A common practice of managing pain globally is the combination of analgesics and this is aimed at facilitating patient compliance, simplifying prescription, and improving efficacy without increasing adverse effects. Fruit extracts of... more
A common practice of managing pain globally is the combination of analgesics and this is aimed at facilitating patient compliance, simplifying prescription, and improving efficacy without increasing adverse effects. Fruit extracts of Xylopia aethiopica are used traditionally in the management of pain disorders and xylopic acid (XA) present in the fruit extract have been shown to possess analgesic properties in animals. There is the likelihood of concomitant use of XA and the commonly used analgesics in traditional settings. This study, therefore, evaluated the pharmacologic interaction between XA/morphine and xylopic/diclofenac combinations. The formalin test and acetic acid writhing test were used to study the antinociceptive activity of XA, morphine, and diclofenac. The isobolographic analysis was used to study the antinociceptive interactions between XA co-administered with morphine or diclofenac. Results obtained revealed that XA (10-100 mg/kg), morphine (1-10 mg/kg), and diclof...
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Background: Leaf extracts of Ficus exasperata has been used traditionally in Ghana for the management of sprains, sore eyes, rheumatism and arthritis. Objective: This study evaluates the scientific basis for the use of Ficus exasperata... more
Background: Leaf extracts of Ficus exasperata has been used traditionally in Ghana for the management of sprains, sore eyes, rheumatism and arthritis. Objective: This study evaluates the scientific basis for the use of Ficus exasperata leaves in the management of acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain Methods: The carrageenan-kaolin-induced hyperalgesia model was used to assess acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain using the Randall-Sellito and the grip strength tests using morphine as a reference drug. Results: F. exasperata extract (30-300 mg kg-1) significantly and dose-dependently decreased acute skeletal pain as well as chronic skeletal hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral and contralateral paws with maximum possible anti-hyperalgesia effects being achieved at the highest dose. Furthermore, it completely reversed both acute and chronic muscle hyperalgesia in a significant and dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These findings thus support the usefulness of Ficus exasperata leaf extr...
Various parts of Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn) JJ De Wilde (Fam. Meliaceae) are used in Ghanaian traditional medicine for the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions. The present study examined the analgesic properties of the... more
Various parts of Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn) JJ De Wilde (Fam. Meliaceae) are used in Ghanaian traditional medicine for the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions. The present study examined the analgesic properties of the petroleum ether (PEE), ethyl acetate (EAE), and the hydro-ethanolic (HAE) extract of the stem bark of the plant in murine models. PEE, EAE, and HAE were assessed in chemical (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and formalin tests), thermal (hot plate test), and mechanical (Randall-Selitto paw pressure test) pain models. The possible mechanisms of the antinociceptive action were also examined with various antagonists in the formalin test. HAE, EAE, and PEE, each at doses of 10-100 mg/kg orally, and the positive controls (morphine and diclofenac) elicited significant dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in the chemical (acetic acid abdominal writhing and formalin tests), thermal (hot plate test), and mechanical (Randall-Selitto paw pressure test) pa...
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The aerial parts of Hilleria latifolia are used in Ghanaian traditional medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammatory disorders. In the current study, the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydro-ethanol (HAE),... more
The aerial parts of Hilleria latifolia are used in Ghanaian traditional medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammatory disorders. In the current study, the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydro-ethanol (HAE), ethyl acetate (EAE) and petroleum ether (PEE) extracts of the aerial parts of the plant were investigated in animal models. The analgesic effects were assessed in the acetic acidinduced writhing and formalin tests while the anti-inflammatory activities were tested in the carrageenan-induced oedema model in chicks. HAE (10-100 mg kg-1, p.o.), EAE (10-100 mg kg -1 , p.o.), PEE (10-100 mg kg -1 , p.o.), together with morphine (1-10 mg kg -1 , p.o.) and diclofenac (10-100 mg kg -1 , p.o.) (positive controls), showed significant anti-nociceptive activity in all the models used. The anti-nociceptive effect exhibited by HAE (30 mg kg -1 , p.o.) and PEE (100 mg kg -1 , p.o.) were significantly inhibited in the formalin test by the systemic administration of t...
Fruit extracts of Xylopia aethiopica are used traditionally in the management of pain disorders including rheumatism, headache, colic pain, and neuralgia. Little pharmacological data exists in scientific literature of the effect of the... more
Fruit extracts of Xylopia aethiopica are used traditionally in the management of pain disorders including rheumatism, headache, colic pain, and neuralgia. Little pharmacological data exists in scientific literature of the effect of the fruit extract and its major diterpene, xylopic acid, on pain. The present study evaluated the analgesic properties of the ethanol extract of X. aethiopica (XAE) and xylopic acid (XA), in murine models. XAE and XA were assessed in chemical (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and formalin tests), thermal (Tail-flick and Hargreaves thermal hyperalgesia tests), and mechanical (Randall-Selitto paw pressure test) pain models. XAE and XA exhibited significant analgesic activity in all the pain models used. XAE (30-300 mg kg(-1), p.o.) and XA (10-100 mg kg(-1), p.o.) inhibited acetic acid-induced visceral nociception, formalin- induced paw pain (both neurogenic and inflammatory), thermal pain as well as carrageenan-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalge...
Fruit extracts of Xylopia aethiopica are used traditionally in the management of pain disorders including headache and neuralgia. An animal model of vincristine-induced sensory neuropathy was developed after repeated intraperitoneal... more
Fruit extracts of Xylopia aethiopica are used traditionally in the management of pain disorders including headache and neuralgia. An animal model of vincristine-induced sensory neuropathy was developed after repeated intraperitoneal injection in rats and used in the present work to study the effects of the ethanolic extract of X. aethiopica (XAE) and its diterpene xylopic acid (XA) in vincristine-induced neuropathic pain. Vincristine (0.1 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was administered during two cycles of five consecutive days to induce chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Static tactile anti-allodynic, anti-hyperalgesic, and cold anti-allodynic effects of XAE (30-300 mg kg(-1)) and XA (10-100 mg kg(-1)) were assessed using Von Frey filaments of bending forces of 4, 8, and 15 g, the Randall-Selitto paw pressure test, and cold water (4.5°C), respectively. Administration of vincristine caused the development of allodynia and hyperalgesia with no significant motor deficit, spontaneous pain, and...
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Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of the root bark of C. sieberiana (Caesalpiniaceae), a plant used locally in Ghana for the treatment of pain, was carried out in rodents. In the acute study, a single oral dose... more
Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of the root bark of C. sieberiana (Caesalpiniaceae), a plant used locally in Ghana for the treatment of pain, was carried out in rodents. In the acute study, a single oral dose (5000 mg/kg) of the aqueous extract of C. sieberiana (NPK) was administered to six rats and six mice, and observed for 14 days for signs of acute toxicity. In the sub-chronic study, rats were administered with NPK (15-750 mg/kg) daily for three months. Urinalysis, haematological and biochemical analyses were carried out on urine, blood and serum samples collected at the end of the three-month treatment. Histological analyses of the liver, heart, kidney and lung tissues were also done. The results showed that administration of 5000 mg/kg of NPK to animals did not result in death. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between control and test animals in the haematological assay. The albumin, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were h...