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Understanding coexistence between humans and threatened wildlife is a central focus in conservation. Way Kambas National Park in Sumatra Island, Indonesia, harbors one of the largest populations of the critically endangered Sumatran... more
Understanding coexistence between humans and threatened wildlife is a central focus in conservation. Way Kambas National Park in Sumatra Island, Indonesia, harbors one of the largest populations of the critically endangered Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus). The people who live
Media reports on human-predator interaction can influence public attitudes and supports toward wildlife conservation. Negative interactions between humans and wildlife in Indonesia are dominated by two predator species: Sumatran tiger... more
Media reports on human-predator interaction can influence public attitudes and supports toward wildlife conservation. Negative interactions between humans and wildlife in Indonesia are dominated by two predator species: Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) and saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). This research aims to characterize the patterns of media reporting on human-predator interaction and compare the reporting between tiger and crocodile. Media reports published between 2017-2019 were collected from online mass media using Google News searching tool. Four parameters were used to evaluate the media content: tone, framing, illustration, and objectivity. Reports on human-tiger interaction (HTI; 356 articles) and human-crocodile interaction (HCI; 430 articles) showed similar patterns including dominant negative headline tone, neutral reporting focusing on interaction events, use of neutral-safe illustrations, and objective reporting. Further investigation showed that some aspects of media reporting on HCI differed with HTI. Reporting on HTI incidents used more negative contents and illustrations; and not as comprehensive as HTI reporting. To promote balanced reporting, this research recommends collaboration between practitioners, scientists, and media to increase the media awareness on human-predator interactions and wildlife conservation; to write engaging content; and to increase the roles of practitioners and scientists as writers and sources in mass media.
Crocodile attacks on humans and subsequent retaliations are a pressing issue for saltwater crocodile conservation. As human-crocodile conflict is complex, integrating social and ecological information better explains the drivers and... more
Crocodile attacks on humans and subsequent retaliations are a pressing issue for saltwater crocodile conservation. As human-crocodile conflict is complex, integrating social and ecological information better explains the drivers and patterns of these interactions. Our study aims to incorporate ecological factors associated with the intensity of crocodile attacks together with social factors of mass media reports to identify high-risk areas of human-crocodile conflict in Indonesia. We compiled reports of crocodile attacks in the 2010-2019 period from media reports, field surveys, and local informants. The presence of attack was estimated by evaluating the influence of habitat, climate, human, and reporting effort. As tone of media coverage can reflect and shape reader's tolerance about a certain issue, we assessed the headline's tone from each media article that reported crocodile attacks from 2017 to 2019. A total of 665 crocodile attacks were recorded and mainly distributed in western and central Indonesia. The estimated number of crocodile attacks was higher in areas with lower forest biomass and human density, and wider cellular network coverage. Negative media coverages were frequently reported in western Indonesia. By combining social information of negative media reporting and the ecological information of crocodile attacks hotspots, we identified 170,500 km 2 priority risk areas in the western part of Indonesia, a notable 65.8 % reduction in area size compared to the attack hotspots. We highlight the application of socioecological information in risk prioritization to address the rising trends of negative human-wildlife interactions.
Reliable density estimates of threatened species provide important information on their conservation status and effectiveness of conservation efforts. Here, we provided the first density estimates that utilize detection probability of... more
Reliable density estimates of threatened species provide important information on their conservation status and effectiveness of conservation efforts. Here, we provided the first density estimates that utilize detection probability of four hornbill species in Ketambe Research Station area, Leus-er Landscape. Moreover, we made a preliminary investigation of the relationship between hornbill detections and fruit availability. We conducted line transect and phenology surveys during July-Sep-tember 2019. Our findings highlighted the importance of Ketambe as a stronghold for hornbill populations, indicated by relatively higher density estimates of four species (Wreathed Hornbill Rhyt-iceros undulatus, Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros , Bushy-crested Hornbill Anorrhinus galer-itus, and White-crowned Hornbill Berenicornis co-matus) than elsewhere. We noted the lack of Hel-meted hornbill detections which might be due to illegal poaching. Further, we identified the positive influence of ripe fruit supplies on hornbill presence. Our study presented the baseline density data for future hornbill population monitoring studies. We also recommended conducting studies of hornbill diet and foraging behaviour and their responses to human disturbances.
Mendorong koeksistensi antara manusia dan satwa liar membutuhkan dukungan dari publik. Namun hal ini menjadi tantangan apabila satwa menimbulkan kerugian bagi manusia atau dikenal sebagai konflik manusia-satwa liar. Bagaimana media... more
Mendorong koeksistensi antara manusia dan satwa liar membutuhkan dukungan dari publik. Namun hal ini menjadi tantangan apabila satwa menimbulkan kerugian bagi manusia atau dikenal sebagai konflik manusia-satwa liar. Bagaimana media memberitakan konflik dapat mempengaruhi sikap dan toleransi publik terhadap satwa pemberitaan. Oleh karena itu, kami melakukan analisis konten media untuk melihat bagaimana media memberitakan konflik manusia-buaya muara (KMB), satwa liar yang dipersepsikan berbahaya dan seringkali terlibat serangan ke manusia. Kami mengumpulkan 254 artikel KMB melalui Google News dan mendapatkan tiga informasi kunci. Pertama, isi pemberitaan mayoritas mengenai buaya masuk ke pemukiman dan serangan buaya terhadap manusia. Kedua, hampir setengah nada tajuk pemberitaan KMB bersifat negatif (memberikan kesan negatif terhadap buaya atau berisi konten sadis) sementara sisanya bersifat netral. Tajuk untuk kasus serangan manusia lebih didominasi nada negatif dibandingkan kasus buaya masuk ke pemukiman. Ketiga, hampir seluruh isi artikel berita bersifat netral. Umumnya pemberitaan mengambil bingkai kronologi kejadian dan upaya mitigasi KMB dengan menempatkan buaya dalam posisi netral sesuai fakta kejadian. Mengingat pentingnya peran media dalam membentuk persepsi publik, ke depan kami merekomendasikan pemberitaan KMB agar menggunakan tajuk berita netral tanpa konten negatif/sadis dan membahas penyebab dan solusi KMB untuk mencegah dan mengurangi dampak KMB.
Reliable information on wildlife populations and the threats they face is crucial for assessing the performance of conservation strategies. As part of its efforts to improve the effectiveness of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in... more
Reliable information on wildlife populations and the threats they face is crucial for assessing the performance of conservation strategies. As part of its efforts to improve the effectiveness of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in Sumatra, Indonesia, and aid the recovery of flagship species, the Park's management authority designated a , km  forest block an Intensive Protection Zone. To set a baseline from which to evaluate the performance of this zone, we investigated the density of tigers Panthera tigris sumatrae, and spatio-temporal interactions between tigers, their principle prey and threats. The estimated density of tigers was . per  km  , whereas in  camera-trapping failed to record any tigers in the Intensive Protection Zone. We found the study area contained a rich prey base, with muntjac deer Muntiacus muntjak, macaques Macaca nemestrina and wild pigs Sus scrofa occupying -% of the area, and sam-bar Rusa unicolor %. Despite these promising findings we also recorded a relatively high number of people entering the Park illegally, with  incidents over  months, of which % involved armed poachers. The poachers operated mainly at night and were concentrated in two locations. Law enforcement patrol teams were active during the day, and therefore had little overlap with the poachers.
Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan Lampung bekerjasama dengan Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program (WCS-IP) melakukan pengamatan tahunan secara rutin mamalia terestrial seperti jenis Felidae menggunakan camera trap, yang... more
Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan Lampung bekerjasama dengan Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program (WCS-IP) melakukan pengamatan tahunan secara rutin mamalia terestrial seperti jenis Felidae menggunakan camera trap, yang berlokasi di Resort Pemerihan-Way Haru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik habitat, menganalisis keanekaragaman jenis dan kelimpahan relatif jenis Felidae di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan. Teknik pengambilan data dilakukan melalui analisis vegetasi dan metode tangkap – tangkap kembali menggunakan kamera jebak dengan jumlah hari aktif 1.411 hari dengan jumlah foto 42.334. Indeks nilai penting yang mendominasi habitat Felidae vegetasi pada tingkat tumbuhan bawah adalah Etlingera sp. (INP=11.23), tingkat semai dan pancang adalah Mallotus miquelianus (INP=15.03 dan INP=17.51), tingkat tiang Dillenia excelsa (INP=37.53) dan tingkat pohon Dracontomelon dao (INP=14.89). Jenis satwa Felidae yang berhasil terekam melalui camera trap adalah jenis Kucing Batu (Pardofelis marmorata) (IKR=0.14; n=2) dan Kucing Hutan (Prionailurus bengalensis) (IKR=0.14; n=2).
Since 2001, WCS-IP with local communities has been developing various intervention methods to reduce human-elephant conflict around Way Kambas National Park. Evaluation on the implementation of these methods is crucial to assess the... more
Since 2001, WCS-IP with local communities has been developing various intervention methods to reduce human-elephant conflict around Way Kambas National Park. Evaluation on the implementation of these methods is crucial to assess the effectiveness of each techniques to
prevent crop raiding by elephants. In this article, we examine nine intervention methods which have been implemented around WKNP, including: 1) tin-can fences, 2) tripwire-triggered fences, 3) trenches, 4) barbed-wire fences, 5) beehive fences, 6) chili fences and dung fires, 7) rolling drums, 8) community-based guarding, 9) microfinance scheme. The description, implementation, advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed here. We also provided the recommendation for future implementation to reduce human-elephant conflict in WKNP.
As the largest protected area in southern part of Sumatra, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) is believed to harbor one of the highest populations of Endangered Asian tapirs. However, despite becoming an important area for tapir... more
As the largest protected area in southern part of Sumatra, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) is believed to harbor one of the highest populations of Endangered Asian tapirs. However, despite becoming an important area for tapir conservation, there is a paucity of information on this large mammal species’s population status and ecology in BBSNP. Thus, to fill the knowledge gap, we analyzed the Asian tapir data collected from a camera trapping study targeting tigers in BBSNP. With a trap effort of 1.580 trap days/100 km2 covering effective trapping area size of 969.5 km2, a total of 512 tapir photographs were recorded resulting in 162 independent tapir detections. Tapir relative abundance was 2.08 events/100 camera-trap days. Tapir site occupancy was mostly affected by slope with ᴪ = 0.72 (0.54—0.85 95% CI). Tapirs were found mostly active at night-time (56.96%) and using low elevation hills to submontane areas (x2 = 1.4189, P = 0.4919). This study thus provides much needed information on tapir population and ecology in BBSNP and highlights the extent application of camera trapping to study other cryptic mammals beside target species.
Records of injured monitor lizards and how they cope with their injuries in the wild are limited. This report documents observations made in Sumatra, Indonesia over the course of 28 months of an Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator)... more
Records of injured monitor lizards and how they cope with their injuries in the wild are limited. This report documents observations made in Sumatra, Indonesia over the course of 28 months of an Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) afflicted by a foreign bone protruding from its tympanum. The monitor's body condition, feeding behavior, nocturnal activity, social status, and ritualized combat are noted.
Pembangunan jalan di dalam kawasan konservasi dapat berdampak negatif bagi satwa di sekitar jalan, salah satunya adalah kematian satwa akibat tertabrak kendaraan. Mengambil kasus di jalan Sanggi-Bengkunat yang memotong kawasan Taman... more
Pembangunan jalan di dalam kawasan konservasi dapat berdampak negatif bagi satwa di sekitar jalan, salah satunya adalah kematian satwa akibat tertabrak kendaraan. Mengambil kasus di jalan Sanggi-Bengkunat yang memotong kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, tulisan ini akan membahas jenis satwa apa saja yang ditemukan mati tertabrak dan meberikan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi kematian satwa di jalan.
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Legenda Ora mengisahkan tentang asal usul komodo yang merupakan saudara kembar dari manusia. Kepercayaan akan legenda ini diduga berperan dalam membentuk opini positif penduduk lokal terhadap keberadaan komodo yang penting untuk... more
Legenda Ora mengisahkan tentang asal usul komodo yang merupakan saudara kembar dari manusia. Kepercayaan akan legenda ini diduga berperan dalam membentuk opini positif penduduk lokal terhadap keberadaan komodo yang penting untuk konservasi komodo
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Catatan tentang biawak yang tertusuk tulang di telinganya di stasiun riset Way Canguk, Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan
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Sebuah tulisan opini yang mengangkat isu pembangunan dan pelebaran jalan di dalam kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS) dan dampaknya terhadap satwa di dalam kawasan
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Human activity have changed the behavior of komodo dragons. Here I noted the difference of komodos' response behavior in two areas with high human activity: human settlement (Komodo village) and tourism area (Loh Liang and Loh Buaya).... more
Human activity have changed the behavior of komodo dragons. Here I noted the difference of komodos' response behavior in two areas with high human activity: human settlement (Komodo village) and tourism area (Loh Liang and Loh Buaya). Komodo dragons in the village showed more negative response (avoidance) when they met with human. Conversely, the dragons showed more neutral response (unaffected by human) in tourism area.
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Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is a species with the highest cases of attack toward human in Indonesia. Understanding the crocodile attack is essential to plan the conservation and conflict mitigation. CrocBITE as one form of... more
Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is a species with the highest cases of attack toward human in Indonesia. Understanding the crocodile attack is essential to plan the conservation and conflict mitigation.  CrocBITE as one form of citizen science has been successful in involving society to collect the information of crocodile attack around the world including Indonesia which posses the highest number of attacks about 420 since 1845.  This research aims to analyze the distribution pattern of crocodile attack and design the attack mitigation plan by exploring database in CrocBITE website. Quantum GIS v2.2.0. Valmiera was used to map the factual attack location, spatstat in R i386 3.1.0 were run to know the conflict density and distribution pattern statistically. The results showed that number of attacks was higher in western part of Indonesia (Sumatra and Java), however in recent period (2000--2014) the conflicts were moved from northern Sumatra to the southern part and rare conflict detected in Java island. Significant increase of attack happened in 2000--2014 period which the number of conflict was doubled compared to 1845-1980. Based the research, it is recommended to build a barrier and propose crocodile protection zone for crocodile attack mitigation in Indonesia.
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Phytoplankton is well-known as microorganism that can undergo photosynthesis and can only be found in aquatic ecosystems. Universitas Indonesia (UI), Depok, has six lakes: Kenanga, Agathis, Mahoni, Puspa, Ulin, and Salam Lake. Those lakes... more
Phytoplankton is well-known as microorganism
that can undergo photosynthesis and can only be found in
aquatic ecosystems. Universitas Indonesia (UI), Depok, has six
lakes: Kenanga, Agathis, Mahoni, Puspa, Ulin, and Salam Lake.
Those lakes are proved to have an important role in regulating
water circulation in UI and surroundings. However, study
about the role of those lakes in storing carbon which is resulted
from photosynthesis done by phytoplankton has not been
conducted yet. We have done this study by using the
light-and-dark bottle method in five kinds of depth in each lake.
That method is used to obtain net productivity (NP) value then
the result converted into the carbon sequestration rate (CSR).
Analysis of NP in each lake is done by comparing several
parameters (depth, turbidity, and biomass). Result of our study
shows that NP has negative correlation with every parameter
we observed and has varied significance value, i.e. NP-depth
(sig: 0.001), NP-turbidity (sig: 0.001), and NP-biomass (sig:
0.05). Based on calculations, six observed lakes have total of
CSR in the amount of 12,88 kg/hour. Knowing these facts could
improve our knowledge to determine what kind of lake which
can be potentially used as carbon bank and maintain it wisely.
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Water monitor (Varanus salvator) is carnivorous animal which has a broad diet including insects, birds, mammals, and carcasses. Plants diet is uncommon in water monitor. Here we noted unusual feeding behavior of water monitor eating green... more
Water monitor (Varanus salvator) is carnivorous animal which has a broad diet including insects, birds, mammals, and carcasses. Plants diet is uncommon in water monitor. Here we noted unusual feeding behavior of water monitor eating green beans in Tinjil Island, Banten, Indonesia.
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Photo gallery with  about Komodo Dragon tourism activity in Komodo National Park, Indonesia.
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Human activity is known could alter the behavior of wildlife. Here I noted three Komodo Dragons' (Varanus komodoensis) scavenging activity on human leftover, which is showed the altered feeding behavior of the dragons, in Loh Liang,... more
Human activity is known could alter the behavior of wildlife. Here I noted three Komodo Dragons' (Varanus komodoensis) scavenging activity on human leftover, which is showed the altered feeding behavior of the dragons,  in Loh Liang, Komodo National Park.
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Human-Orangutan conflict has become one of the biggest challenges in orangutan conservation in Indonesia. Local community who lives near the orangutan habitat has big roles to mitigate and protect the orangutan. In this paper I proposed... more
Human-Orangutan conflict has become one of the biggest challenges in orangutan conservation in Indonesia. Local community who lives near the orangutan habitat has big roles to mitigate and protect the orangutan. In this paper I proposed Local Community-Based Conservation System scheme as one of the solutions for human-orangutan conflict in Indonesia.
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Human-wildlife conflict has become one of the biggest challenges in conservation. Human-komodo dragon conflict has been reported, but no scientific publication has yet available. A research on the distribution and spatial pattern of... more
Human-wildlife conflict has become one of the biggest challenges in conservation.  Human-komodo dragon conflict has been reported, but no scientific publication has yet available.  A research on the distribution and spatial pattern of human- komodo dragon conflict were conducted in Komodo village of Komodo National Park, Southeastern of Indonesia.  Interview to 150 respondents were conducted and the coordinate of human-komodo dragon conflict locations were recorded.  Based on the interview, 150 respondents reported that 405 livestock predations, 6 komodo attacks on human, and 154 Komodo expulsions by human occurred in the village.  Human-komodo dragon conflicts were distributed across four habitat types, where most of the conflicts occured along the boundary between village and savannah.  The mean distance between conflicts (livestock predation and komodo dragon expulsion) and habitat boundary were significantly lower in village and savannah compared to forest and plantation (Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, p-calue < p-value < 2,2 x 10-16, α = 0,05).  There was a significant correlation between the intensity of komodo dragon occurence and komodo dragon expulsion conflict (Pearson correlation test, p-value < 2,2 x 10-16, α = 0,05).  Four conflict hotpots were identified by overlapping conflict distribution maps.  The study recommended conflict mitigation and management program to reduce human-komodo dragon conflicts in the future.
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Understanding how threatened Komodo dragons respond to increasing human activities is crucial for their conservation. Annual capture-mark-recapture and behavioural observation were conducted to compare Komodo dragon phenotypic and... more
Understanding how threatened Komodo dragons respond to increasing human activities is crucial for their conservation.  Annual capture-mark-recapture and behavioural observation were conducted to compare Komodo dragon phenotypic and demographic responses to levels of human activities across Komodo National Park. We found evidence dragons exposed to high human activities exhibited less wariness, larger mass, better condition, and higher survival than in low activity areas. However, we noted potential negative consequences of altered behaviour and adult male-biased populations in high activity areas. We thus recommend strategies to reduce human impacts on dragons include: feeding removal, alternative ecotourism, and spatial regulation of ecotourism.
There is little information about human-komodo dragon conflict in Komodo National Park (KNP), Southeastern of Indonesia. As top predators in KNP, komodo dragons are involved in conflicts with local people, primarily as predator on... more
There is little information about human-komodo dragon conflict in Komodo National Park (KNP), Southeastern of Indonesia. As top predators in KNP, komodo dragons are involved in conflicts with local people, primarily as predator on livestock with negative consequences to both humans and the dragons. This study aims to understand human-komodo dragon conflict, with focus on livestock predations in Komodo Village, Komodo National Park, and formulate conflict mitigation and prevention strategies. 150 respondents were interviewed and conflict locations were recorded and visualized using QGIS 2.8.2-Wien. A total of 405 predations on goats and chickens were reported in 40 locations and mostly happened during the dry season. Conflicts within village area were reported higher (52,6%) than near village boundary (<100m; 33,8%) or outside village (>100 m; 13,6%). Furthermore, four conflict hotpots were identified along the village boundary in this study. Although conflicts have occurred in the village, most respondents expressed positive attitudes toward komodo dragons existence, thus indicated supports for the dragons habitat and population conservation. To reduce the negative impacts of human-komodo dragon conflicts, this study suggests: (1) improve livestock management; (2) intensive supervision in conflict hotspots; (3) conflict awareness to local people; and (4) livestock loss compensation and insurance program, as conflict mitigation and prevention strategies to be implemented in Komodo Village.
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Komodo National Park is known as the main natural habitat for Komodo dragons. The dragons are unique and endemic animal which attract tourists from around the world. As the consequences, human and their activities could affect the... more
Komodo National Park is known as the main natural habitat for Komodo dragons. The dragons are unique and endemic animal which attract tourists from around the world. As the consequences, human and their activities could affect the behavior of Komodo dragons in the wild. Walpole (2001) and Seno (2008) reported the changes in komodo dragons’ behavior as the consequences of human activity in Loh Liang, Komodo Island. This study was conducted to analyse the behavioral response of komodo dragons to the human presence in ten locations in Komodo National Park.
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Since 2002, WCS-IP and local communities have been developing various methods to reduce human-elephant conflict in form of crop raiding around Way Kambas National Park, Indonesia. Evaluation of these methods implementation is crucial to... more
Since 2002, WCS-IP and local communities have been developing various methods to reduce human-elephant conflict in form of crop raiding around Way Kambas National Park, Indonesia. Evaluation of these methods implementation is crucial to assess the effectiveness of each technique to deter elephant from entering crop areas. Here, we evaluated eight intervention methods implemented around WKNP including: 1) tin-can fences, 2) tripwire-triggered fences, 3) trenches, 4) barbed-wire fences, 5) beehive fences, 6) chilli fences and dung fires, 7) rolling drums, and 8) community-based guarding. The description, implementation, advantages, and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. We also provided the recommendation for future implementation to manage conflict in WKNP.
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Modul berisikan ulasan ringkas dan tips dalam membuat tulisan ilmiah yang baik, disertai tahapan dalam publikasi.

Modul dibuat dalam rangka Lokakarya Menulis Ilmiah di SITH ITB, 29-30 Januari 2018.
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