Jennifer Jarman is an Full Professor at Lakehead University in Ontario. She trained at the University of Toronto and Cambridge University.
She writes about the implications of changing labour force trends for social equality generally, and gender equality specifically. Her articles discuss social movements and the development of equal pay legislation, gender segregation, and new employment opportunities in the call centre industry as it enters regions with ‘old’ and declining economies.
Dr Jarman teaches in the Social Justice stream of Lakehead’s Sociology department and is the Chair of the Interdisciplinary Studies Department. Her courses include law and society, sociology of work, and community transitions.
Two important issues concerning the measurement of segregation are raised by Richard Lampard. He ... more Two important issues concerning the measurement of segregation are raised by Richard Lampard. He shows the relationship between the Gini coefficient (G) and the marginal matching measure (MM), and he suggests that G may have a particular advantage as a measure of segregation in that it retains more information than MM. It is worth developing these points further, and seeing whether G really does have an advantage. We shall demonstrate that MM retains just as much relevant inform ation as the Gini coefficient and, furthermore, that it has the additional advantage that it allows for better comparisons over time or between situations, making it the most suitable measure of segregation available at present. As a first step we prove that G is just another statistic of association, being a special case of Somers' D. This makes its limitations clearer. We also show that both MM and the Index of Dissimilarity are specific instances of G. The Gini coefficient and MM First of all, it is necessary to point out that the measure described by Lampard is indeed the Gini coefficient. He presents the measure in a novel form, relating the number of women to the number of workers across occupations. However, a little algebraic manipulation will convert it into the form presented below for the Gini coefficient. Lampard is correct in pointing out that MM is a particular case of the Gini coefficient. Indeed we would go further, for it can be shown that in a 2 x 2 table G becomes the difference of proportions, which permits a more systematic understanding of the relation of G to other measures of segregation.
The importance of occupational gender segregation is well established and needs no explanation. H... more The importance of occupational gender segregation is well established and needs no explanation. However, there remains considerable confusion on the precise meaning of the term, and how segregation should be measured. In the first place it is necessary to distinguish segregation from the related but logically distinct concepts of concentration and exposure. Then the actual measurement should not be contaminated by other aspects of the labour market or the occupational classification used. Finally, and most importantly from a ...
Abstract While the existence of occupational gender segregation is well known, it has been usual ... more Abstract While the existence of occupational gender segregation is well known, it has been usual to see it as a reflection of women's disadvantage. However, cross-national data show that the greater the segregation, the less tends to be women's disadvantage. The solution to this puzzle entails the introduction of the two orthogonal dimensions of segregation, where only the vertical dimension measures inequality while the horizontal dimension measures difference without inequality.
Abstract The existence and extent of occupational gender segregation is well known. This is commo... more Abstract The existence and extent of occupational gender segregation is well known. This is commonly taken as an indication of gender inequality, but this is incorrect. In general the more egalitarian countries, in terms of gender, tend to have higher levels of gender segregation. To understand this we must appreciate that occupational gender segregation is the resultant of two components, a vertical dimension which does measure gender inequality, and a horizontal component that measures difference without inequality.
It is well established that a significant amount of occupational gender segregation exists in all... more It is well established that a significant amount of occupational gender segregation exists in all societies, though the extent varies. That is, to varying degrees women and men work in different occupations.
The importance of occupational gender segregation is well established and needs no explanation. H... more The importance of occupational gender segregation is well established and needs no explanation. However, there remains considerable confusion on the precise meaning of the term, and how segregation should be measured. In the first place it is necessary to distinguish segregation from the related but logically distinct concepts of concentration and exposure. Then the actual measurement should not be contaminated by other aspects of the labour market or the occupational classification used.
Bob Blackburn is a Reader in sociology and Chairperson of the Sociological Research Group in the ... more Bob Blackburn is a Reader in sociology and Chairperson of the Sociological Research Group in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, and a Fellow of Clare College, in the University of Cambridge. Jennifer Jarman is an Assistant Professor in sociology in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Dalhousie University. They share a concern with social inequality in its various forms, particularly gender, ethnicity and social stratification.
Abstract Despite the prominence of discussions of gender segregation in explanations of labour ma... more Abstract Despite the prominence of discussions of gender segregation in explanations of labour market inequalities, there have been relatively few cross-national studies due to a lack of suitably detailed data. A recent ILO initiative obtained suitable data for cross-national analysis of 38 countries, with a much greater number of occupational categories than has usually been available. This paper reports findings from the analysis of these data.
This manual is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the measurement of occupational segregatio... more This manual is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the measurement of occupational segregation. It was written by Janet Siltanen from the University of Edinburgh, and Jennifer Jarman and Robert M. Blackburn from the University of Cambridge, in the United Kingdom. The manual, which can be used as a self-learning or as a teaching tool, is intended for all users who are interested in understanding the phenomenon of occupational segregation and who want to know how to calculate and interpret data on this subject. It starts by ...
Abstract Occupational gender segregation has generally been assumed to be a structure of gender i... more Abstract Occupational gender segregation has generally been assumed to be a structure of gender inequality in the labour market; high levels of segregation are equated with high levels of gender inequality in a society. The paper questions this assumption. It examines, across a range of countries, the relations between United Nations development measures of gender equality and segregation levels. Contrary to conventional expectations, correlations are found to be positive. To explain these results it is argued that segregation, as ...
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), 1995
This paper demonstrates the weaknesses of the two principal measures used in British occupational... more This paper demonstrates the weaknesses of the two principal measures used in British occupational segregation research--the index of dissimilarity and the sex ratio index. It takes a fresh look at the conceptual and statistical issues involved and proposes a solution through a new approach using marginal matching. Contrary to the findings of previous researchers, the analysis of British census data reveals that there has been little change in segregation levels between 1951 and 1981 in England and Wales.
... McKay, SC (2006). Satanic Mills or Silicon Islands? The Politics of High-Tech Production in t... more ... McKay, SC (2006). Satanic Mills or Silicon Islands? The Politics of High-Tech Production in the Philippines. ... It explores this question through a detailed exam-ination of four high-technology manufacturing companies in the export zones of the Philippines. Page 2. ...
Two important issues concerning the measurement of segregation are raised by Richard Lampard. He ... more Two important issues concerning the measurement of segregation are raised by Richard Lampard. He shows the relationship between the Gini coefficient (G) and the marginal matching measure (MM), and he suggests that G may have a particular advantage as a measure of segregation in that it retains more information than MM. It is worth developing these points further, and seeing whether G really does have an advantage. We shall demonstrate that MM retains just as much relevant inform ation as the Gini coefficient and, furthermore, that it has the additional advantage that it allows for better comparisons over time or between situations, making it the most suitable measure of segregation available at present. As a first step we prove that G is just another statistic of association, being a special case of Somers' D. This makes its limitations clearer. We also show that both MM and the Index of Dissimilarity are specific instances of G. The Gini coefficient and MM First of all, it is necessary to point out that the measure described by Lampard is indeed the Gini coefficient. He presents the measure in a novel form, relating the number of women to the number of workers across occupations. However, a little algebraic manipulation will convert it into the form presented below for the Gini coefficient. Lampard is correct in pointing out that MM is a particular case of the Gini coefficient. Indeed we would go further, for it can be shown that in a 2 x 2 table G becomes the difference of proportions, which permits a more systematic understanding of the relation of G to other measures of segregation.
The importance of occupational gender segregation is well established and needs no explanation. H... more The importance of occupational gender segregation is well established and needs no explanation. However, there remains considerable confusion on the precise meaning of the term, and how segregation should be measured. In the first place it is necessary to distinguish segregation from the related but logically distinct concepts of concentration and exposure. Then the actual measurement should not be contaminated by other aspects of the labour market or the occupational classification used. Finally, and most importantly from a ...
Abstract While the existence of occupational gender segregation is well known, it has been usual ... more Abstract While the existence of occupational gender segregation is well known, it has been usual to see it as a reflection of women's disadvantage. However, cross-national data show that the greater the segregation, the less tends to be women's disadvantage. The solution to this puzzle entails the introduction of the two orthogonal dimensions of segregation, where only the vertical dimension measures inequality while the horizontal dimension measures difference without inequality.
Abstract The existence and extent of occupational gender segregation is well known. This is commo... more Abstract The existence and extent of occupational gender segregation is well known. This is commonly taken as an indication of gender inequality, but this is incorrect. In general the more egalitarian countries, in terms of gender, tend to have higher levels of gender segregation. To understand this we must appreciate that occupational gender segregation is the resultant of two components, a vertical dimension which does measure gender inequality, and a horizontal component that measures difference without inequality.
It is well established that a significant amount of occupational gender segregation exists in all... more It is well established that a significant amount of occupational gender segregation exists in all societies, though the extent varies. That is, to varying degrees women and men work in different occupations.
The importance of occupational gender segregation is well established and needs no explanation. H... more The importance of occupational gender segregation is well established and needs no explanation. However, there remains considerable confusion on the precise meaning of the term, and how segregation should be measured. In the first place it is necessary to distinguish segregation from the related but logically distinct concepts of concentration and exposure. Then the actual measurement should not be contaminated by other aspects of the labour market or the occupational classification used.
Bob Blackburn is a Reader in sociology and Chairperson of the Sociological Research Group in the ... more Bob Blackburn is a Reader in sociology and Chairperson of the Sociological Research Group in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, and a Fellow of Clare College, in the University of Cambridge. Jennifer Jarman is an Assistant Professor in sociology in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Dalhousie University. They share a concern with social inequality in its various forms, particularly gender, ethnicity and social stratification.
Abstract Despite the prominence of discussions of gender segregation in explanations of labour ma... more Abstract Despite the prominence of discussions of gender segregation in explanations of labour market inequalities, there have been relatively few cross-national studies due to a lack of suitably detailed data. A recent ILO initiative obtained suitable data for cross-national analysis of 38 countries, with a much greater number of occupational categories than has usually been available. This paper reports findings from the analysis of these data.
This manual is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the measurement of occupational segregatio... more This manual is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the measurement of occupational segregation. It was written by Janet Siltanen from the University of Edinburgh, and Jennifer Jarman and Robert M. Blackburn from the University of Cambridge, in the United Kingdom. The manual, which can be used as a self-learning or as a teaching tool, is intended for all users who are interested in understanding the phenomenon of occupational segregation and who want to know how to calculate and interpret data on this subject. It starts by ...
Abstract Occupational gender segregation has generally been assumed to be a structure of gender i... more Abstract Occupational gender segregation has generally been assumed to be a structure of gender inequality in the labour market; high levels of segregation are equated with high levels of gender inequality in a society. The paper questions this assumption. It examines, across a range of countries, the relations between United Nations development measures of gender equality and segregation levels. Contrary to conventional expectations, correlations are found to be positive. To explain these results it is argued that segregation, as ...
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), 1995
This paper demonstrates the weaknesses of the two principal measures used in British occupational... more This paper demonstrates the weaknesses of the two principal measures used in British occupational segregation research--the index of dissimilarity and the sex ratio index. It takes a fresh look at the conceptual and statistical issues involved and proposes a solution through a new approach using marginal matching. Contrary to the findings of previous researchers, the analysis of British census data reveals that there has been little change in segregation levels between 1951 and 1981 in England and Wales.
... McKay, SC (2006). Satanic Mills or Silicon Islands? The Politics of High-Tech Production in t... more ... McKay, SC (2006). Satanic Mills or Silicon Islands? The Politics of High-Tech Production in the Philippines. ... It explores this question through a detailed exam-ination of four high-technology manufacturing companies in the export zones of the Philippines. Page 2. ...
The last 50 years have seen fundamental changes in education throughout tbe world, including the ... more The last 50 years have seen fundamental changes in education throughout tbe world, including the UK. While these changes have affected education at all levels, they have been most dramatic in higher education. There has been massive expansion of provision which has transformed its character and social significance. In this paper we consider the patterns of class and gender inequalities in UK higher education over the period 1938-1990. We focus on what may be regarded as the top segment of higher education, full-time ...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 0305498930190206, Aug 3, 2006
The last 50 years have seen fundamental changes in education throughout tbe world, including the ... more The last 50 years have seen fundamental changes in education throughout tbe world, including the UK. While these changes have affected education at all levels, they have been most dramatic in higher education. There has been massive expansion of provision which has transformed its character and social significance. In this paper we consider the patterns of class and gender inequalities in UK higher education over the period 1938-1990. We focus on what may be regarded as the top segment of higher education, full-time ...
International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 2001
The concept of social exclusion has recently come to the fore as a leitmotif, or recurring theme ... more The concept of social exclusion has recently come to the fore as a leitmotif, or recurring theme of a range of government research agendas and policy initiatives in a number of different countries. Its usefulness in policy circles may be that it is a broad term that can serve as a focus for a diverse range of explorations and policy initiatives that draw from a number of academic disciplines. It has been used, for example, to explore the extent of civic participation, and the nature of poverty and deprivation in contemporary societies. A host of inquiries have been ...
... http://wes.sagepub.com/content/8/2/243 The online version of this article can be found at: DO... more ... http://wes.sagepub.com/content/8/2/243 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/095001709482005 1994 8: 243 Work Employment Society Jennifer Jarman British Equal Pay Act Which Way Forward? Assessing the Current Proposals to Amend the ...
The last 50 years have seen fundamental changes in education throughout tbe world, including the ... more The last 50 years have seen fundamental changes in education throughout tbe world, including the UK. While these changes have affected education at all levels, they have been most dramatic in higher education. There has been massive expansion of provision which has transformed its character and social significance. In this paper we consider the patterns of class and gender inequalities in UK higher education over the period 1938-1990. We focus on what may be regarded as the top segment of higher education, full-time ...
In many countries around the world, the gap between rich and poor has increased during the twenty... more In many countries around the world, the gap between rich and poor has increased during the twenty-first century. Not surprisingly, discussion of both the relationship of the top 1% to the rest of s...
ABSTRACT The paper is concerned with the occupation-based inequalities of women and men in econom... more ABSTRACT The paper is concerned with the occupation-based inequalities of women and men in economically developed societies. The inequalities in their working lives lead to inequalities in retirement, and particularly the greater poverty endured by women. Occupational gender segregation, the tendency for women and men to work in different occupations, results in gender inequalities. The inequalities are measured by pay and class-status. The extent of the inequality in a country is measured as the vertical dimension of the occupational segregation, which varies appreciably across countries. In employment, men almost always have an advantage on the vertical dimension of pay, while on class-status the advantage lies with women. The gender inequalities in working lives carry over into retirement, though in a somewhat different manner. In retirement there is a wide range of experience from affluence to poverty, with a great many experiencing poverty. Those from lower class-status levels who earned too little to save for pensions, including those who worked part-time, suffer poverty in retirement. The occupational status advantage of women disappears, while their income disadvantage combines with greater life expectancy, with the consequence that women are among the majority of retired people in poverty.
H. Polatajko, C. Backman, S. Baptiste, J. Davis, P. Eftekhar, A. Harvey, J. Jarman, T. Krupa, N. ... more H. Polatajko, C. Backman, S. Baptiste, J. Davis, P. Eftekhar, A. Harvey, J. Jarman, T. Krupa, N. Lin, W. Pentalnd, Laliberte, D. Rudman, Lynn Shaw Dr., B. Amoroso, and A. Connor-Schisler. Human occupation in contest in Enabling occupational II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well being & justice through occupation.. Ottawa: Canadian Association for Occupational Therapists, 2007.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the United Nations (UN) agency with responsibility... more The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the United Nations (UN) agency with responsibility for labor issues. In 1969, the quality of its work was recognized with a Nobel Peace Prize, awarded for its relative success in achieving its mandate when compared to most other international organizations. In giving the award, the Nobel Prize committee recognized the difficulty of improving employment standards in a complex global environment.
Labor and work are related concepts with overlapping meanings. Because human beings have such a w... more Labor and work are related concepts with overlapping meanings. Because human beings have such a wide variety of purposes, there is no simple definition of either “labor” or “work” that applies to all societies at all points in time. Work has more of a connotation that something is being or has been accomplished, and labor has more of a physical connotation. Both terms suggest that a purposeful effort has been expended and some sort of a result produced.
The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization, 2012
Labor and work are related concepts with overlapping meanings. Because human beings have such a w... more Labor and work are related concepts with overlapping meanings. Because human beings have such a wide variety of purposes, there is no simple definition of either “labor” or “work” that applies to all societies at all points in time. Work has more of a connotation that something is being or has been accomplished, and labor has more of a physical connotation. Both terms suggest that a purposeful effort has been expended and some sort of a result produced.
Abstract: From the early 1990s, the call and customer contact centre industry expanded around the... more Abstract: From the early 1990s, the call and customer contact centre industry expanded around the globe, starting first in North America, then moving through Europe, and now through Asia. Explanations of the location decisions of call centre firms have stressed the cost factors and the search for large pools of cheap labour. In this paper, these explanations are discussed and their limitations considered.
Purpose–This paper aims to argue that the World Bank-sanctioned strategy of investing in knowledg... more Purpose–This paper aims to argue that the World Bank-sanctioned strategy of investing in knowledge economy infrastructure will not make a developing country competitive in the highest value activities such as research, design and innovation. Design/methodology/approach–The paper examines Malaysia's efforts to increase its national income and change its position from a “middle-income” country to one with a standard of living equivalent to a developed country by 2020.
Our purpose is that through their study and teaching at the University they should discover and a... more Our purpose is that through their study and teaching at the University they should discover and acquire the precious pearl of learning, so that it does not stay hidden under a bushel but is displayed abroad to enlighten those who walk in dark paths of ignorance.(Preamble to Statutes of the Foundress of Clare College, Cambridge, 1359)
The existence of a thriving call centre industry in Singapore, a high-wage, knowledge-based econo... more The existence of a thriving call centre industry in Singapore, a high-wage, knowledge-based economy in Southeast Asia, suggests that cheap labour is not enough to support the industry. ... The Physics and Philosophy of Non-Equilibrium Power Laws and Processes: Just Nature? ... In light of philosophic theories of 'justice as equilibrium,' (John Rawls, 1971-2001), some physicists now align their date and theories with philosophers of human history. ... This paper presents the frameworks for the analysis and design of pre-emptive ...
It is well known that women and men tend to work in different occupations, and generally held tha... more It is well known that women and men tend to work in different occupations, and generally held that this disadvantages women. In order to understand how far this occupational segregation entails gender inequality it is necessary to examine the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the segregation. The horizontal dimension measures difference without inequality while the vertical dimension measures the extent of the occupational inequality. Two measures of vertical inequality are used: pay and social stratification (CAMSIS). Measurements over a number of industrially developed countries show the expected male advantage with regard to pay. However, contrary to popular beliefs, women are consistently advantaged in terms of stratification. Also, it is found that the position of women is more favourable where the overall segregation is higher – the lower the male advantage on pay and the greater the female advantage on stratification.
Labor and work are related concepts with overlapping meanings. Because human beings have such a w... more Labor and work are related concepts with overlapping meanings. Because human beings have such a wide variety of purposes, there is no simple definition of either “labor” or “work” that applies to all societies at all points in time. Work has more of a connotation that something is being or has been accomplished, and labor has more of a physical connotation. Both terms suggest that a purposeful effort has been expended and some sort of a result produced. Keywords: economy; labor; wages
ABSTRACT The paper is concerned with the occupation-based inequalities of women and men in econom... more ABSTRACT The paper is concerned with the occupation-based inequalities of women and men in economically developed societies. The inequalities in their working lives lead to inequalities in retirement, and particularly the greater poverty endured by women. Occupational gender segregation, the tendency for women and men to work in different occupations, results in gender inequalities. The inequalities are measured by pay and class-status. The extent of the inequality in a country is measured as the vertical dimension of the occupational segregation, which varies appreciably across countries. In employment, men almost always have an advantage on the vertical dimension of pay, while on class-status the advantage lies with women. The gender inequalities in working lives carry over into retirement, though in a somewhat different manner. In retirement there is a wide range of experience from affluence to poverty, with a great many experiencing poverty. Those from lower class-status levels who earned too little to save for pensions, including those who worked part-time, suffer poverty in retirement. The occupational status advantage of women disappears, while their income disadvantage combines with greater life expectancy, with the consequence that women are among the majority of retired people in poverty.
This paper demonstrates the weaknesses of the two principal measures used in British occupational... more This paper demonstrates the weaknesses of the two principal measures used in British occupational segregation research--the index of dissimilarity and the sex ratio index. It takes a fresh look at the conceptual and statistical issues involved and proposes a solution through a new approach using marginal matching. Contrary to the findings of previous researchers, the analysis of British census data reveals that there has been little change in segregation levels between 1951 and 1981 in England and Wales.
It is well established that a significant amount of occupational gender segregation exists in all... more It is well established that a significant amount of occupational gender segregation exists in all societies, though the extent varies. That is, to varying degrees women and men work in different occupations. Explanations for the national variations have ranged from those which typologise countries as having different types of gender regime that affect labour market outcomes (Rubery and Fagan, 1995; Chang, 2000), the impact of national policies (Chang, 2000; Charles and Grusky, 2004), the role of motherhood (England, 2005), differential ...
Bob Blackburn is a Reader in sociology and Chairperson of the Sociological Research Group in the ... more Bob Blackburn is a Reader in sociology and Chairperson of the Sociological Research Group in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, and a Fellow of Clare College, in the University of Cambridge. Jennifer Jarman is an Assistant Professor in sociology in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Dalhousie University. They share a concern with social inequality in its various forms, particularly gender, ethnicity and social stratification. Both independently and in collaboration, they have written extensively in this ...
International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, May 1, 2001
Explains that the following articles provide the opportunity to look at how the concept of social... more Explains that the following articles provide the opportunity to look at how the concept of social exclusion develops when it is approached sociologically. Outlines the content and briefly comments on each of their themes.
ABSTRACT ‘Social Stratification, Past, Present, and Future’ celebrates the 50th anniversary of th... more ABSTRACT ‘Social Stratification, Past, Present, and Future’ celebrates the 50th anniversary of the annual Cambridge Social Stratification Seminar. This editorial presents a brief characterisation of the ‘Cambridge school’ approach that has featured prominently through the seminar’s lifetime. Then it discusses the domains and topics explored in this issue – education; intergenerational transmission of inequality; family, work and employment; occupations; migration for work; housing, and political preferences. While most of the papers focus on Great Britain, several papers involve international comparisons, one focuses on stratification in India, and another on China. Collectively, researchers reveal how social hierarchy influences people’s lives, and reproduces fairly stably over time. The papers also contribute to understanding the sometimes counter-intuitive outcomes that challenge those charged with policy development.
... McKay, SC (2006). Satanic Mills or Silicon Islands? The Politics of High-Tech Production in t... more ... McKay, SC (2006). Satanic Mills or Silicon Islands? The Politics of High-Tech Production in the Philippines. ... It explores this question through a detailed exam-ination of four high-technology manufacturing companies in the export zones of the Philippines. Page 2. ...
This book is the second to emerge from the International Labour Office's Interdepartmental P... more This book is the second to emerge from the International Labour Office's Interdepartmental Project on Equality for Women in Employment from 199293. Although it has taken a long time to produce it presents a serious discussion and analysis of the issues associated with measuring ...
... http://wes.sagepub.com/content/8/2/243 The online version of this article can be found at: DO... more ... http://wes.sagepub.com/content/8/2/243 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/095001709482005 1994 8: 243 Work Employment Society Jennifer Jarman British Equal Pay Act Which Way Forward? Assessing the Current Proposals to Amend the ...
ABSTRACT ‘Social Stratification, Past, Present, and Future’ celebrates the 50th anniversary of th... more ABSTRACT ‘Social Stratification, Past, Present, and Future’ celebrates the 50th anniversary of the annual Cambridge Social Stratification Seminar. This editorial presents a brief characterisation of the ‘Cambridge school’ approach that has featured prominently through the seminar’s lifetime. Then it discusses the domains and topics explored in this issue – education; intergenerational transmission of inequality; family, work and employment; occupations; migration for work; housing, and political preferences. While most of the papers focus on Great Britain, several papers involve international comparisons, one focuses on stratification in India, and another on China. Collectively, researchers reveal how social hierarchy influences people’s lives, and reproduces fairly stably over time. The papers also contribute to understanding the sometimes counter-intuitive outcomes that challenge those charged with policy development.
Trade, Labour and Transformation of Community in Asia, 2009
This chapter explores the ways in which people who participate in India’s booming call centre out... more This chapter explores the ways in which people who participate in India’s booming call centre outsourcing industry view the potentialities and constraints of their careers and the overall development of the sector. It is premised on the understanding that people have a degree of agency in their decision-making processes and that their under-standings of what this industry might bring to India are important in terms of understanding what it eventually will bring to India. It is also premised on the assumption that call centres are situated in different environments in different parts of the world, and that this place-specific social context has influence in shaping the differentiated development of the industry.
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Occupational Gender Segregation by Jennifer Jarman