Asadullah Farahmand

Groundwater resources are largely invisible and unknown to most people. Hence, unauthorized appropriation of groundwater is not obvious, and its impacts are less evident. It can be said that it is an invisible geo-resource but its impacts and problems are visible to mankind, even if often its source is not recognized. Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, is the fifth fastest-growing city in the world and rapid population growth and urbanization have created huge pressure on groundwater resources. As a result of a lack of surface water storage and the seasonal variability of river flows, Kabul is among the world's most water-stressed cities as it depends almost entirely on groundwater. The findings of scientific studies reveal that extensive groundwater depletion and degradation of groundwater quality in Kabul city is largely due to anthropogenic factors and it is likely to rapidly continue in the future, particularly in densely populated areas of the city. Here, ethics can play an important role because human behavior is among the main factors creating the problems. So, hydrogeoethical concepts can be assessed and discussed, especially for urban groundwater where human needs (social ethics) and environmental dynamics (environmental ethics) both should be respected. In this study, the most vital questions related to ethical aspects of groundwater management in Kabul city are extracted. To achieve the questions, the water ethics principles and ethical criteria were evaluated concerning the condition of groundwater and the society of Kabul city, as an exercise of applied hydrogeoethics. Finally, six questions are obtained as the result of this study. The response to these critical questions could be a key to solving many dilemmas related to groundwater management in an urban concept. It is recommended to groundwater managers and policymakers explore the answer to these questions and consider the findings in the policies, strategies, and regulations, particularly in urban regions.The questions are as follows:1) What is the level of contribution, obligation, responsibility, honesty, trust, and respect among geoscientists, and engineers related to groundwater management?2) What kind of regulation is adequate for the management of over-abstraction urban groundwater; top-down or self-regulation or a mix of both?3) How education and communication can shape moral motivation for city residents to better groundwater management?4) What is the level of participation of public media (TV, radio, newspapers, etc.) in awareness-raising campaigns related to groundwater conditions?5) Can groundwater abstraction from the deep aquifer (groundwater mining) be an ethical and sustainable policy concerning future generations and environmental ethics?6) How consideration of gender equity and women's participation can be effective in the management of groundwater?

<p>Groundwater resources are largely invisible and unknown to most people. Hence, unauthorized appropriation of groundwater is not obvious, and its impacts are less evident. It can be said that it is an invisible geo-resource but its impacts and problems are visible to mankind, even if often its source is not recognized. Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, is the fifth fastest-growing city in the world and rapid population growth and urbanization have created huge pressure on groundwater resources. As a result of a lack of surface water storage and the seasonal variability of river flows, Kabul is among the world's most water-stressed cities as it depends almost entirely on groundwater. The findings of scientific studies reveal that extensive groundwater depletion and degradation of groundwater quality in Kabul city is largely due to anthropogenic factors and it is likely to rapidly continue in the future, particularly in densely populated areas of the city. Here, ethics can play an important role because human behavior is among the main factors creating the problems. So, hydrogeoethical concepts can be assessed and discussed, especially for urban groundwater where human needs (social ethics) and environmental dynamics (environmental ethics) both should be respected. In this study, the most vital questions related to ethical aspects of groundwater management in Kabul city are extracted. To achieve the questions, the water ethics principles and ethical criteria were evaluated concerning the condition of groundwater and the society of Kabul city, as an exercise of applied hydrogeoethics. Finally, six questions are obtained as the result of this study. The response to these critical questions could be a key to solving many dilemmas related to groundwater management in an urban concept. It is recommended to groundwater managers and policymakers explore the answer to these questions and consider the findings in the policies, strategies, and regulations, particularly in urban regions.</p><p>The questions are as follows:</p><p>1) What is the level of contribution, obligation, responsibility, honesty, trust, and respect among geoscientists, and engineers related to groundwater management?</p><p>2) What kind of regulation is adequate for the management of over-abstraction urban groundwater; top-down or self-regulation or a mix of both?</p><p>3) How education and communication can shape moral motivation for city residents to better groundwater management?</p><p>4) What is the level of participation of public media (TV, radio, newspapers, etc.) in awareness-raising campaigns related to groundwater conditions?</p><p>5) Can groundwater abstraction from the deep aquifer (groundwater mining) be an ethical and sustainable policy concerning future generations and environmental ethics?</p><p>6) How consideration of gender equity and women's participation can be effective in the management of groundwater?</p>

The upper Kabul Sub-basin is located in the Kabul River Basin. Groundwater is the main drinking water source in the upper Kabul sub-basin. Additionally, groundwater is widely used for domestic and irrigation purposes in the sub-basin. Overexploitation of groundwater in the sub-basin causes negative effects including depletion of the aquifer storage and groundwater level decline. To assure sustainability of the sub-basin determination of groundwater balance is necessary. In this study, a water balance equation was developed based on available information and physio-geographical characteristics of the study area, and it was applied for determining groundwater balance in the sub-basin. The results showed that there is a significant negative balance (− 14.75 MCM) between recharge and discharge in the sub-basin. In addition, to geoethically evaluate water and environmental issues in the upper Kabul sub-basin, an extensive online questionnaire survey was conducted with hydro-geoscientists of the Kabul residents. The survey results showed that all respondents have a good level of awareness toward groundwater and environmental issues. Moreover, the survey results indicated that the respondents are very worried about water shortage and groundwater pollution in the study area, however, they feel medium to high respect and responsibility towards groundwater issues in the region. This was the first geoethical survey conducted in Afghanistan. This study revealed that geoethical approaches can significantly help towards awareness of Afghan hydro-geoscientists on geoethics-related issues and efficient water resources management in the Kabul Basin.

While the success and sustainability of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) strongly depends on many characteristics of the site, it is necessary to integrate the site characteristics and develop suitability maps to indicate the most suitable locations. The objective of this study is to integrate geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques to identify the most suitable areas for a MAR project in the Kabul city area, Afghanistan. Data for six effective criteria, including slope, drainage density, surface infiltration rate, unsaturated zone thickness, soil type and electrical conductivity, were collected and then a classification map was produced for each criterion in the GIS environment. By applying MCDA techniques, the weights of the effective criteria were obtained. A suitability map was generated from each technique separately based on a combination of all criteria weights and thematic layers. The result of the analytical network process (...

The upper Kabul Sub-basin is located in the Kabul River Basin. Groundwater is the main drinking water source in the upper Kabul sub-basin. Additionally, groundwater is widely used for domestic and irrigation purposes in the sub-basin. Overexploitation of groundwater in the sub-basin causes negative effects including depletion of the aquifer storage and groundwater level decline. To assure sustainability of the sub-basin determination of groundwater balance is necessary. In this study, a water balance equation was developed based on available information and physio-geographical characteristics of the study area, and it was applied for determining groundwater balance in the sub-basin. The results showed that there is a significant negative balance (− 14.75 MCM) between recharge and discharge in the sub-basin. In addition, to geoethically evaluate water and environmental issues in the upper Kabul sub-basin, an extensive online questionnaire survey was conducted with hydro-geoscientists of the Kabul residents. The survey results showed that all respondents have a good level of awareness toward groundwater and environmental issues. Moreover, the survey results indicated that the respondents are very worried about water shortage and groundwater pollution in the study area, however, they feel medium to high respect and responsibility towards groundwater issues in the region. This was the first geoethical survey conducted in Afghanistan. This study revealed that geoethical approaches can significantly help towards awareness of Afghan hydro-geoscientists on geoethics-related issues and efficient water resources management in the Kabul Basin.