni anni e stando alle simulazioni per il prossimo cinquantennio i dati e le previsioni nazionali fanno prefigurare, così come per la maggior parte dei paesi occidentali, una dinamica sfavorevole nella composizione per fasce di età, con una riduzione della quota di popolazione attiva – derivante in particolare dal calo delle nascite – ed effetti negativi sulla crescita economica nelle sue diverse componenti. La relazione che può instaurarsi tra variabili demografiche e sistema economico è, di fatto, di grande urgenza anche se tuttora non popolare nel dibattito pubblico per le scelte di lungo periodo che imporrebbe e, dunque, spesso purtroppo sottostimata nelle opzioni di policy a causa della scarsa rendita in termini elettorali.

This article identifies spatial dimensions of educational outcomes using maps of the 2016 Grade 5 reading results for Australia's National Assessment Program–Literacy and Numeracy for all Australian schools. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to overlay schools' results onto suburbs' advantage or disadvantage to visualise spatial patterns. We then examined the extent to which school results “cluster” in socio‐economically advantaged and disadvantaged suburbs and considered the consistency of spatial patterns for results across major cities. That work illustrates both how GIS can foreground educational inequality and how “the spatial” is more than corollary for student socio‐economic status. Results show substantial differences between urban and remote areas and towns of different size. Maps of cities visualise spatial “clustering” patterns of school results, with most schools in advantaged suburbs having high results and almost no schools in disadvantaged s...

Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. The capital went through a radical transformation from a nomadic settlement before the 70's of the 20 th century to a metropolis that ranked as the world's fourth favorite city in 2013. It became "the safest city in the world" for the fourth time in January 2020. Abu Dhabi and other Arabian Gulf cities have evolved rapidly in the second half of the 20 th century, due to investment of oil and gas revenues. Abu Dhabi's population has been growing significantly at an average annual rate of 5.2% during the last two decades. To this end, the total population of the city has grown rapidly by 1000% over the last 42 years. According to the first census conducted in 1975, the total population of Abu Dhabi was 120,000 inhabitants , which increased in 2019 to more than 1.3 million. This increase makes Abu Dhabi's population one of the fastest growing cities in the world in terms of annual population growth rate. Abu Dhabi city is a good example of a rapidly developing city. Until 1969 the city was characterized by its slow-growth economy. Its population lived in traditional houses made of palm fronds with poor infrastructure. The rapid development of the city transformed Abu Dha-bi from a small poor and isolated fishing village into a global financial and leisure center. Its built-up area increased from only 54 square kilometers in 1975 to 758 square kilometers in 2019. This rapid spread (1300% in 44 years) makes the city one of the fastest growing cities in the world. The researcher applied the topical approach with the use of analytical and cartographic techniques to reach the aims of the study to understand the issue of population growth and its effect on urban sprawl in Abu Dhabi city during the period 1960 to 2019 which has been fuelled by economic growth and technological advancements.

Presenta los resultados finales de nuestra investigación de maestría, que ubicó pueblos indígenas que habitaron la Meseta Central de Brazil (desde el año de 1700 AD), y por lo tanto una parte de la sabana, antes de la invasión luso-brasileña hasta el año de 1900 AD. La metodología se basa en la antropogeografía de Ratzel (1909), con el apoyo de la etnohistoria y asesoramiento de la cartografía. Fue utilizado como base el mapa etno-historico de Curt Nimuendaju que presenta un "vacío" etnográfico en esta zona. Es aclarado un problema que es la insuficiencia de información cartográfica sobre quien eran y dónde estaban los pueblos indígenas del Brasil Central, sobre todo en un polígono que abarca el noroeste y oeste del Estado de Minas Gerais, en todo el Estado de Goiás, extremo noreste de Mato Grosso y sudoeste de Pará, gran parte del Estado de Tocantins, la región sur de Maranhão y Piauí, y Bahía occidental. Fue utilizado varios productos cartográficos como el mapa etnolingüístico del Čestmír Loukotka y mapas históricos disponibles en archivos públicos en Brasil y Portugal. También es realizado un mapeo inédito de la ubicación de los grupos étnicos enumerados en el histórico de la base de datos IBGE ciudades. Ademas, es recopilado desde esta fuente las fechas de colonización y fundación de pueblos y ciudades, para ilustrar el progreso Luso-Brasileño en el territorio indígena, así como el despliegue de los asentamientos por parte del Estado. Las conclusiones son que hubó por lo menos 200 grupos étnicos en la meseta central del Brasil y las zonas adyacentes, añadindo 88 a los 112 que figuran en el mapa de Nimuendaju. Por medio de mapas es ilustrado la dinámica de ocupación indígena, con las migraciones, las diásporas y las desapariciones de decenas de estos grupos étnicos. La contribución de este trabajo consiste en fortalecer la territorialidad indígena en la historia del país, especialmente en el centro de Brasil. Los resultados pueden ilustrar libros de texto y el contenido pedagógico de la historia y de la geografía, de acuerdo con la Ley 11.645/08 del país. También pueden colaborar en los estudios sobre el origen étnica de las zonas rurales de Brasil. En general, hay al menos dos comunidades indí-genas emergentes, los Aricobé y los Xakriabá, es posible que tienga restos de otras comunidades, especialmente los Akroá, Cayapó y Guegue. La continuacion de esta investigación será presentada el la ponencia: "Reductos y refugios bioculturales en las fronteras de la globalización: sociobioterritorialidades en el este de Sudamerica durante y después de las invasiones europeas" en el EGAL 2019."

Until 1993 there were conducted first excavations in what promised to be the site of one of the most important buildings of Petra, the stunning capital of the Nabataean kingdom. Its construction, whose initiation century BC, several changes, reconstructions and landslides along its more than five hundred years of operation. But despite this still unknown for certain functions for which it was designed and that, regardless of the construction elements, materials have been located just still less inscriptions that shed some light on a mystery that will try here exhibit various theories that enable closer to resolution.

В статье изучаются вопросы рождаемости и смертности среди населения Азербайджанской Республики. Дается анализ динамики рождаемости и смертности, в том числе изменение этих процессов по крупным городам страны, младенческой смертности, а также средней продолжительности жизни населения в последние десятилетия. В научной работе исследуется влияние демографических и социально-экономических факторов и процессов на показатели естественного движения населения Азербайджана.

This article called ‘Dynamics of changes in birth and mortality among the population of Azerbaijan (within 1960-2012 years)’ deals with study of questions of birth and mortality among the population of Azerbaijan Republic. The analysis of these processes, including dynamics of birth and death rates by large cities of the country, birth rate by unregistered marriages, infant mortality rate, and also average life expectancy of the population within the last decades are given. In the scientific work, influence of demographic and socio-economic factors and processes on birth and mortality by the population of Azerbaijan is investigated.

L'intensité de l'urbanisation justifie un examen détaillé de la France en villes. Selon les échelles considérées, son armature urbaine se présente sous des formes variées. L'analyse différencie la situation exceptionnelle de la capitale, les grandes métropoles régionales, les métropoles régionales intermédiaires, les villes moyennes et les villes nouvelles. Cette France en villes commence le XXIe siècle dans un contexte de gouvernance fondamentalement nouveau. La décentralisation a contribué à une véritable révolution urbaine, jusqu'à faire des villes des acteurs économiques majeurs. Les étapes de l'intercommunalité fondent une nouvelle géographie de la France en villes, tandis que la question du développement durable appelle un renouvellement des objectifs et des méthodes. Les processus et l'évolution des idées concernant les villes ne signifient nullement des dynamiques homothétiques dans la France des villes. Bien au contraire, à toutes les échelles, s'effectuent de multiples recompositions qu'il importe d'analyser.

... or the uni??cation of Germany, are examples of signi??cant international frontier shifts which affect migration status ... of migration; and the study of migration, in response, shifts its focus to a new emphasis on culture, subjectivity and identity, re??ecting the general cultural turn in ...

L’analyse politique explique comment s’organisent et évoluent les pouvoirs dans les sociétés. La démographie examine leurs dynamiques de population. Or ces deux types d’étude sont en permanente interrelation, en géopolitique interne comme en géopolitique externe. Cela n’ayant jamais fait l’objet d’une démonstration systématique, après un quart de siècle de recherches, Gérard-François Dumont publie ce premier traité de démographie politique en recourant à la méthode expérimentale et en puisant dans l’histoire politique et géopolitique, contemporaine comme ancienne, des régions, des pays ou des continents. Il met en lumière, dans les interactions entre la démographie et la géopolitique, de nombreuses régularités qui le conduisent à énoncer les dix lois de la géopolitique des populations. Explicitées individuellement sous leurs différents aspects, certaines prennent une résonance nouvelle et exercent des conséquences inédites sous l’effet de changements contemporains, comme les logiques migratoires actuelles.
Par des approches qualitatives et quantitatives et une grande clarté d’expression, Gérard-François Dumont propose une véritable somme qui se présente comme une avancée majeure pour la connaissance. Ce traité renouvelle et enrichit considérablement  à la fois la science de la population et l’analyse géopolitique.  Il offre en même temps une lecture nouvelle de la compréhension du monde.
À une table des matières détaillée s’ajoute un index géographique qui renvoie aux nombreuses régions, pays ou villes référencés pour illustrer les dix lois de la géopolitique des populations.

DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL POPULATION AND PROBLEMS OF ITS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE LANKARAN-ASTARA ECONOMIC-GEOGRAPHICAL REGION
Rural settlements play a very important role in the demographic development of Lankaran-Astara economic region. Rural population density in the economic region is relatively higher and uneven in the territory. For Lankaran-Astara economic region which shares borders with neighboring countries, preserving and strengthening the demographic potential of rural settlements is necessary. This article deals with the study of rational distribution of the rural population and rural clusters as well as their sustainable development in Lankaran-Astara. The author inves-tigates the perspectives of rural settlements, and gives recommendations on the issue.

Population geography, which has been constructed on strong tradition of spatial demography and incorporates various quantitative and qualitative methodologies, goes after bringing a more holistic understanding to the social context, where human movements, regional demographic variability and these population processes take place today. In addition, population geographers are addressing issues with political importance more and more. Population geography within the geography discipline in Turkey has, perhaps, been the weakest branch of Turkish geography within the academic history of 100 years, in terms of general characteristics and academic output performance. This article reviews the development, agenda, debates and future of population geography as a subfield of human geography in the West, on the basis of literature analysis. In addition, opinions of the geographers in Turkey about population and their contributions to the subfield are addressed from a historical perspective. Thus, it is aimed to offer new perspectives and expansions to Turkish geographers, who are interested in population, by assessing the past, present and future of population geography. Öz Mekânsal demografinin güçlü geleneğinin üzerine inşa edilmiş olan ve çeşitli nicel ve nitel metodolojileri bünyesinde barndran nüfus coğrafyas, bugün insan hareketleri, bölgesel demografik değişkenlik ve bu nüfus süreçlerinin meydana geldiği sosyal bağlama daha bütüncül bir anlayş geliştirmenin peşinden koşmaktadr. Ek olarak nüfus coğrafyaclar, politik öneme sahip konular gittikçe daha fazla ele almaktadr. Türkiye'de coğrafya disiplini içinde nüfus coğrafyas, genel özellikleri ve akademik çkt performans bakmndan Türk coğrafyasnn 100 yllk akademik geçmişinde, belki de en clz damarlardan biri olmuştur. Bu yaz, beşeri coğrafyann bir alt alan olarak nüfus coğrafyasnn Bat bilim dünyasndaki gelişimini, güncel gündemini, tartşmalarn ve geleceğini literatüre dayal olarak değerlendirmektedir. Buna ek olarak Türkiye'de coğrafyaclarn nüfus konusuna bakşn ve alt alana katklarn tarihsel olarak ele almaktadr. Böylece, çağdaş nüfus coğrafyasnn dününü, bugününü ve geleceğini değerlendirmek suretiyle nüfusla ilgilenen Türk coğrafyaclarna yeni perspektifler ve açlmlar sunmak istemektedir.

Population of the Mit Ghamr District "A Geographical Study"
A thesis Submitted to obtain Master of Arts (MA) in geography Prepared By Mokhtar Mohammed Mokhtar El Hassanien
Population of the Mit Ghamr District: A geographical study
This thesis is mainly aimed to investigate population of Met Ghamr District, as a topic in population Geography. The study area is one of the main Districts in Dakhaliya governorate. In particular, it is located southward the governorate, on the eastern border of the Nile. It is situated between the latitudes of 30ْ  30َ  and  30ْ  49َ  and longitudes of  31ْ  14َ and  31ْ  24َ .Apart from Mit Ghamr town, this District has generally a rural character since it comprises 53 local rural districts.
In the course of the current study, a set of methods has been used to achieve the goals of this work. This includes the regional, systematic, and descriptive Furthermore, a range of quantitative approaches and statistical techniques have been utilized in order to give an accurate and more reliable description of the data structure and demographic variables within this work. These calculations have been performed by means of a set of software including Excel, SPSS, PAS and Spectrum. Maps and charts visualization has also been carried out to give insights into spatial distribution of data and provide a more representative way of spatial associations being confirmed in this study. All these procedures have been achieved using Snagit (version 10), Excel 2003, ArcGIS (version 9.2), and MapInfo (version 10).

The content of this thesis is organized in 8 chapters, preceded by an introduction and summed up with a conclusion that followed by a list of references and indices.  More specifically, this work comprises 97 Tables, 113 Figures, and 33 indices.
In this section, a short description of the content of this thesis is provided:
Chapter 1: This chapter mainly explored the temporal evolution of population size and its annual rates of growth at the provisional scale, compared with both the governorate and the whole country. A more inspection in the differences between the urban and rural districts has also been provided for Met Ghamr District in comparison with those of Dakhaliya governorate. Spatial differences in population growth rates have also been investigated at the provisional scale for the base period 1897-2006. Based on the average of population growth in the 1996-2006 period, a forecasting of the possible number of years to double population in Mit Ghamr District is suggested.
Chapter 2: This chapter markedly focused on the components responsible for the natural growth of population (i.e. birth rates, fertility rates and natural growth). In this regard, trends in the crude birth rate growth, age-sex specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, Gross reproduction rate and child/woman ratio have all been assessed. Based on our exploratory field work, the dominant factors affecting fertility have been discussed in detail. Moreover, this chapter also investigated the most common demographic indicators of death, such as crude death rate, age-specific death rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy of population. Finally, we explored temporal evolution of population natural growth rates in Mit Ghamr District and its vital index.
Chapter 3: This chapter gave concern to investigate spatial patterns of migration in the study area. Firstly, measures of internal migration have been computed such as balancing equation, survival ratio, and national growth rate. Additionally, the driving forces and spatial paths of the internal migration were also examined following the data published in the national census of 2006. According to a field work in 2010, urban-rural migration was also explored as a local pattern of urban-rural population interactions in the study area. The international migration of population in Mit Ghamr District: its causes, trends and possible influences have been considered in this chapter employing            a representative sample of returning migrants.
Chapter 4: This chapter discussed the spatial distribution of the population and their densities in the study area, indicating spatial differences between urban and rural locations. Different aspects of population density patterns were studied using a range of indices, such as the general density, agricultural density, physiological density, and economic density.           
Space-population interactions have also been assessed by means of Lorenz curve, concentration ration and index, centre of population gravity. This chapter also investigated the geographical factors that control not only the spatial distribution of the population, but also the linearity of their urban settlements.
Chapter 5: This chapter described population structure according to age and sex classes recommended by the secretary of the United Nations (UN). To give more reliable results, the population was classified into three broad age classes, including juvenile, adults and elderly people. Certain demographic measures have aided in this respect, such as median age, dependency ratio, and index of aging. To give insight into sex characteristics in the study area, particularly at urban-rural scale, the age and sex population pyramids were employed for the reference period 1960-2006.
Chapter 6: This chapter examined the social characteristics of the population, including the marital status and educational conditions. The categories of the marital status have been described and the evolution of each category has been discussed with further details for the base period 1960-2006. This chapter gave also a particular concern to the illiteracy problem in the District, with the aim of defining their causes, spatial and temporal characteristics at the urban and rural scales.
Chapter 7: This chapter showed the Economic Characteristics of population in the Mit Ghamr District. The population was classified according to the economic characteristic and the temporal evolution of population size belonging to each particular category was examined for the (1960-2006). A set of economic indicators was computed (e.g. crude activity rate, age-specific rate, and dependency rate), and their spatial differences at urban-rural scale have been investigated. Unemployment has received a great concern in this chapter, being one of the most crucial phenomena that have potential social and economic influences on the local communities in Mit Ghamr District.
Chapter 8: This chapter gave particular interest to explore population projections over the recent following decades of the 21th century. This can be of importance to give a complete and accurate picture of population properties, dynamics and interactions in the study area in the near future. It also could be helpful for future social and economic plans, particularly those related to the education and health sectors as well as the increasing demand for food supply, water and electricity. More specifically, possible projections of population growth and their properties until the year 2031 under three different scenarios are provided.
Conclusion: The conclusion of the thesis summarized the most significant findings of this work. It also gave a set of suggestions that could help decision makers to deal with the overpopulation phenomenon in the study area that could negatively affect the economic and social standards of life.

The entry begins with a definition of geography and with a description of what the discipline shares with the other social sciences and what makes it distinctive among them. Terminological clarifications are provided with regard to the relationship between human geography and physical geography, and between human geography and urban geography. After a brief history and overview of human geography’s engagement with social theory, the entry offers a discussion of the politicization of contemporary human geography and of how this phenomenon is reflected in theory building and concept development.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0464

This article identifies spatial dimensions of educational outcomes using maps of the 2016 Grade 5 reading results for Australia's National Assessment Program–Literacy and Numeracy for all Australian schools. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to overlay schools' results onto suburbs' advantage or disadvantage to visualise spatial patterns. We then examined the extent to which school results “cluster” in socio‐economically advantaged and disadvantaged suburbs and considered the consistency of spatial patterns for results across major cities. That work illustrates both how GIS can foreground educational inequality and how “the spatial” is more than corollary for student socio‐economic status. Results show substantial differences between urban and remote areas and towns of different size. Maps of cities visualise spatial “clustering” patterns of school results, with most schools in advantaged suburbs having high results and almost no schools in disadvantaged suburbs having high results. Educational outcomes strongly align to local socio‐demographic characteristics, and parallel host communities’ levels of advantage or disadvantage. Differences between public and private schools are less significant than within‐sector differences for schools in advantaged or disadvantaged locales. Patterns in all cities are consistent—schools in advantaged suburbs predominantly have high results, whereas non‐government schools generally perform better than government schools in disadvantaged suburbs. Most concerning is the persistent and increasing trajectory of results in advantaged, and more so in disadvantaged suburbs, of all cities since the first National Assessment Program–Literacy and Numeracy in 2008. Ameliorating spatial inequality between primary schools is one of the greatest challenges for Australians.

The issue of gender disparity is a violation of human rights. The present study is an attempt to examine the scenario of gender disparities from socio-economic and demographic perspectives in the North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. The variables include sex ratio, child sex ratio, literacy rate, work participation rate, child-women ratio and dependency ratio. Further, rural-urban disparity has also been computed to explain the prevailing gender inequality. The methodology employs indices like Z- Score, Kendall's Rank Score and Sopher's Index. Suitable cartographic techniques have been used to illustrate the findings with the help of Arc GIS 10.2 and M.S. Office. It is found that the gender gap is higher in Barrackpore-I & II CD Blocks and low in the Blocks of Bagda, Sandeshkhali-I & II and Hingalganj. The efficacy of those variables is higher in Barasat-II, Deganga and Sandeshkhali-I than in the other parts of the district. The composite disparity index (CDI) is lower in terms in the southern and western parts than in the other parts of the study area. Necessary policy recommendations have been suggested to reduce the inequality for sustainable gender equity in the prevailing gender-dissimilar society.

هدفت الدراسة إلى تعرف أهم محددات استعمال وسائل تنظيم الأسرة بين النساء الفلسطينيات المتزوجات حاليا في الفئة العمرية 15-49 سنة. وتم تحليل بيانات المسح الصحي الديمغرافي لعام2004 التي جمعت بالعينة من 3785 امرأة متزوجة، واستخدمت مجموعة من المتغيرات الديموغرافية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية التي كان لها دورا فعالا في قرارا استعمال وسائل تنظيم الأسرة.
    وتوصلت الدراسة من خلال نموذج تحليل الانحدار اللوجستي إلى تزايد إقبال النساء المتعلمات على وسائل تنظيم الأسرة، وأن التحسن الحاصل في المستوى الاقتصادي للأسرة ساهم في زيادة الاستعمال، وكذلك ساهم متوسط عدد الأطفال الباقين على قيد الحياة، ونمط الإقامة في الريف والحضر وعمر الزوجة الحالي في تفسير التباين في نسب استعمال وسائل تنظيم الأسرة في المجتمع الفلسطيني، مع وجود اختلاف واضح بين الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة.

Oraon, is a tribal group of people inhabited in various states across in India as well as in Bangladesh. They have a rich and vast range of folk songs, dances, tales as well as traditional musical instruments. In 1871, the British Government declared the Dooars as non-regulated area, for that purpose tea estates were introduced. Tribal people were borrowed from Chhotonagpur region where poor people namely Santals and Oraons lived without fixed and settled economy and were dependent on jungles but the new forest policy of the British Government whereby felling of trees in reserved forests were prohibited and declared punishable by law, deprived them of their traditional ways of living in the forest enclaves. It was for that reasons, thousands of laborers emigrated from Chhotonagpur to the tea gardens of Dooars. Now in Dooars they are basically tea garden labors and agricultural laborers. After entering in plantation economy their ethical values, cultures, age old traditional values have been squeezed. Present paper is concerned with a study of impact of changes of their livelihood in Dooars region, problems and probable solutions.

ÖZET
Coğrafi özellikleri yer adı olarak kullanmak yaygın bir ad verme yöntemidir. Bu şekilde isimlendirme sokak adları için de geçerlidir. İsimlendirmenin yapıldığı yer ve yakın çevrenin coğrafi bir özelliği veya unsuru sokak adı olarak kullanmak yaygın bir adlandırma biçimidir. Bu sayede coğrafi mekânına dair çeşitli bilgiler geçmişten bugüne ulaşma imkânı bulur.
İstanbul’da çok sayıda sokak, coğrafi mekânda mevcut bir özellikten isim almıştır. Bunlar arasında hidrografik unsurlara ait sokak adları da vardır.
Sokak adı olarak kullanılan hidrografik unsurlar arasında dere en çok kullanılan isimdir.  Ayrıca çeşme ve su terazisi gibi su mimarisiyle ilgili olanlar yanında, suyla alakalı meslek adlarından ileri gelen sokak isimleri de vardır. Bu isimler, Türk kültüründe ad verme ve isimlendirmede hidrografik unsurların rolünü göstermesi bakımdan önemlidir.
İstanbul’da hidrografik özellik ve terimlerden isim almış sokak adlarının incelendiği bu çalışmada temel amaç, İstanbul sokak adlarında su ve suyla alakalı unsurların yeri ve önemini coğrafi isimler üzerinden tespit etmektir. Bu coğrafi isimler sadece hidrografik kökenli, yani suyla alakalı sokak adlarıyla sınırlı tutulmuştur. Bunun başlıca sebebi, coğrafi isimlerin tamamının bu çalışma kapsamına sığmayacak kadar geniş olmasıdır.

إن الغرض الرئيس من هذه الورقة هو إعتبارها فرصة لاستكشاف وق ا رءة وتوضيح العلاقة بين
الجغ ا رفيا والتنمية المستدامة وذلك بحسب ما ورد في "إعلان لوزيرن" الصادر بعنوان "إعلان ح ول
التعليم الجغ ا رفي من أجل تنمية مستدامة" في يوليو 7002 ، والذي أصدرته لجنة التعليم الجغ ا رفي
بتفويض من الجمعية الجغ ا رفية العالمية استجابة وتنفيذا لخطة الأمم المتحدة العشرية تحت شعار
– .)7002 "تعليم من أجل تنمية مستدامة ) 7002

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

The Sundarban region is climatically and economically very vulnerable. Almost every year various
climatic factors such as tidal surge, sea level rise, and cyclone badly affect this region. Most of the
people depend on the primary sector especially mono-crop agricultural sector. Their per capita income
is very low and uncertain. After 'Aila' a major chunk of male worker of age group (15-60) has migrated
toward other parts of India as semi-skilled or unskilled labours.The women participation rate is very low or
negligible due to various social customs or safety issues. They work as a full time or part time labour in
the agriculture and fishery sector during monsoons. Sometimes the school dropout teenagers are also
engaged in this. The financial status of the migrant households has definitely improved but some of them
have been infected with various contaminations. A sample survey has been done using survey and
questionnaires methods in three CD Blocks during 2016 - 2018 to address these issues. The present
article has made an attempt to investigate the causes of migration and its impact on socio-economic
condition and demographic structure in the Sundarban region.

This qualitative phenomenological study aimed at exploring the perceptions of geography among Ghanaian senior high school students. A total of 48 students comprising 24 males and 24 females were selected from two different public senior high schools in the Kumasi metropolis of Ghana to participate in the study. Data were obtained using in-depth interview and results were processed and presented using the thematic analysis approach with reference to the research objectives. Results from the study revealed that more than half of the students interviewed had positive perception of geography in terms of its relevance to people in the society. Regarding the definition and scope of geography, the overwhelming majority of the student respondents perceived geography as a description of the physical environment such as rivers, rocks, the universe, weather and climates, formation of landforms, among others. Others also perceived geography as the drawing of maps to show earth’s features. Interestingly, more than half of the students expressed keener interest in physical geography with reasons being that physical geography lessons are more interesting and practical. More so, the majority of the students viewed geography lessons to be very interesting but difficult as compared to other social science disciplines. Significantly too, most of the students ranked geography as either second or third choice in considering programmes for higher education. The study recommends a further research into how students’ perception of employment prospects in geography influence their attitudes towards geography.

The total population of Dubai has grown by 1000% over the last 40 years alone. In 1975 the total population was 183,000 inhabi-tances, which increased in 2015 to about 2 million. This increase makes Dubai population one of the fastest growing in the world. In a related context, the guest workers (immigrants) have profoundly contributed to this population growth since they constituted 91% of the total population. Dubai is a good example of a rapidly developing city. Until 1955 Dubai was characterized by its slow growing economy. Its population lived in traditional houses made of palm fronds with poor infrastructure. In 1957 Dubai municipality was established and the first master plan was formed which resulted into the appearance of a road system and anew town center in addition to the construction of new modern buildings made of concrete blocks. These buildings started to emerge at that time. Nevertheless, the urban growth continued a slow pace. From 1975 to present the urban area expanded enormously , the rapid development of the city transforms Dubai from a small regional business, financial and leisure hub into a global center. During the last two decades Dubai built up area expanded like never before, the economic growth accelerated and so did the investment level, more development projects were planned to support the urban growth. The total built up area increased from only 54 square Kms in 1975 to 977 square Kms in 2015, as Dubai increased (1700 % in only 38 years) that high percentage make Dubai one of the fastest growing cities in the world.

ÖZET
Ekonomik açıdan faal olmayan nüfus, bağımlı nüfus olarak adlandırılır. Genellikle üretici olmayan 0-14 yaş grubundaki genç nüfus ile 65 yaş ve üzerindeki yaşlı nüfus, bağımlı nüfusu meydana getiren en önemli gruplardır. Nüfusun her iki bağımlı grubu, doğum ve ölüm hızlarındaki değişimler ile kontrol edilir. Dünya genelinde olduğu gibi, Türkiye’de de doğum ve ölüm hızlarındaki azalma eğilimi, toplam nüfus içerisinde 0-14 yaş grubu nüfusun azalmasına neden olurken, 65+ yaş grubu nüfusun artmasına yol açmaktadır. 1935 yılında, Türkiye nüfusunun %41.2’si 0-14 yaş grubunda ve %3.9’u 65+ yaş grubunda yer alırken; 2015 yılına gelindiğinde 0-14 yaş grubunun oranı %24’e düşmüş, 65+ yaş grubunun oranı ise %8.2’ye yükselmiştir. Demografik dönüşüm, bağımlı nüfus oranlarında da değişikliklere neden olmuş ve 1935-2015 devresinde, genç bağımlı nüfus oranı %75.8 den %35.4’e düşerken, yaşlı bağımlı nüfus oranı %7.1’den %12.7’ye ulaşmıştır. Artık yaşlı nüfuslu ülkeler grubunda değerlendirilen Türkiye için hazırlanan nüfus projeksiyonları, yaşlı nüfusun ve yaşlı bağımlılık oranlarının gelecek yıllarda da artışının süreceğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yaşlı nüfus, bağımlı nüfus, yaşlı nüfus bağımlılık oranı, demografik dönüşüm.

ABSTRACT

The economically inactive population is named as dependent population. Generally, non-productive young population in 0-14 age and elderly population 65 age and above are the most important groups of depended population. Both depended groups of population were controlled with the speed changes in births and deaths. As in the Wold, while the tendency of decrease in birth and death rates in Turkey, it causes an increase in 65+ age group. In 1935, while the 41.2 % of Turkey’s population places in 0-14 age group and 3.9 % in 65+ age group; in 2015, the ratio of 0-14 age group decreased to 24 % and the ratio of 65+ increased to 8.2 %. Demographic transformation caused changes in depended population and in 1935-2015 circuit, while young depended population showed a downward trend from 75.8 % to 35.4 %, elderly depended population ratio reached from 7.1 % to 12.7 %. From now on, Turkey is considered as an elderly populous country and prepared population projections for Turkey put forth that elderly population and elderly depended ratio will continue to increase even in the incoming years.

 An urbanisation is a form of social transformation from traditional rural societies to modern, industrial and urban communities. It is long term continuous process. It is the progressive concentration of the population in urban unit.  Kingsley Davies has explained urbanisation as process of switch from spread out pattern of human settlements to one of concentration in urban centers.
 The process of urbanisation in India through history, because what distinguished India most, from many other countries of the world is  its long tradition of urbanisation dating back as far as about five thousand years, when Indus Valley civilization saw the birth as the earliest urban settlement in human history. In India, the urban tradition continuous throughout these centuries and during the ancient period of our history there were many well planned, big and beautiful cities in different parts of the country.
 The process of urbanisation in developed countries is characterized by high level of urbanisation and some of them are in final stage of urbanisation process. Majority of the developing countries, the rate of urbanisation is very fast and it is not accompanied by industrialization but rapid growth of service sector in economies.
 Future growth of world’s population is supposed to take place in the urban areas of less developed countries and the contribution of India in terms of urban population size, is quite  substantial.  India is one among the country where the process of urbanization is an integral part of the development.
 According to 2011 census only 31 percent of the population of India lives in urban areas. According to UN’s the urban population of India will be less than 35 percent in 2020 and approximately 40 percent 2030. By 2030 another 225 million people will be added to the Indian urban areas, it is more than the population of Japan and Germany combined.
 This module aims to study the present and past tendency of urbanisation in India and also growth of cities, metropolitan cities and distribution of urban population in states and UT’s of India since 1901 to 2011 Census periods.
 In India, urbanisation has been relatively slow during the last century period as compared with many other developing countries.

This study is entitled with "Population Migration out of Fayoum Governorate: A Study in Population Geography ". The present thesis sheds light on the problem of Out-Migration and its geographical and demographic dimensions. It aims to analyze this phenomenon, and determine the characteristics of migrants. Furthermore, the thesis intends to identify different relationships between migration and the factors affecting it on the one hand, and the results of migration on the other hand. The study is divided into five chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. The Introduction states the Problem of the study, objectives, its importance and its contents. The introduction also highlights the significance of the field study and the questionnaire as a primary data source of this study.
Chapter I deals with the most important natural and human geographical determinants of migration from the governorate, push factors of the province (economic, social, and demographic factors), pull factors to other governorates (economic and social factors), and the factor analysis of these. Moreover, this chapter discusses the evolution of size of migration from the governorate and its rates during the period (1917-2006).
Chapter II tackles migration streams from the governorate, its patterns, the distribution of migrants in other governorates, and statistical analysis of this distribution using population exchange ratio (sufficient evidence), Lorenz curve, and Gini coefficient to measure the degree of concentration. This chapter also presents some special models of migration flows, the stay duration of migrants in destination areas and the possibility of return to the governorate.
Chapter III Shows the most important demographic characteristics of migrants, such as age & sex structure, marital structure, characteristics of family, and educational structure.
Chapter IV studies the most important economic characteristics of migrants, such as the labor force characteristics, industrial structure, occupational structure, and income levels.
Chapter V deals with the geographic, demographic, socioeconomic, political, and environmental impact of migration from Fayoum.
The Conclusion displays the most important results from the study, as well as the recommendations of the study.

Cet ouvrage présente les mutations de l'espace et des territoires de la France. Il analyse tout particulièrement les ressorts différenciés du développement spatial. L'accent est mis d'abord sur le poids démographique général et ses diversités géogra-phiques, exerçant un rôle capital dans l'évolution d'un pays de plus en plus ouvert sur les sous-continents européens comme sur le monde. Après l'étude des transformations géopolitiques et démographiques, les auteurs montent comment l'espace français s'aménage et se réorganise dans le contexte des impératifs européens et mondiaux. Une approche sectorielle, puis géographique, permet de souligner la manière dont la France et ses régions se restructurent économiquement et socialement. Un chapitre final dégage les grandes tendances de la nouvelle place occupée par la France sur le globe.

ÖZET Nüfus, coğrafya biliminin ele aldığı temel konularından birini oluşturur. Farklı bilim dalları tarafından ele alınan nüfus, özellikle planlama açısından oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Günümüz dün-yasında nüfusun niceliğinden çok niteliği önemlidir. Ancak bir ülke-nin nüfus niceliği (sayısı) hala önemini korumaktadır. Nitekim nüfus artış hızı sıfır olan ya da eksilerde seyreden ülkeler, nüfusunun yaşlan-ması ve neslin yenilenememesi gibi endişelerle nüfus artışını destek-leyici politikalar izlemektedir. Nüfus, gerek geçmişte gerekse günü-müzde devletler için önemli bir vergi ve asker kaynağı durumundadır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda da nüfus, asker temini ve vergiler bakı-mından son derece önemli bir kaynak durumundaydı. Bu bağlamda nüfus, tarih ve coğrafya bilimlerinin ortak çalışma alanını oluştur-maktadır. Bu çalışmada, XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısından Cumhuriyet dö-nemine kadar olan süreçte, Beyşehir Kazasında meydana gelen de-mografik değişim (kaynakların elverdiği ölçüde) ortaya konulmuştur. Osmanlı'nın son döneminden Cumhuriyet dönemine geçiş sürecinde Beyşehir kazasındaki nüfus değişimi ve gelişimi üzerinde savaşlar, göçler ve idari yapıdaki değişimler belirleyici olmuştur. Mevcut kay-naklar ışığında bu değişim coğrafi bakış açısıyla (doğal ortam-insan etkileşimi dikkate alınarak) değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Beyşe-hir kazasındaki nüfusun gelişimi üzerinde doğal ortam şartlarından çok idari-beşeri şartların etkisi daha fazla etkili olmuştur.

The study of Poro-busty (Alipurduar, West Bengal) depicts the real picture of the tribal dwellers’ socio-economic condition. 78 households of the tribal group are interviewed to analyze the relationship between the physical and cultural condition. They depend mainly on agriculture and livestock farming. Due to lack of education, poor livelihood, ill health and irregular source of income, the dwellers are unable to improve their socio – economic conditions. The study reveals that the sustainable development and inclusive growth can be achieved through improving their socio- economic conditions.