Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 2020 (vol. 22), issue 4
Operation and Economics in Transport
Differences in the level of workers' motivation in repair and maintenance service enterprise in The Rail Transport
Milos Hitka, Silvia Lorincova, Martina Lipoldova, Zaneta Balazova, Denisa Debnarova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):3-12 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.3-12 
The time when the only job of a manager was to delegate work to employees is over. At the present time, an ability to motivate employees is considered an essential skill for managers. It is complex and systematic effort of a manager to create a working environment and atmosphere supporting the inner needs and interests of employees affecting their behaviour and stimulating the performance positively. Differences in the level of workers' motivation in repair and maintenance service enterprise in the rail transport was defined using the sample set of almost 1,000 respondents and ANOVA and Duncan test. Following the results, it can be stated that the...
How the Lean Management Decision Influences the Transportation Cost in the Supply Chain?
Tamas Kozak, Radovan Madlenak, Gyorgy Ivan Neszmelyi
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):13-19 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.13-19
The purchase decisions require information on where each phase in aretail supply chain should be placed. The presented method is an integrated tool for retail supply chain totransaction cost optimization. The model does not only present a company-level lean management's decisions within a supply chain, but it also shows the exact method to optimize the supply chain competitiveness. The allocation model also illustrates how the purchase decisions are allocated for producer, distributor and retail companies. The complexity of the allocation model may be affected by the size of the logistic costs, the algorithm used to calculate the supply chain purchase...
Process Efficiency Analysis of Selected Automotive Companies in Europe
Kveta Papouskova, Martin Telecky, Jiri Cejka
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):20-27 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.20-27
The automotive industry has lately been undergoing major changes having a considerable impact on the whole vehicle sector. This does not only refer to what is technologically new on vehicles themselves, but also to the new modern management methods, frequently associated with the Industry 4.0 concept. As well as other companies, car factories are pushing their costs downwards to increase their production efficiency. This paper analyses the economic situation of 5 car manufacturers, two of which having their factories in the Czech Republic and three in Germany. The task was to ascertain efficiency of individual companies in order to propose possible...
Identification of Neutralization of the CMR Documents in European Union Conditions
Milos Poliak, Jana Tomicova, Marek Jaskiewic, Pawel Drozdziel, Natalia Lakhmetkina
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):28-34 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.28-34
Year 1956 was an important year for international road and freight transport. By this year Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) was made. The basic purpose of the Convention was to unify the rules in the international carriage of goods and thereby promote development of international trade. From the practical point of view, this was very important for both carriers and transporters. This Convention also describes the most important document in the international carriage of goods, which includes the consignment note of CMR as well. Recently this document is often associated with the term neutralization. Objective...
Electromobility in Poland and Slovakia. Benchmarking of Electric Vehicles for 2019
Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak, Hubert Rzedowski, Tomas Skrucany
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):35-45 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.35-45
Since the entry into force of the Paris Agreement in 2015, and with the publication of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report on the consequences of 1.5 degrees of global warming, the issue of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective manner and within the timeframe outlined has become a matter of urgency. The transport sector, which accounts for a quarter of total GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions in the 28 EU Member States, is no exception. Due to the serious environmental impacts of transport, new mobility concepts are being implemented at both national and international levels. One of these is the large-scale deployment of...
Study of a Relationship between the Criteria for Selection of the Transport Technology for the Passengers Carriage using the Dematel Method
Svetla Stoilova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):46-55 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.46-55
This study defines criteria and sub-criteria for evaluation of the transport technology for carriage of passengers by railway and road transport. The main criteria are divided into four groups: business, environmental, social and technological, named BEST analysis. Twenty-four sub-criteria have been examined. The method of multi-criteria analysis Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) has been applied to analyse importance and the relations between the criteria. Results show that e criteria of the great importance are business group (29.47%) and technological group (27.49%). The sub-criteria: transport costs for fuel (7.83%); ticket...
Kazakhstan's Transit Potential Development through Transformation of Logistics Processes as a Part of Economic Growth
Sayabek Ziyadin, Dimash Yergobek, Aigerim Kazhmuratova, Aigerim Kuralova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):56-62 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.56-62
The rapid development of transport, the widespread introduction of modern transport technologies, close cooperation with Russia, China and other neighboring countries, will allow Kazakhstan to become a serious player in the transportation market between Europe and Asia in the coming years. Such existing transport potential directly affects the economic growth of the country which will lead to high living standard. The global movement towards digitalization is transforming the logistics industry, as well. The "digit" changes the channels of movement of goods, delivery formats and management processes. Development of e - commerce and the increasing supply...
Assessment of Impact of Aerodynamic Loads on the Stability and Control of the Gyrocopter Model
Tomasz Lusiak, Andrej Novak, Martin Bugaj, Radovan Madlenak
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):63-69 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.63-69
Aerodynamic modelling currently relates to development of mathematical models to describe the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the aircraft. It is a challenging part of aerodynamics that defines a comprehensive approach to using traditional methods and modern techniques to obtain relevant data. The most complicated task for the aerodynamics and flight dynamics is definition, computation and quantification of the aerodynamic description of an object. This paper presents how to determine the aerodynamic load on a gyrocopter and defines the effect on its stability and control. The first step to solution is to develop simpler approximate aerodynamic...
Mechanical Engineering in Transport
Establishing the Strength Characteristics of the Lifting-Leveling Device Structures of the VPO-3-3000 Machines for the Track Straightening
Adil Kadyrov, Akbope Karsakov, Bakytzhan Donenbayev, Kyrmyzy Balabekova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):70-79 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.70-79
This article deals with replacement of the magnetic grippers on the VPO-3-3000 machines with roller grippers. The novelty lies in establishment of dependences characterizing stress and strain in elements of the lifting and straightening devices and in rails during the operation. Reliability of the program for calculating the structural parameters of the lifting and straightening device for the VPO-3-3000 track renewal machine is shown. The developed design of the lifting and straightening device makes it possible to select the rational parameters of technology and the operating mode of the device. This design is recommended for use when developing...
Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) and Alloying as Methods to Modify Properties of the SSS Surface Layers
Barbara Lisiecka, Agata Dudek, Robert Ulewicz
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):80-89 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.80-89
Use of the powder metallurgy (PM) in production of various components has been growing in the automotive industry, including production of sintered stainless steels (SSSs). This study aims to improve the functional properties of SSSs by formation of the Cr3C2-NiCr coating by APS method. The next stage involved alloying of the surface of SSSs using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Analysis of microstructures was carried out using microscopy (metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope). Furthermore, the study presents XRD (X-ray powder diffraction) examinations, mechanical properties and surface roughness measurements. The presented...
Fire Properties of Intumescent Coating Systems for the Rolling Stock
Norbert Radek, Renata Dwornicka
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):90-96 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.90-96
This paper presents results of the experimental research aimed at fire and smoke properties of rolling stock coating system. The overriding research task was to meet current European requirements in the field of fire properties with maintaining the desired performance parameters, such as protective and decorative properties. The research determined parameters such as flame spreading over the surface and heat emission of coating system prepared on steel substrate. Research was carried out to find the optimum thickness of intumescent layer. The tests have shown the effectiveness of use of a protective paint that allows meeting the requirements in the...
Fatigue Safety Coefficients for Ultra - High Region of Load Cycles
Daniel Varecha, Slavomir Hrcek, Otakar Bokuvka, Frantisek Novy, Libor Trsko, Ruzica Nikolic, Michal Jambor
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):97-102 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.97-102
In this paper the authors introduce results from the field of the fatigue safety of selected steels in the region of ultra - high number of loading cycles. The fatigue tests were carried out at high frequency tension - compression loading (f = 20 kHz, T = 20 ± 5°, R = -1) in the region from N = 106 to N = 109 cycles. The fatigue safety coefficients were calculated by four methods (Goodman, Gerber, ASME elliptic and Soderberg). The percentage reduction of the fatigue safety coefficients (N = 109 vs. N = 106 cycles) was at Goodman, 7.99 / 10.83 %, Gerber, 5.27 / 8.26 %, ASME, 1.89 / 6.42 % and Soderberg, 6.51 / 10.25 %.
Experimental Assessment of Influence of the Ball Bearing Raceway Curvature Ratio on the Level of Vibration
Pawel Zmarzly
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):103-111 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.103-111
Raceway curvature ratio is a very important parameter, because its values influence the performance characteristics of rolling-element bearings, their durability and the level of generated vibrations. However, the level of generated vibrations is one of the most important operating parameters of the rolling-element bearings. Excessive vibrations generated by rolling-element bearings affect the operation of the whole mechanism. The article presents experimental studies aimed at evaluation of influence of the inner and outer raceway curvature ratios of 6304-type rolling-element bearings on generated vibrations values. The raceway curvature ratio was...
Manufacturability Assessment of the Product Assembly Processes Design in the Automotive Industry
Jozef Matuszek, Tomasz Seneta, Luboslav Dulina, Eleonora Bigosova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):112-120 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.112-120
The paper presents a methodology for the design of the production process of a new product from the point of view of manufacturability criterion assembly operations (Design for Assembly - DFA) in the automotive industry. Methods and techniques, used in implementation of the DFA method to produce a new product, are mentioned. Impact of those methods on improving the assembly technology of a complex product is described. Suggestions for improving the abovementioned methods are presented, as ell. The examples given illustrate the proposed procedures.
Electrical Engineering in Transport
Recovery Procedure for Deeply Discharged LiFePo4 Traction Battery
Matus Danko, Juraj Adamec, Peter Drgona, Michal Frivaldsky
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):121-127 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.121-127
Presented paper deals with possibility of recovery of damaged traction batteries by deep discharge. For the test of proposed charging algorithm, new, unused cell was selected, the deeply discharged condition of which was caused by the self-discharge during the improper storage. The cell had significant damage of package in the central part. For the battery testing, experimental set-up was realized for automated recovering procedure and other tests of cells. For verification of the proposed algorithm, a recovered cell was compared to a reference/new cell by testing the delivered ampere-hours for various discharging current. The final evaluation shows...
Demonstration of a System Identification on Real Step-Down Power Converters
Peter Drgona, Rastislav Stefun, Slavomir Kascak, Jan Morgos
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):128-133 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.128-133
System identification is a scientific field with a wide range of applications, including transport and transportation systems. Automotive industry has a growing trend of power converters implementation. In addition, intelligence of converters is developing. Thus, the power electronics and autotronics are application areas where identification can also be applied. Since buck (step-down), boost (step-up) and buck-boost are the most common topologies of the converters in automobiles, this article aims to demonstrate possibilities of using the identification procedure on the synchronous buck converter. The objective is to obtain a parametric model that...
Functional Safety for Developing of Mechatronic Systems - Electric Parking Brake Case Study
Juraj Pancik, Peter Drgona, Marek Paskala
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):134-143 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.134-143
The electric parking brake (EPB) system as the complex mechatronic system consists of the actuators that generate the clamping force necessary to hold the vehicle safe, the conventional calipers that convert clamp force into brake torque, electronic hardware with the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), cable harness and switches and especially the control software providing the functions that the driver will experience. Like most of the modern automotive components, the EPB is equipped with embedded electronic systems that include ECU, electronic sensors, signals, bus systems, and coding. Due to the complex application in electrical, electronics and programmable...
Analysis of the Automotive Ignition System for Various Conditions
Matej Kucera, Milan Sebok, Matej Kubis, Daniel Korenciak, Miroslav Gutten
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):144-152 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.144-152
Paper presents diagnostic analysis of automotive ignition system for various working and adverse conditions in laboratory. Description and importance of basic diagnostics of automotive ignition system are examined in the first part of the paper. In the second the focus is placed on the basic principles and solution of the spark plug model. The test laboratory device is proposed in the following and the specialized measurements were executed by the proposed measurement system. The faults were simulated by application of oil and gasoline between the electrodes and failing by the driver to make the ignition contact on the spark plug.
Management Science and Informatics in Transport
A Comparison of Machine Learning-Based Individual Mobility Classification Models Developed on Sensor Readings from Loosely Attached Smartphones
Renato Filjar, Ivan Sklebar, Marko Horvat
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):153-162 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.153-162
General mobility estimation is demanded for strategy, policy, systems and services developments and operations in transport, urban development and telecommunications. Here is proposed an individual motion readings collection with preserved privacy through loosely fit smartphones, as a novel sole inertial sensors use in commercial-grade smartphones for a wide population data collection, without the need for the new infrastructure and attaching devices. It is shown that the statistical learning-based models of individual mobility classification per means of transport are capable of overcoming the variance introduced by the proposed data collection method....
Safety and Security Engineering in Transport
Quality of Business Environment of the SME: A Sectoral View
Jan Dvorsky, Jaroslav Belas, Ivana Novotna, Martin Fero, Zora Petrakova
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):163-172 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.163-172
The aim of the article is to find out differences in the perception of selected factors that determine the business environment among selected groups of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), divided according to the sector of the national economy they belong to. The first group included SMEs from the sector of transport and services. The second group included SMEs from the construction, manufacturing and agriculture sectors. The questionnaire was completed by 459 SMEs in the Czech and the Slovak Republics. To evaluate the formulated hypotheses, the Chi-square test and the Z-score were used. The case study showed interesting findings. The SMEs...
Risk Assessment in Road Transport. Operational Perspective of the Fire Service in Poland
Pawel Gromek, Rafal Wrobel
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):173-181 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.173-181
The paper presents a fire service determined picture of road safety in Poland in its operational (non-system and system) dimensions. It focuses on the road risk assessment, using data related to interventions conducted in 2015-2019 by entities of the State Firefighting Rescue System. The database of the Main Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Poland is adopted and 661,775 emergency road interventions are taken into account.The results state general framework for procedures, resource allocation and training for fire services. The framework is determined by the riskiest kinds of events on the Polish roads. It refers to micro scale (in relation...
Safety Assessment of Adjacent Roads Sections via Maximum Entropy Driver's Perception Field
Nadiia Kulbashna, Iryna Lynnyk, Andrii Galkin, Oleksii Prasolenko, Sergii Dulfan
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):182-190 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.182-190
Characteristics have been developed, by which the boundaries of coherence of adjacent road sections are established in accordance with requirements for the traffic safety. The coordination of adjacent sections of the road is carried out taking into account the driver's behavior program, which is presented in the work as a value of the maximum entropy of his perception field. The choice of this criterion is determined by the possibility of a comprehensive assessment of many road environment factors that influence the driver. The boundaries of coordination of the maximum entropy values of adjacent road sections with use of the accident rate are established.
Extinguishing of Pool Fires using the Water Mist
Daniel Ondrusik, Dalibor Balner, Adam Thomitzek
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):191-200 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.191-200
Currently, there is progressive use of fire protection systems that use the high-pressure water mist. The extinguishing effect of water mist on flammable liquids is not sufficiently elucidated. Therefore, experiments were designed to gain new knowledge about the mechanism of the high-pressure water mist extinguishing.As a source of the pool fire, gasoline, kerosene, diesel and ethanol were used. Flammable liquids were stored in a circular steel container with a diameter of 165mm and a depth of 12mm. The container was placed in an enclosed room of 2.7 x 2.7m x 3m. In the experiment, the time to extinguish flammable liquids was measured using nozzles...
System Approach in Road Safety Studies
Andrzej Szymanek
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):201-210 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.201-210
The road safety management methodology should be based on a system approach. This means that the road transport must be formalized as a complex system (CS), and then safety can be interpreted as an emergent feature of such a system. Road accidents should be interpreted as "organizational accidents". They should be studied using concepts such as "normal accident theory" (NAT) and "highly reliable organization" (HRO). The main purpose of the article is to show the usefulness of these concepts for the road safety and risk management, especially in Polish conditions. The system approach to road safety research (and transport safety) will allow for the...
Travel and Tourism Studies in Transport Development
Cryptospatial Coordinate using the RPCA Based on a Point in Polygon Test for Cultural Heritage Tourism
Achmad Teguh Wibowo, My Teguh Sulistyono, Mochamad Hariadi
Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2020, 22(4):211-217 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2020.4.211-217
This research was aimed to enhance the cryptospatial with geospatial blockchain based on a point in polygon test. Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm (RPCA) was used for developing a blockchain. The steps taken include: (1) Data from the surveyors were entered using application connected to the transaction set; (2) The transaction set sent data to the transaction proposal; (3) The transaction proposal will distribute to every connected validating of nodes for executing the smart contract with the point in a polygon test method; (4) If the process succeeded with the maximum fault tolerance of 20%, then the node records a new chain to the ledger. This...