Salaade

taxon
Subclass of	useful plant, vegetable
Has use	activated charcoal, leaf vegetable
Short name	L. sativa
Taxon name	Lactuca sativa
Taxon rank	species
Parent taxon	Lactuca
This taxon is source of	iceberg lettuce, lettuce, Lactuca sativa var. capitata, Lactuca sativa var. crispa
Award received	Vegetable of the year
Hardiness of plant	2
Taxon range	Beijing, China, Fujian, Guangdong
Taxon author citation	L.
GRIN URL	https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=21360

Salaade yaa tɩɩg sẽn yit Asteraceae zakã pʋgẽ. Naoor wʋsgo, b kood-a-la wa tɩɩg sẽn tar vãad n womdẽ, la wakat ninga, b kood-a-la a kõbrã la a bõn-buudã yĩnga. B nong n maanda lampo, la b tõe n dɩ-a-la rɩɩb a taab pʋgẽ me, wala makre, lampo, sandwiise, la lampo. B maanda bõn-buud a ye, n boond tɩ celtuce. Sẽn paase, a leb n tara tũudmã la tɩpg yõodo. Sɩngrẽ wã, Erop ne Etazĩni n da mi n koosd lamdo, la yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã saabẽ, b ra lebga lamdo. Yʋʋmd 2017 wã tɛka, dũniyã gill zugu, b ra yiisda lamdo la sikõri sẽn ta ton milyõ 27, tɩ bãmb 56% yita Sɩngrẽ.^[1]

Pĩnd wẽndẽ, Ezipt nebã n da kood lamdo, n kɩt tɩ b lebg rɩɩb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg tɩ b kood a vãadã sẽn yaa sõma wã yĩnga. Gɛrk rãmbã ne Rom dãmbã me ra nonga lamdã. Yʋʋmd 50 wã sẽnese, b wilga yam-vɩɩs buud toor-toore, la yam-vɩɩs n da wae n be sɛb nins b sẽn da gʋlsd tẽn-kʋdem wẽndẽ wã pʋsẽ, tɩ tɩɩs wʋsg me be be. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 16 n tãag a 18 soabã, buud toor-toor n zĩnd Europe, la yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 18 soabã sʋka, b wilga buud toor-toore, tɩ b ket n tõe n yã-ba rũndã-rũndã zẽedã pʋse.^[2]

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b kood-a-la yʋʋmd fãa, la a pa toog ye. A tõe n paama bũmb wʋsg sẽn pa tar yõodo, la bõn-vɩɩs la bõn-yũudl sẽn wat ne bãase. A L. sativa tõe n sega buud a ye pʋgẽ la ne buud a taab sẽn be Lactuca buudẽ wã nana-nana. Baa ne zẽed-pʋgdbã sẽn baood n na n kogl bõn-buudã, rẽ tõe n yɩɩ toog ne-ba, la bãngdbã tũnugda ne-a n paasd b sẽn tõe n bãng n bãng n bãng tɩ b sã n na n kogl-a, a na n yɩɩ sõma.

A tara vitamini K la vitamini A wʋsgo, la a tara folaat la zom wʋsgo. B sã n wa ning-a wã, a tõe n waa ne bãas wala E. coli la Salmonella.

Sɩngre

Salaade sativa yaa Lactuca (sãn-fõog bɩ aster) buudã la Asteraceae (sãnfõog wall aster) zakã neda.^[3] B pipi n bilg bõn-buudã yʋʋmd 1753 t'a Carl Linnaeus wilg a Plantarum buud-goamã sebr a yiib-n-soabã pʋgẽ. B sẽn boond tɩ L. sativa wã yaa Lactuça scariola var. sativa,^[4] la L. scariolavar. integrata la L. sariola var . integrifolia.^[5] L. scriola yaa L. serriola, sẽn yaa bõn-buuda sẽn yaa toor ne bõn-buudu, la bõn-buida sẽn yaa toor-toorã.

Rom dãmba ra boond-b lame tɩ lactuca (la latɛn gomdã pʋgẽ sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "dõogã"), sẽn dat n togs tɩ yaa bõn-bil sẽn yaa pemse, latex sẽn yit ne b sẽn tigs-a wã. B pʋd-b lame t'a Lactuca wã yaa buud yʋʋr la b pʋd-a lame.^[6] B pʋd-a-la ne gom-biig ning sẽn yit Rom gomdã pʋgẽ.

Romã gomdã yita roog sẽn da yaa roog sẽn dag n yaa roog ning sẽn da be Romã pãensã pʋga, la a Cos, sẽn yaa gom-biig a to sẽn dat n yeel Romã roog sẽn yaa roogã, yita roog ning b sẽn da boond tɩ Kos sẽn yaa Gɛrk tẽn-bilã sẽn da yaa b sẽn da tar roog sẽn boond tɩ roogã.^[7]

Dɩlla la d sẽn tõe n bãng bũmb ning sẽn be Biiblã pʋgẽ wã

Lactuca sativa yaa Lactuca (sãoor) buud la Asteraceae (sãn-vɩɩm bɩ aster) zakã ned.^[8] A Carl Linnaeus sẽn wilg tɩ b ra pa tar b rũmsã n na n yã b rũms-rãmbã ye, a wilgame tɩ b ra yaa b rũms nins sẽn be zĩig ningã.^[9] B sẽn boond tɩ L. sativa wã yaa Lactuca scariola var. sativa,^[10] L. scariola var. integrata la L. scariola var. A ye yaa a ye.^[11] A L. scariola yaa a sẽn boond tɩ L. serriola, sẽn yaa zĩ-tẽng la sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ lalatã. ^[12] L. sativa tara logtoob wʋsg sẽn yaa taksonomik sull dãmba, b sẽn boond tɩ lagem-n-tɩrsã la b sẽn boond t'a lagem-no-rãmba.^[13] Lactus yaa buud toor-toor sẽn yit Azi-dʋʋg-dʋʋgã sẽn beẽ. Lactus buud toor-toorã yaa buud a ye sẽn yaa toor-toore.^[14]

Rom dãmba ra boond-b lame tɩ lactuca (lactum sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "tõogã" Latinẽ wã), sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn yaa pemsem, latex sẽn yit ne b sẽn tigs-a wã. Lactuca yʋʋr lebga buud yʋʋr la a Sativa (tõnd sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "bõn-buudã" bɩ "b sẽn yidg-a wã") sẽn na yɩl n naan rog-n-tɩrs yʋʋr. La gom-biig ning sẽn yaa lettuce wã yita pĩnd-n-taarã Fransẽ wã, n yit Rom yʋʋrẽ. ^[15] Romã gom-biigã yita roog sẽn da yaa roog sẽn dag n yaa roog ning sẽn da be Rom tẽnga pʋga, la a gom-biig a to sẽn yaa cos wã yita roog ning b sẽn da tar n naan lebg a roog sẽn yaa roog a to wã. A gom-biig ning sẽn yaa cos yita roog a ye sẽn da be Gɛrk tẽng ning sẽn boond tɩ Kos wã.

B sẽn wilg tɩ b yaa

A sẽn be tẽngã pʋgẽ wã bee ne zĩ-kãnga n sɩng ne Mediterane n ta Sibɛɛr, baa ne a sẽn kẽng dũniyã zĩis wʋsg pʋsẽ wã. Bãadã sẽn yaa kãn-kãe wã yaa ne b sẽn tar n tar n tar tɩgã.^[16] Bãagã yaa toor-toore, sẽn yɩɩd fãa yaa vãad la miuug la b yaa toor-toor. ^[17] B leb n tara buud toor-toor ne sãnem, sãnem bɩ zũnd-zũnd vãadã. ^[18]

B sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b lebg n naan n lebg n naan tɩ yɩ b sẽn naan n maan to-to wã, b tõe n paama b toor-toorã.^[19] Bãadã tara yẽgre, tɩ yẽgã yaa kãsenga, la a sã n yaa bilf bɩ a yaa a yiib-n-soaba. Neb kẽer sẽn be Etazĩni la Erop tẽnsẽ wã, b sã n wa tarẽ, b sãnda yaa wa b sẽn tarẽ wã, la b sãnda sẽn yaa wa b sãnda. B sã n wa tar b toor-toor n be Azi wã, b tõe n paama b toor-toorã.^[20]

Sẽn yaa to-to ne bõn-buudã la yʋʋmdã wakate, sãtã vɩɩm yaa rasem 65-130 ne tɩg n tãag bõn-buudu. Sẽn yaa kɩt tɩ bõn-naands nins b sẽn yi n dat n dɩ wã pa le tõe n yɩ sõma, b pa basd tɩ b bɩ n bɩ ye. La a sã n wa be t'a sãnemã yaa wʋsgo, a sãnemã sã n wa boogdẽ, a sãnda yaa wʋsgo.^[21]

B sã n wa n loog n loog n na n dɩtẽ, b bɩɩsdda b tɩl-bẽed sẽn tar n ta m 1 n tar tɩl-dãmb sẽn yaa kẽem ne b sãnem. Wala buud ning sẽn boond tɩ Cichorieae wã neb a taabã, b maanda bõn-buud toor-toor sẽn tar sãnem (b sẽn boond tɩ tɩ tɩr-bõoneg bɩ tɩr-buud) tɩ b naag ne bõn-buudu toor-toor. B fãa tara bõn-buuda sẽn yaa toor-toorã sẽn boond tɩ pappus (b sẽn lebg tɩr-toorã) sẽn yaa tɩr-goamã "paar-buudg", la b tara bõn-bõod a nu sẽn naag ne ligul bɩ bãnd n tar rogem. Woto wã yaa ne a meng meng-mengã sẽn yaa bĩng sẽn yaa b sẽn naan yɩll ne a taab n paas a taab sẽn yaa bẽng sẽn yaa a taab n yaa bĩnd sẽn yaa b taab n yaa a taab. Sã n yaa ne a piisã sẽn yiisd bugum, b modgdame tɩ bA sẽn maan woto wã kɩtame tɩ b tõe n yiis b bugumã pʋgẽ.^[22]^[23] Bãad-n-tɩrsã yaa bõn-naandb sẽn yaa wa rã-yũud sẽn yaa wa b sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa n pa pakd b mens ye, la b yaa n tar a sẽkã sẽn yaa milimɛtɛɛr 3 bɩ milimɛtɛr 4 n ta. A biisã tara rẽnna-rãmb a nu-n-soabg zug n yaa a yiib n yaa bĩis-bils a yiib sẽn yaa pemse. A paabã ket n be a biis fãa zug n maand tɩ b sãame. Bõn-buud a yembr fãa tara bõn-buud sẽn yaa kʋdga, kẽem, sãnem bɩ bug-brɩgo, sẽn ya ne sãt buud fãa.^[24]

Yʋʋm kobs pʋsẽ, sãtã sẽn lebg bũmbu wã kɩtame tɩ b toeem b toor-toorã: b pa tar tɩbgr ye, b bʋdg n bʋddd tɩbgr la b pa tarẽ, b yũuda sõma, b tara sũ-noog n paase, b pa tar zũnd sẽn yaa sõma ye, la b tara sãt-toorã sẽn yaa toor-toore. Sẽn sɩng ne rũndã-rũndã, tʋʋm-kãens ket n yaa sõma hal tɩ ta rũndã-rũndã. Sãan tusda bãngd sẽn kẽed ne sãtã sẽn tar b zʋgo wã wɛɛngẽ, n ket n maand b sẽn maan b sẽn na n maan b sẽn tõe n maan b zʋgo n tõog n kʋ kʋ kʋ kʋɩl-tɩrsã, n tõog n zab ne bõn-kʋdgdbã la fõndbã, la b maan b sẽn pa tõe n kʋɩl tɩ b kʋɩl n kʋɩ ye. La rũndã-rũndã, b pa tũnugd ne bõn-naandb sẽn yaa b toor-toore n tʋmd koodã ye.^[25]

Kibsa

B ra rɩtda bur-yũudg ne b koodã n yiisd kaam Ezipt tẽngã pʋgẽ. Yaa vẽeneg tɩ Ezipt nebã ra rɩta bõn-buudã n naan tɩ b yi n dɩ a sãnemde, la b wilgame tɩ b bɩɩsa-a yʋʋmd 2680 sẽn deng Kirist wakatã.B ra getame tɩ b ra yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn yaa Wẽnnaam a Min sẽn maand tɩ b rogd kamb n paasã, la b ra zãad-b-la a kibsã sasa, n ningd-b a wẽn-naandsã sɛɛgẽ. B ra tagsdame tɩ tɩɩgã sõngda Wẽnnaam t'a "kẽng a yoobã ne a sũur fãa". ^[26] A sẽn da tũnugd ne-a n maand tũudum yɛl pʋsẽ wã kɩtame tɩ b maan bõn-naands wʋsg yaoodẽ la wall-gãosgo.B ra yetame tɩ b ra tara bõn-buud-kãng sẽn da tar a woto wã sẽn da tar samd a yembr n wõnd Rom soolmã sẽn yaa to-to wã. Yaa Ezipt nebã n da yiisd laleg-kãensã n tɩ kẽ Gɛrk rãmbã nengẽ, tɩ Rom nebã me paam-b lame. Yʋʋmd 50 soabã poor, Rom tẽnga siglgã siglgã sigr a Columella wilgame tɩ b ra tara sor n naan naan lebg n lebg sor n lebg sor sẽn yaa to-to rũndã-rũndã.

Bõn-kãens b sẽn gʋls yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a taabã pʋsẽ, b gomda tɩɩm yelle. A Hildegard sẽn da be Bingen wã goma a sẽn gʋls tɩɩm-kʋdgã wɛɛngẽ wã yʋʋmd 1098 n tãag 1179, la pĩnd wẽndẽ tɩɩm-buuddb wʋsg me goma a sẽn tõe n maan to-to wã yelle. Yʋʋmd 1586 wã, a Joachim Camerarius wilga taab taab taab sẽn naan naan naan wa b sẽn naan naan wa n naan wa b naan wa b maan wa b sẽn da boond tɩ "salatã" wã. A wilga taab sẽn naan wa n yaa "salatɩ" toɛy-toɛyã. A wilga rẽ tɩ yaa "salata sẽn yaa to-to wã", "salata wã sẽn yaa toɛy-tĩnd ne a sãtgã", la "salata a sẽn yaa toay ne a Romã (sẽn yaa cos) wã la b ra gomda woto. A Christophe Colomb n wa n tall-a Amerik tẽnsẽ wã yʋʋmd 1500 wã.^[27]^[28] Yʋʋm kobs 16 soabã saabẽ la yʋʋm kobs 18 soabã sɩngrẽ, b bɩɩsa buud toor-toor wʋsg Erop, sẽn yɩɩd fãa Holland. Sebr nins sẽn yi b sẽn da yiis yʋʋm 18 soabã la yʋʋm 19 soabã sɩngrẽ wã wilgda buud toor-toor sẽn be zẽedẽ wã rũndã-rũndã.

Sẽn yaa lebend ne a yõor sẽn yaa bilfu, sẽn wa n wa n wa paam-a wã, b ra koosda a sãt zĩig ning b sẽn da wubd-a wã. Yʋʋm kobs 20 soabã sɩngrẽ, b le paama b sẽn na n dɩkd b sẽn na yɩl n tall b sẽn tõe n tall b tɩbse, b sẽn na ne b sẽn na to-to n tall b rãmbã. [ tɩbsg sẽn tog n yɩgse ] Yʋʋm 1950 wã pʋgẽ, b kɩtame tɩ b yiisd sa-laase, la b yiisd a sa-laas sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ "vacuum cooling", sẽn kɩt tɩ b tõe n wa kɩt tɩ sa-laasa wã lebg ko-laase la b pak a sẽn da yaa wa b ra paagã pʋgẽ.^[29]

A yaa nana tɩ b yi, la a yaa bõn-buud wʋsg sẽn tall bõn-buudu. Sẽn na yɩl n bãng buud toor-toor sẽn zĩnd wakat ningã, yaa toog ne kom-bɩɩs wʋsg sẽn toeem b yʋʋre yʋʋmd fãa. B maanda woto ne bʋʋm toor-toor, sẽn yɩɩd fãa yaa sẽn na yɩl n paas koosmã, n paas "paalg" buud toor-toorã, wall sẽn na yɩl tɩ ra yɩ vẽeneg tɩ b bãng tɩ yaa ned sẽn da tʋmd ne a taabã n yiisd bõn-buudã ye. Yʋʋm 19 soabã saabẽ wã, b wilgame tɩ b paama yʋʋm 65 n tãag 140sã n yaa ne buud toor-toor sẽn yaa ne lalatã, sẽn yaa toor ne sẽn yaa ne buud toɛy-toɛyã sẽn yaa toɛy-tũusgo, sẽn yaa to-to ne lalat toor-toɛtã sẽn da be wã sẽn yaa ne n yɩɩd 1,100 wã sẽn da be sokrã zug wakat kãnga. Tẽns a taab pʋsẽ, b pʋdga b yʋy wʋsgo. Baa ne sãn-tõnd sẽn yaa b sẽn yiidã fãa sẽn yaa b tɩɩsã, b tũnugda ne b sẽn yaa b rãmb sẽn pa tar tabã wã, b yaool n maand n yiisd-a. La sãn-to-bãmba sẽn yaa b roagdb wã me yiisda seb-tõnda sẽn wõnd tabã.

Bãagrã

Yʋʋmd fãa, sã n yaa sõma, sã n ya roog sẽn yaa kãsenga, sã n be zĩig sẽn yaa zãad ne sãnem, sã n wa be zĩig sẽn ya kãsenga, b tõe n dɩka sãnem n tɩgã. [26] B sã n dat n tigs-b-la b sãnem-n-tɩrsã, b sãnda b sẽn tigsd-b-yã. B sɩngda sãt-tõnd-rãmbã ne b b sẽn yaa b toor-toorã, n yaool n dɩk-b tɩ b rɩk b toor-toor n tɩ dɩk b toor- toorẽ wã. B sã n pa tar zĩ-zãnd n paasdẽ, b paamda wĩntoog vẽenem wʋsgo, tɩ kɩt tɩ b sãn-gãongã sã n wa tar sãnem la b rɩtgã paasdẽ. Laas sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa sãnem, wala sẽn be a zʋʋg-bɛd kẽer pʋsẽ wã, tara nafa wʋsgo. [18

La a sã n be wĩntoog sẽn be zĩig ningã, a sã n tar a pH sẽn be sʋka, a sãnda a sẽn tar azoto. Laasã sẽn yaa kãsenga, a sã n wa be zĩig sẽn zãag ne ko-kãnga, a tõe n yɩɩd n yɩɩg a 24 °C. La a sã n yaa ko-kãsenga, a tõeeme n yɩɩg n yɩɩg ne a 7 °C. [30] Roog nins sẽn be zĩ-kãense, b sã n get tɩ b zĩndi, b na n yɩɩg-b lame. La sã n yaa tʋʋlg sẽn yɩɩd °C 27 (81 °F) na n kɩtame tɩ sãn-soorã pa le yaa sõma, bɩ b pa le yaa sõama ye. [30] Sẽn paase, sã n wa paam tɩ b tigim-a, a sã n tall a tʋʋlg n pa ta °C 32 wã, a ket n tar koom sẽn yaa no-koɛɛg n yɩɩd a taabã. Saadã sẽn tar koom wʋsgo (94,9%)b pa tõe n ningd-a, b pa tõe ne a meng n kõ-a, la b segd n dɩ-a lame. [31] Baa ne koom sẽn yaa kãseng a pʋgẽ wã, sãt sẽn yaa b sẽn da yet tɩ b bɩɩsd-a wã pa tar koom wʋsg ye. Koɛɛg ning b sẽn naanã yaa litr 237 (52 imp gal; U.S. gal 63) ne koom sẽn zems kilogram a yembr fãa. [32] Zĩigã sẽn tar koomã tõe n boogda koomã yũubã ne ko-kãseng sẽn yɩɩd a yiib.

B sã n pa tar bõn-buudã, b na n zãaga b toor-toor n tɩ loe ne b toor-toorã. Laasã me na n yɩɩg Lactuca serriola (sẽn yaa rũng rũng rũmbu), tɩ bõn-buudã na n yɩɩga tɩɩg sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa kãn-kãe la sẽn yaa wa sãnemã. Kɛltse, sẽn yaa sãt buud sẽn yaa Azi wã n yaa b sẽn yiidã, yaa nana ne sãt sẽn yaa b vãadã. [18] La sẽn yaa woto wã kɩtame tɩ b rɩkd b buud toor-toor n paas b rog-n-tɩrsã. Sẽn sɩng ne 1990 wã, b sɩngame n naag ne bõn-buud sẽn tar zood sẽn zãre, wala L. tatarica. [33]

B sã n pa tall bõn-buudã, b pa tõe n tall-b ye. B sã n tall-ba, b pa tar-b ye.[1] Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n paam tɩ b lebg b toorẽ wã, b tõe n dɩka sẽk kiuug bilf bal n pa le tar ye. La sã n wa paam tɩ b tall bõn-buud nins b sẽn tigs b sẽn pa yã wã, b tõe n dɩka yʋʋm 500 n paam tɩ b paam tɩ b lebg zʋʋg sẽn yaa zʋʋg n pa tar ye. La b sã n pa tigs b bõn-buudu tɩ b lebg n tɩgs ye, b tõeeme n dɩka yʋʋmd 3400 n paam tɩ zʋʋg-buudã lebg zʋʋga.[34]

Rɩt-rãmbã

Rɩt-rɩt-n-tɩrs buud toor-toor la b tõe n dɩk n dɩ. Yaa buud a tãabo: sebre, zut la kos bɩ rɔmã. [30] Bãagrã buud toor-toor yaa nu, la b fãa yaa buud toor-toore:

•Sebre - B boond-a me tɩ sebre, sẽn kẽed ne sebre, la sebre, la sebre yaa sebre la b plant n yɩɩd.[35] A yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "saloog" wã.[31

•Romã/Cos - B tũnugda ne-a wʋsg saladã la sendviizã pʋgẽ, n maand tɩ b gãneg-a n ya gãnd n ya gãnda. [31] Yaa yaa yaa yaa yaa la yaa la yaa a sẽn tũnugd ne a wʋsg ne sãt-tõnd sẽn boond tɩ Caesar saladã pʋgẽ. [24

•A Zĩ-zĩ-zẽn-kãsenga yaa ro-rom sẽn yaa gãn-kãnga, sẽn nong wʋsg Etazĩni. [36

•A Aysberg/Crisphead - Yaa a sẽn yaa a sẽn nong wʋsg Etazĩni wã. A Aysberg salatã yaa bũmb sẽn pa tar pãng wʋsg ne soogã. A Burpee Seeds and Plants ra lugla a sẽn da be Etazĩni rɩtgẽ wã n dat n tɩ bɩɩs-a. A sẽn da tar a yʋʋr ne a sẽn da tall-a wã kɩtame t'a lebg wa sãnem-kẽeng sẽn yaa wa sãnem. [37] Rũndã-rũndã, a yaa sõma, la a tara yũ-noogo, la a ka tar rɩɩb wʋsg ye. A yaa koom sẽn yɩɩd sãt buud a taabã. [31]

•B sẽn boond tɩ "Boston" bɩ "Bibb" salatã, la sẽn yaa toor ne b sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond t'a "round lettuce" wã, yaa salatã buud sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond-a tɩ "butterhead" wã.[35][38] [31

•A yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "Batavian" bɩ "French crisp" wã. B sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b lebg b sẽn naan n dɩt-b wã, b yaa gãndb la b pa tar b sẽn tõe n dɩt ye. [35

•Kɛltse/Stem - B bɩɩga bõn-buudã sẽn yaa a bõn-buuda, la pa a vãadã yĩng ye. B rɩt-a-la Azi wã wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa yaa Sɩni wã, la b rɩt-b-la ne bur la crème. [31

•Rõog-rõog-kãnga - B bʋt-a lame tɩ b paam tɩ b yãk raog sẽn yaa b sẽn dat n dɩtẽ. A tara vãad bilf la a yikda tao-tao la a kõt bõn-buud sẽn yɩɩd a taab buud fãa ne pis-naase. [39

•Laas sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa miuug - Laas buud toor-toor sẽn tar vãs sẽn yaa miuugu.

B boond-b lame tɩ "kẽmb" la "kẽmba", bala b zut yaa bilf la b yaa wa koob n yɩɩd Romã sẽn yaa b sãbgã. [40

Rɩt-yã-yã

Bõn-buudã sẽn pa tar tɩɩm tõe n kɩtame tɩ b yĩm tɩ b pa le tar tɩɩm ye. B sẽn nong bõn-buud wʋsg yaa sãt, sẽn tar n dat n yeel tɩ b kẽed ne bõn-buudu, tɩ b tigimd b tɩɩsã n bas b zĩ-gãongã; b sẽn dat n kɩt tɩ b tɩɩsã lebg sãnemse; b sẽn tar tɩbse, tɩ b tɩɩsã lebg sãnemde; b sẽn get tɩ b sãtgã yaa sãnemse, tɩ fʋʋsã yaa sãnemde, tɩ b sãnemdgã yaa sãn-gãong la b sãnemde. b sẽn get t'a sãn-kãsemdã yaa sãnem-green bɩ sãnemdeb sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa wa b sẽn yaa to-to wã, b sẽn yaa laad-dãmb, la b sẽn yaa yaa b sẽn ya b sẽn yaa n yaa to-tõnd dãmba, la b yaa b sẽn tar b sẽn yaa tɩrsã. Wala makre, tãb-bi-bees sẽn yaa tãb-bees la b sẽn boond tɩ tãb-bõonegã yaa bõn-naand sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond-b tɩ tãbb-beese.^[30] Sẽn yaa pʋɩ-tẽeda, sẽn tar n be tãnsã la tãnsã wã me rɩta tɩɩsã. Bõn-buudã tara bũmb wʋsg sẽn sõngd tɩ b kogend-a ne bõn-wẽnsã. Rɩt-rãmbã kẽer tara bõn-naands wʋsg n yɩɩd a taabã, la b maana b bãngrã n wilg tɩ b ra tõe n dɩka bõn-naandb nins sẽn pa tar-b n tar-b tɩ b tõe n dɩgsd-b n dɩgs-b n kõ-b b rɩɩbã.^[31]

La bãag wʋsg n namsd a ye, tɩ yaa bãag sẽn yaa kãsenga, sẽn wat ne sãnem, la sãnemã, la a mog-rãmbã, sẽn wat n yalg ne a bẽedã, n kɩt tɩ tɩɩsã bɩʋʋg pa le paasdẽ la a sãnemã pa le paasd ye. Aster yellow wã yaa bãag-dãmb sẽn wat ne bãag-n-taagã sẽn wat ne vãad-n-tɩrsã sẽn wat n kɩt tɩ b vãadã lebg wẽnsã. Fong bãas yaa fõnd sẽn yaa pulgr la fõnd n yaa fõnda, tɩ kɩt tɩ fẽnda wã wa n kʋ, tɩ b yĩm n kʋ, la b yĩm ne fõnda. Baktɛɛr bãagã yaa Botrytis cinerea, tɩ b tõe n tũnug ne UV-C tɩbsg: Vàsquez et al. 2017b yãame tɩ fẽyilanin amoniyak-yẽg tʋʋmde, fẽnolik siglgã siglgã siglg la B. cinerea sẽn pa tar pãng wã paasda ne UV-C. ^[32] Laad sẽn yaa wʋsg n be wã tõe n kɩtame tɩ bãad-wẽns la bãad-wɩɩs kẽed ne-a. Zĩigã tõe n yɩɩ yell me, bala, sã n bʋgdẽ, b pa tõe n tõogd ne-b ye. Laag sẽn da bĩngd (b sẽn sɩng ne b sẽn pa tar bĩng n yaool n kẽng n tɩ rɩ) sɩngrẽ wã, yaa sõma tɩ b tõog n maan yɩɩre, la wakat ning fãa, b tõe n wa n wa n yɩɩgame, n kɩt tɩ b lebg n paame, tɩ b womd-b sõma. Zĩigã me yaa bõn-kʋdgd la bãagã zak la tõe n kɩtame tɩ b paam n pa le yãgd ye.^[33] B tũnugda ne kʋɩlen-yũudb wʋsg n zab ne zũud-n-tɩrsã. La rẽ kɩtame tɩ b tõog n yiis bõn-buud sẽn pa tar tɩb sẽn pa tar kʋɩl-kɛgdo.

Tʋʋmdã

Yʋʋmd 2022 soabã pʋgẽ, b sẽn boond tɩ salate wã b sẽn yiisd dũniyã gill zugã taa ton milyõ 27, la yaa Sɩne wã bal n yiisd ton milyõ 55 (table).

Laatɩ wã yaa Lactuca buud a ye tãa sẽn tõe n paam tʋʋma. 46] Baa ne Sɩna sẽn yaa tẽn-gãongã sẽn yaa seb-bɛd n yɩɩd fãa wã, b rɩta seb-kãnga wʋsg tẽngã pʋgẽ.

Zĩis nins b sẽn getã

Erop yaanga la Amerik rɩtgã ra yaa tẽn-bɛd sẽn da tar ko-bõones n na n yiis salɛt wʋsgo. Yʋʋmd 1900 wã sẽnese, Azi, Amerikdisiid, Ostrali la Afirik ra lebga tẽn-kãsemse. Zĩis toɛy-toɛyã ra nong n dɩka zuloees buud toor-toor n yɩɩda. Wala makre, Burkĩna Faso, Erop rɩtgo, Romã sẽn be Mediterane wã, la Siin ne Ezipt. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã saabẽ wã, b sẽn da nong n boond tɩ salaatã sɩnga toeengo. Wala makre, b ra nong n boond-a lame tɩ crisphead, sẽn yɩɩd fãa iceberg, la b ra nong n boond-a tɩ salaatã sẽn be Erop rɩtgã la Gãrãnd Bertayn soolmẽ wã. Etazĩni wã pʋgẽ, b ra pa tar buud a ye n yɩɩd hal tɩ ta yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã sɩngrẽ, wakat ning b sẽn wa n sɩng n boond tɩ salate wã. Yʋʋmd 1940 wã loogr poore, b sẽn wa n na n wa ne salɛt ning b sẽn boond tɩ "iceberg" wã, salɛt ning b sẽn kood la b rɩt Etazĩni wã 95 wã fãa ra yaa salɛt sẽn tar biisi. Yʋʋm kob-gĩndẽ wã saabẽ, buud a taab n wa n lebg n tar pãnga, n wa n lebg n tar pãng n yɩɩd koobã fãa. 47 B sɩngame n na n maan-a Sɩne, tɩ b ket n maand-a be. [ 48]

Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 21 soabã sɩngrẽ, b ra yiisda bĩis n maand saladã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Etazĩni, b sẽn da tõe n ning-a-la bĩis-rãmb n tall-a n wa n tall-a n kaoosã yĩnga. 49][50][51]

Sãan yaa ne Etazĩni yʋʋm 2022 soabã, salɛtã ra yaa bõn-bɩʋʋng ning sẽn be salɛtẽ wã, la ra yaa bõn-bɩʋʋng ning b sẽn da rɩt n yɩɩda. A ra yaa bõn-bɩʋʋng sẽn tar koob sẽn ta 20% la Romã ne iceberg ra koosda taaba. 50] Sẽn zems 85% salɛtã b sẽn dɩ Etazĩni wã yʋʋmd 2022 wã yaa sẽn yiis b tẽngẽ wã. [ 50]

B sẽn tũnugd ne to-to

Rɩɩb la rɩɩb b sẽn segend

Wala b sẽn wilg yʋʋmd 50 soabã sẽnese, Rom nebã ra rɩta b sẽn da ningd-b tɩbsg ne kaam la vinɛgr n dɩtẽ. La wakat ninga, b ra rɩta b sẽn da rɩt-b tɩbsg nins sẽn da yaa bõonegã. A Domitien naamã sasa, sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋmd 81 n tãag yʋʋmd 96 wã, b sɩngame n na n wa rɩt zʋʋg-n-basã nand tɩ b rɩ. Rom-rãmbã loogr poore, Erop nebã ra ket n baoodame n na n paam tɩ b yõg-b tɩ b wa rɩ-ba, la b ra rɩkd Rom-rãmbã buud n maand b sẽn da maandã, n ningd kaam la vinɛg sẽn yaa rã-bɩll b vãadã zugẽ. 10]

Rũndã-rũndã, b sẽn tar-a wã wʋsg yaa a vãadã yĩnga, la b tar-a-la b sẽn na yɩl n paam a tɩɩgã, la b tar-a a yagensã yĩnga, tɩ b tõe n dɩk n maan kaam. [ 22] B rɩkda salɛtã n maand salɛtã, a yembr bɩ ne tɩɩs buud a taabã, ko-biisi, nemd la zũud a taaba. B nong n tũnugda ne Romã salɛt n maand Sezaar salɛtã. B leb n tõe n dɩka salte wã sɛb n maan supã, la b rɩt-a n wa rɩ, la b rɩt-a t'a yaa toor-toore, la b rɩt-a n wa rɩ. 11]

B sẽn dɩt-a Zĩina pʋgẽ wã yaa toor ne Zĩina tẽnsẽ wã, tɩ yaa bãan sẽn tõe n wa ne laafɩ wã yĩnga, la b sẽn pa rat n dɩt-a wã yĩnga. Zĩina "salats" yaa zẽ-vãadã b sẽn mi n segendẽ la b kõt-b ne tʋʋlgo bɩ ne waoodo. B leb n tũnugda ne letusã n maand rɩɩb buud toor-toore, n yɩɩd tẽns nins sẽn be yaangã, n sõngd ne rɩɩb buud toor-toore, wala zũnzũri la nemd rɩɩbo, sup la rũm-bõoneg sẽn ka be b toore, bɩ sẽn naag ne tɩɩs buud a taab me. B rɩt-a-la sãan bɩ b rɩt-a lame, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b rɩt-a-la suusẽ la b rɩt-a-la tɩ b rɩt-a. 48] B leb n tũnugda ne letusã wa bũmb ning b sẽn tũnugd ne n segend letusã supã.

Rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma

Sull sẽn pa rɩk yaa ko-miis 96%, ko-miid 3%, la a pa tar proteẽ la zõos wʋsg ye (table). Ne 100 gram, salɛt sẽn yaa wa zũud sẽn tar nugu, a kõt-d-la kalori 14 la a yaa vitamin K (20% bɩ sẽn yɩɩd daar fãa laloa wã) zĩig sẽn yaa sõma wʋsgo, la a pa tar mikronutrient a taab wʋsg ye (table).

B sẽn boond tɩ Romã (sẽn boond me tɩ cos) sẽn yaa salɛt buud sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa goosneerã, b sẽn tar vιtamin A wã yaa wʋsgo, bala b tara provitamin A sẽn boond tɩ béta-karotẽ wã. 31] Bõn-buud nins sẽn yaa vɛɛs-vɛɛs-vɛɛs me tara kalsiyum la kut sẽn zems wʋsgo. 31] B sẽn tõe n dɩg-a wã yaa a sẽn tar bĩis la a sẽn tar bĩis n kõt-a rɩɩb sẽn tar yõodo, tɩ mikronutrientã be a vãadẽ wã. 31]

Rɩk-n-mikã bãase

B sẽn boond tɩ listeria monocytogenes wã yaa bã-rãmb sẽn yit rɩɩb pʋgẽ, tɩ b tõe n vɩɩmd tɩ b pa rɩ-ba. Baasg zãnga, baa ne b sẽn mik tɩ b tara bãktiris wʋsg sẽn be lekollã pʋgẽ wã, vaeesg sẽn maan yʋʋmd 2008 wã wilgame tɩ bã-rãmb sẽn yit rɩɩbẽ pa zĩnd listeriosẽ wã ye. Tõe tɩ yaa bõn-kãng sẽn pa kaoosã yĩnga, tɩ b mik tɩ b mikame tɩ mikroflõrã yaa wa listeriya bãktirisẽ wã, bɩ tɩ b gɩdga bãktirisã tɩ b ra wa ne listeriosẽ wã ye. 54]

Bõn-vɩɩs a taab me sẽn be salɛtẽ wã yaa Aeromonas buud sẽn pa tar lagem-n-taar ne bãag buud fãa; Campylobacter buud sẽn wat ne campylobacteriosis; la Yersinia intermedia la Yersinia kristensenii (Yersinia buud) sẽn be salɛtẽ wã. 55] Salmonella bãakteriya, sẽn kẽed ne Salmonella braenderup buud sẽn pa wae wã, leb n wa ne bã-kɛgeng sẽn kẽed ne salɛtã. [ 56] B yãame tɩ bãag sẽn boond tɩ hépatite A, calicivirus la bãag sẽn wõnd a Norwalk be salɛtã pʋgẽ. B leb n wilgame t'a tõe n waa ne yĩns bãag wala Giardia lamblia. [ 55]

B wilgame tɩ ko-bɛɛg n wa ne bãag E. coli O157:H7 la Shigella. B tõe n tɩpame tɩ yaa ne rũms bɩ ninsaalb kõom la b paam bãaga. 58] Kẽer vaeesg sẽn maan yʋʋm 2007 wilgame tɩ b sẽn dɩkd b sẽn boond tɩ vacuum cooling to-to wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn kẽed ne salɛtã tʋʋm-noor sẽn be Kaliforni wã, paasda E. coli O157:H7 wã yõodo. 59] Siãnsã vaeesg sẽn tũ ne tẽn-kɩremsã koom sẽn paam tɩbsg wa kooma sẽn na yɩl n kõ Romã kooma wilgame tɩ kooma, kooma, la tẽn-gãongã rẽgemd ne E. coli[58] la AP205 bacteriophage (sẽn tũ ne vaeesdbã wa sẽn na n yɩll n kõ bãas sẽn kẽed ne bãasã), ra yaa sẽn zems ne bõn-vɩɩs kãensã sẽn be kooma pʋgẽ wã. 60]

Sẽn nan yɩll tɩ rɩɩbã ra yɩ sõma wã yĩnga, b rɩkda ko-zĩis nins sẽn be koomã pʋgẽ wã n zãgsd koomã, la b rɩkd rũmsã bɩ ninsaalb bõn-yoodã (sẽn dat n yeel tɩ zũnzũri, bɩ bõn-tõodã) n manegd tẽngã. 61] Woto, bãas nins sẽn yit rɩɩbẽ wã me yaa woto. Sẽn nan yɩll n kɩt tɩ b rɩk bãas-vɩɩs n paas koodã pʋgẽ, bãas-vɩɩs nins sẽn pa tõe n tall bãas-vɩɩs n tõog n zab ne bãasã sõor tara paasgo, [1] bãmb sʋka, a yembr yaa AR E.coli, b sẽn yã-a tɩ b zãgs-a ne ko-zĩis sẽn yaa rãamã. [2] 63]

Bãng-y tɩ bãas nins b sẽn yã salõ wã pʋgẽ wã pa be salõ wã bal ye. (Bãng-y tɩ E. coli buud kẽer tara lagem-n-taar ne Romaine). La sẽn yaa toor ne b sẽn mi n dɩt-a wã, b rɩt-a lame t'a ka rɩke, tɩ rẽ kɩt tɩ bãas nins sẽn yit rɩɩbẽ wã yaa wʋsg n yɩɩd la b namsd neb wʋsg n yɩɩda. 64]

Sebtiisi

[1] ttps://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/grilledlettucewithgo_14300

[2] ttp://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC

[3] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20130616211830/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a679/lactuca-sativa.aspx

[4] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20130616211830/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a679/lactuca-sativa.aspx

[5] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=eAyNxv2I1LoC&q=lettuce+leaf+color+range&pg=PA28

[6] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=eAyNxv2I1LoC&q=lettuce+leaf+color+range&pg=PA28

[7] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120619050116/http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/7216.pdf

[8] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20111025171631/http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36607

[9] ttps://doi.org/10.5519%2Fqwv6u7j5

[10] ttp://www.kew.org/science-research-data/kew-in-depth/difficult-seeds/species-profiles/lactuca-sativa/index.htm

[11] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120608120552/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LASA3

[12] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120605153004/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LASE

[13] ttp://www.ars-grin.gov/misc/mmpnd/Lactuca.html

[14] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20160723001748/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHSYoqY-AwC&pg=PA157

[15] ttps://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7/page/300

[16] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20130616211830/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a679/lactuca-sativa.aspx

[17] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20210520044644/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAyNxv2I1LoC&q=lettuce+leaf+color+range&pg=PA28

[18] ttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-528.html

[19] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20210520044644/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAyNxv2I1LoC&q=lettuce+leaf+color+range&pg=PA28

[20] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120717013724/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-528.html

[21] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120619050116/http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/7216.pdf

[22] ttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-528.html

[23] ttp://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1

[24] ttp://www.kew.org/science-research-data/kew-in-depth/difficult-seeds/species-profiles/lactuca-sativa/index.htm

[25] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120511202430/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/65.lettuce.html

[26] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=Q1LAiPylZm4C&q=lettuce+in+egyptian+ritual&pg=PA95

[27] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120322151027/http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/month/lettuce.html

[28] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20210928054449/https://books.google.com/books?id=DxrMm9lMFUAC&q=Christopher+Columbus+lettuce+new+world&pg=PA313

[29] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20130615003744/http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca1011p3-64576.pdf

[30] ttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-2670

[31] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20131019193634/http://www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/198636.html

[32] ttps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scienta.2018.02.057

[33] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120707190840/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r441700111.html

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