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  • Istanbul, İstanbul, Turkey

Ali Nihat Kundak

Msgsu, History of Art, Faculty Member
Okçulukla ilgili modern literatür yabancı kaynaklı olduğundan yayların tanım ve sınıflamaları da yabancı araştırmacıların yaptığı araştırma ve ürettiği literatürle şekillenmiştir. Bazı araştırmacılar “Hun yayı”, “Moğol yayı” ve “Türk... more
Okçulukla ilgili modern literatür yabancı kaynaklı olduğundan yayların tanım ve sınıflamaları da yabancı araştırmacıların yaptığı araştırma ve ürettiği literatürle şekillenmiştir. Bazı araştırmacılar “Hun yayı”, “Moğol yayı” ve “Türk yayı” ifadelerini, Asya tipi kompozit yay için genel bir tabir olarak kullanmışlardır. Ancak konuyla ilgili literatürün daha istikrarlı hale gelmesiyle “Türk yayı” denilince anlaşılan yay, 16. yüzyıldan sonra son halini alan Osmanlı yayları olmuştur.

Yay, ok atmak için kullanılan bir savaş aletidir. Ateşli silahlar bulunmadan önce, savaşların önemli silahı olan ok, yayların sağlam, kullanışlı olmasına göre isabet oranı artan bir araçtır. Yayın yapımı uzun bir emek gerektirdiği kadar ince bir sanatın da ifadesi idi. Türk yayları 110-140 cm uzunluğunda, 300-360 gr ağırlığında yapılmıştır. Ağaç, kemik, sinir ve tutkal yay yapımında kullanılan esas maddelerdir. Yapımda kullanılan ağaçların en kıymetlisi akça ağaç ve kızılcık ağacı sürgünleridir. Yayın önemli bir parçası kemik, öküz veya manda boynuzundan yapılırdı. Yaya gerilen ve atış hızı sağlayan sinir ise öküzün bilek ve dizi arasından çıkartılırdı. Sanatsal değere sahip Türk yayları altın yaldızla tezyin edilirdi. Süslemelerin bir köşesine yapan ustanın adı ile yapım tarihi konurdu. Yaylar yapılışına göre tımanlı veya sağınlı; kullanılma sahalarına göre de tirgeş, menzil, peşrev (pişrev), kepaze, hedef ve savaş yayları gibi çeşitleri vardır. Yaylarla yapılan ok atış mesafelerine geze, atışı yapana da kemankeş denirdi. Bu bildiride savaş, hüner ve av konulu Osmanlı minyatürlerinde tasvirlenen “Türk yayı” üzerinde durularak, bu yayın özellikleri ve Türk kültüründeki önemi değerlendirilecektir.

Turkish archers were renowned for both their exceptional skills and their superior weapons such as “Turkish Bow”. The Turkish bow is a recurved composite bow. Turkish archery developed and reaching its zenith in Ottoman. There were several kinds of sportive archery contests in Ottoman. The foremost contest was long distance shooting. The second kind of contests was target shooting. Due to the name of targets, these were called “puta shooting”. Disciplines of penetrating hard objects and horseback archery are the other kinds of target-performance shooting or archery games. Penetrating thick wooden logs and hard metal plates with hardened steel arrowheads was a spectacular performance. A powerful archer with high technique of shooting could easily penetrate a couple of metal plates stick together. These shootings were called “darp” shootings. The “ayna” targets named after the big metal plates of mirror armor were other kinds of targets. Another target-performance shooting named “kabak (gourd) shooting” was performed on horseback. This kind of shooting done to a target placed at the top of a long pole while the archer was riding at full gallop. The archer made his shoot when he was going just under the target. In this kind of shooting, concentration, condition of archer, the abilities of riding and shooting were at their top levels. This paper revises the Ottoman miniatures which were illustrated the “Turkish Bow” on the theme of combat, archery skill and hunting, trying to emphasize their importance for the Turkish traditional archery.
Turkish archers were renowned for both their exceptional skills and their superior weapons such as “Turkish Bow”. The Turkish bow is a recurved composite bow. Turkish archery developed and reaching its zenith in Ottoman. There were... more
Turkish archers were renowned for both their exceptional skills and their superior weapons such as “Turkish Bow”. The Turkish bow is a recurved composite bow. Turkish archery developed and reaching its zenith in Ottoman. There were several kinds of sportive archery contests in Ottoman. The foremost contest was long distance shooting. The second kind of contests was target shooting. Due to the name of targets, these were called “puta shooting”. Disciplines of penetrating hard objects and horseback archery are the other kinds of target-performance shooting or archery games. Penetrating thick wooden logs and hard metal plates with hardened steel arrowheads was a spectacular performance. A powerful archer with high technique of shooting could easily penetrate a couple of metal plates stick together. These shootings were called “darp” shootings. The “ayna” targets named after the big metal plates of mirror armor were other kinds of targets. Another target-performance shooting named “kabak (gourd) shooting” was performed on horseback. This kind of shooting done to a target placed at the top of a long pole while the archer was riding at full gallop. The archer made his shoot when he was going just under the target. In this kind of shooting, concentration, condition of archer, the abilities of riding and shooting were at their top levels. This paper revises the Ottoman miniatures which were illustrated the “Turkish Bow” on the theme of combat, archery skill and hunting, trying to emphasize their importance for the Turkish traditional archery.
This paper revises an artistic tradition of drawing (qalem-i siyahî) pictures in Islamic visual art distinct from the category of manuscript illustration in technique and function, an art form primarily dependent on expressive line. The... more
This paper revises an artistic tradition of drawing (qalem-i siyahî) pictures in Islamic visual art distinct from the category of manuscript illustration in technique and function, an art form primarily dependent on expressive line. The high quality of drawings maintained from the early 14th to the 19th century provides a clear indication that this art form was appreciated by elite patrons. All artists were trained in ateliers under an arduous apprenticeship system, absorbing through practice and emulation their artistic traditions and ideals. Qalem-i siyahî paintings were used by Il-khanids, Jalayerids, Timurids, Safavids, Ottomans and Qajars.

Bu makalede, İslâm görsel sanatlarının en önemli grubu olan el yazmalardaki minyatürlerden teknik ve işlevsel açıdan farklı bir sanat estetiğine sahip olan kalem-i siyahî resminin tarihsel süreci üzerinde durulmuştur. Esasen kalem-i siyahî resim, ifadeli konturlara tabî anlatım diline sahip bir sanat biçimidir. Kalem-i siyahî resimlerin 14. yüzyıl başından 19. yüzyıla kadar yapımının sürmesi, eserlerin sanat hamileri tarafından değerli kılındıklarını göstermektedir. Sanatçılar yorucu bir çıraklık sistemiyle atölyelerde eğitim almaktaydı. Sanatçılar uygulama ve öykünmeyle sanat geleneklerini ve ideallerini gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Kalem-i siyahî resimler, İlhanlılar, Celâyirliler, Timurlular, Safevîler, Osmanlılar ve Kaçarlar tarafından sanat biçimi olarak kullanılmıştır.
Güney Kore Ulusal Bilim Müzesi (National Science Museum) tarafından bilimsel araştırma projesinde, Güney Kore'nin Chosun Dönemi’nde yaşayan bilim adamı Jang Young-Sil'in su saati Ongnu ile Anadolu’da Artuklu Dönemi’nde yaşayan... more
Güney Kore Ulusal Bilim Müzesi (National Science Museum) tarafından bilimsel araştırma projesinde, Güney Kore'nin Chosun Dönemi’nde yaşayan bilim adamı Jang Young-Sil'in su saati Ongnu ile Anadolu’da Artuklu Dönemi’nde yaşayan El-Cezeri’nin fil su saati eserlerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlandığından bu konu üzerine danışmanlığına başvurulan Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi’nden Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ali Nihat KUNDAK ile Güney Kore Ulusal Bilim Müzesi’nden araştırma yöneticisi Yun Yong-hyun ile ekibinden dört (4) kişi, 15 Ekim 2018 tarihinde MSGSÜ Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde akademik toplantı gerçekleştirdi. Toplantıda Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ali Nihat KUNDAK’ın El-Cezeri’nin fil su saati ile ilgili görüşleri ve katkıları doğrultusunda proje danışmanı olması kararlaştırıldı. Proje kapsamında hazırlanacak kitapta Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ali Nihat KUNDAK'ın bu proje için kaleme aldığı “The Master of Automatons: Al-Jazari” başlıklı makalesinin yayımlanması da kararlaştırıldı.

National Science Museum
İslamiyet’in ilk çağlarından beri çocuklara Kur’an ve temel dinî eğitim vermek amacıyla kurulmuş olan sıbyan mektepleri, Osmanlılarda da eğitimin ilk seviyesiydi. Bu çalışmada, Zevkî Kadın’ın hayratı olan 1756 tarihli sıbyan mektebinin... more
İslamiyet’in ilk çağlarından beri çocuklara Kur’an ve temel dinî eğitim vermek amacıyla kurulmuş olan sıbyan mektepleri, Osmanlılarda da eğitimin ilk seviyesiydi. Bu çalışmada, Zevkî Kadın’ın hayratı olan 1756 tarihli sıbyan mektebinin sanat tarihi raporu hazırlanmıştır. Zevkî Kadın Sıbyan Mektebi, İstanbul İli, Beyoğlu İlçesi, Fındıklı semtinde, Meclisi Mebusan Caddesi’nin üzerinde yer almaktadır. Günümüzde Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi’nin Fındıklı yerleşkesinde bulunmaktadır.
This paper revises some foremost Safavid painters who gave the examples of an artistic tradition of drawing (qalem-i siyahî) pictures in Islamic visual art distinct from the category of manuscript illustration in technique and function,... more
This paper revises some foremost Safavid painters who gave the examples of an artistic tradition of drawing (qalem-i siyahî) pictures in Islamic visual art distinct from the category of manuscript illustration in technique and function, an art form primarily dependent on expressive line. These drawings were mostly executed in brush (qalam-i mu) and ink on paper. Reed pens (qalam-i vasıtı) were also used by the painters. Qalem-i siyahî pictures mostly executed by black ink, but also by red, blue, green colours and their colour shades were used fairly. These colours shading to a lighter tone from the contours inwards, and some details were also highlighted in gold or silver. Qalem-i siyahî was an art form primarily dependent on expressive line. Brush and ink were used with great skill to define the main lines. The predominant brush lines were becoming thinner or thicker place to place. The high quality of drawings maintained from the early 14th to the 19th century provides a clear indication that this art form was appreciated by elite patrons. All artists were trained in ateliers under an arduous apprenticeship system, absorbing through practice and emulation their artistic traditions and ideals. Muhammadî, Siyavush, Sadiqî, Rıza-i Abbasî and Mu’în Musavvir are the most prominent Safavid artists. Based on sources, the information related with their lives, art careers and personal art styles are represented in a chronological order. This paper concentrates primarily on artists’ tinted drawings created with qalem-i siyahî technique rather than their miniatures.
Osmanlı mimarlığı yapı tiplerinden biri savunma duvarlarıyla çevrili müstahkem çiftlik veya kırsal konakların içinde yer alan gözetleme ve savunma kulesi işlevine de sahip kule evler veya “bey kuleleri”dir. Bu çiftliklerin pek çoğunda... more
Osmanlı mimarlığı yapı tiplerinden biri savunma duvarlarıyla çevrili müstahkem çiftlik veya kırsal konakların içinde yer alan gözetleme ve savunma kulesi işlevine de sahip kule evler veya “bey kuleleri”dir. Bu çiftliklerin pek çoğunda görülen ve günümüzde genellikle bütün yapı kompleksinden geriye kalan metruk yapılar olan kuleler, konak sahibinin konutuyla bağlantılı, tehlike anında sığınılıp içinde yaşanablien, gözetleme ve gereğinde savunmaya yarayan çok işlevli yapılardır. Kule evleri genel olarak moloz taştan, üç ya da dört katlı, kare ya da dikdörtgen planlı yapılardır. İçlerinde dolap, ocak gibi donanımları, kiler ve hatta hamam gibi mekanları da barından konutlardır. “Beylik”, egemenlik ya da devlet katında görev ve ayrıcalık işaretleri olarak da anlam yüklenen bu kulelerin bazı durumlarda tek başına duran, bağımsız yapılar olarak kullanıldığı da görülür. Bu bağlamda ilk Osmanlı saraylarında; Manisa, Edirne ve İstanbul Saray’ı Amire’lerinde ilk padişah köşklerinin kule tipinde olması da dikkat çekicidir. Osmanlılar’ın hüküm sürdüğü geniş coğrafyada bu kulelerin örneklerine Balkanlar’da, Ege’de ve hatta güney Akdeniz’de dahi takip edebilmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı Devleti’nde büyük toprak sahipliğinin tarihsel ve siyasal bir gerçeklik durumuna geldiği 18. yüzyılda yaygınlaşan bu tip kule evlerin günümüzdeki Kuzey Makedonya Cumhuriyeti sınırları içindeki konumları tespit edilerek, yapısal özellikleri araştırılıp incelenmiştir.
This article deals with the miniatures of Tercüme-i ‘İkdü’l-cümân fî târîh-i ehli’z-zamân, a manuscript on world history by Imam Kadi Mahmud ibn Ahmed ibn Musa ibn Ahmed ibn Hüseyin ibn Yusuf ibn Mahmud Bedrü’d-din of Antep, known as Imam... more
This article deals with the miniatures of Tercüme-i ‘İkdü’l-cümân fî târîh-i ehli’z-zamân, a manuscript on world history by Imam Kadi Mahmud ibn Ahmed ibn Musa ibn Ahmed ibn Hüseyin ibn Yusuf ibn Mahmud Bedrü’d-din of Antep, known as Imam Aynî. This manuscript desribes the events of history from the time of creation to the year of 1446 and the first section of the first volume is about astronomy. This manuscript has three illustrated copies in three different libraries; Süleymaniye Library (L.İ.318), İstanbul University Library (T.5953) and Topkapi Saray Museum Library (B.274) which were translated from Arabic to Turkish by Mirzazâde Mehmed Sâlim Efendi in the first half of the 18th century. Sâlim Efendi wrote introduction giving information about the author and his book, correcting some mistakes by Aynî on the subject of astronomy, and making some additions. Each copy has 45 miniature paintings depicting the fixed stars and zodiacal constellations. These illustrations were intended to give readers a better understanding of constellations discussed by Bedrü’d-din Aynî. In the brief explanations at the top of each of the miniatures, Sâlim Efendi gives the name of each constellation and with the exception of the zodiac, the number of stars they contain. The positions of the stars are marked on the miniatures. Dealing with the miniatures of Tercüme-i ‘İkdü’l-cümân fî târîh-i ehli’z-zamân, this paper is trying to clarify the iconography of the illustrations and their connection between Islamic and European book paintings.


Bu makalede Tercüme-i ‘İkdü’l-cümân fî târîh-i ehli’z-zamân adlı eserin minyatürlü nüshalarındaki tasvirler incelenmiştir. Bir dünya tarihi olan bu eser, İmam Aynî olarak bilinen İmam Kadı Mahmud bin Ahmed bin Musa bin Ahmed bin Hüseyin bin Yusuf bin Mahmud Bedrü’d-din tarafından yazılmıştır. Bu eser kainatın yaratılışından h.850/m.1446 yılına kadar olan zaman dilimindeki olayları aktarmaktadır ve birinci cildinin ilk bölümünde astronomi ile ilgili bilgi verilmektedir. Bu yazmanın üç minyatürlü nüshası İstanbul’da üç farklı kütüphanede bulunmaktadır. Bu nüshalar Süleymaniye Kütüphanesinde (L.İ.318), İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesinde (T.5953) ve Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesinde (B.274) bulunmaktadır. Bu eser 18. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Mirzazâde Mehmed Sâlim Efendi tarafından Arapçadan Türkçeye çevrilmiştir. Sâlim Efendi müellif ve eser hakkında eserin önsözünde bilgiler vermiş, astronomi konusunda Aynî tarafından yapılan bazı hataları düzeltmiş ve bazı eklemeler yapmıştır. Her nüsha sabit takımyıldızlarını ve zodyak takımyıldızlarını temsil eden 45 minyatür içermektedir. Bu tasvirler Bedrü’d-din Aynî’nin eserinde söz ettiği takımyıldızlarını okuyucunun kolay algılayabilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Her bir takımyıldızın adı ve burçlar hariç içinde bulundurduğu yıldız sayısı minyatürlerin üstünde yer alan kısa bilgilendirme yazılarında belirtilmiştir. Minyatürler üzerinde yıldızların konumları işaretlenmiştir. Bu makalede Tercüme-i ‘İkdü’l-cümân fî târîh-i ehli’z-zamân nüshalarında bulunan minyatürlerin ikonografyası açıklığa kavuşturulmaya çalışılmış ve bunların İslâm ve Avrupa kitap sanatı ile olan bağlantıları üzerinde durulmuştur.
This paper revises an album (muraqqa) (Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.2135) which was compiled at the end of the 18th century for a bibliophile Ottoman bureaucrat named Mehmed Emin Efendi who was the youngest son of shaykh-ül islâm... more
This paper revises an album (muraqqa) (Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.2135) which was compiled at the end of the 18th century for a bibliophile Ottoman bureaucrat named Mehmed Emin Efendi who was the youngest son of shaykh-ül islâm Veliyyüd-dîn Efendi.
The dimensions of the album’s binding are 37 x 26 cm. Its front and back had been covered by an European seraser fabric dating to the mid 18th century. The album has twenty seven folios which are at the same dimensions of the binding and all of these folios had been arranged by the compilation of various flat-coloured and marbled papers using the vassale method. Further the illumination works in Safavid and Ottoman styles in this album had also been aligned with the same method. At these folios there are sixty five drawings, three of them are European engravings, one belonging to Hans Brosamer who was a German painter, draughtsman, engraver and woodcut designer. He worked in Fulda from c. 1520 to the mid-1540s, as is known from a series of dated paintings and copper engravings. The rest of drawings are qalem-i siyahî works, most of which are tinted. These works had been drawn in Timurid Herat and Safavid Meshed, Horasan (Herat), Isfahan styles during the late 15th and 16th-17th centuries. This album also contains Ottoman drawings dating to the 17th and 18th centuries.
This paper will deal with the content of the album H.2135 trying to clarify the connection between European engravings and Islamic drawings according to the interactions of cultures, their subject matter, medium and provenance.
Islamic astronomers did extensive studies of the fixed stars and shapes of the constellations. One of the most important of these was Abdurrahman al-Sûfî, who wrote a treatise on the subject entitled Risâlat Suwar al-Kawakib that exerted... more
Islamic astronomers did extensive studies of the fixed stars and shapes of the constellations. One of the most important of these was Abdurrahman al-Sûfî, who wrote a treatise on the subject entitled Risâlat Suwar al-Kawakib that exerted a considerable influence not only on Islamic but also European astronomy. It has many illustrated copies depicting the fixed stars and zodiacal constellations.

The Tulip era (1718-1730) was a relatively peaceful period, during which the Ottoman Empire can be said to have begun to orient itself towards Europe. Under the guidance of the Sultan Ahmed III’s son-in-law Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha, the Ottoman Empire embarked on new policies and programs during this period, which established the first Ottoman language printing press and many European books imported. İbrahim Müteferrika received permission to publish non-religious books. Among the works published by Müteferrika were historical and generically scientific works, as well as Katip Çelebi's world atlas Cihannüma.

This paper revises miniatures of Tercüme-i Ikd al-Jumân fî Tarihi Ahl al-Zaman, a manuscript on world history by Imam Kadi Mahmud ibn Ahmed ibn Musa ibn Ahmed ibn Hüseyin ibn Yusuf ibn Mahmud Bedreddin al-Aynî of Antep, known as Imam Aynî. This manuscript desribes the events of history from the time of Adam up to the writer’s own time in the 15th century, and the first section of the first volume is about astronomy. This manuscript has three illustrated copies in three different libraries; İstanbul University Library (T.5953), Süleymaniye Library (Lala İsmail 318) and Topkapi Saray Museum Library (B.274) which were translated into Turkish at the first half of the 18th century. Scribes wrote introduction giving information about the author and his book, correcting some mistakes by Aynî on the subject of astronomy, and making some additions. Each copy has 45 miniature paintings depicting the fixed stars and zodiacal constellations. These illustrations were intended to give readers a better understanding of the astronomical subjects discussed by Bedreddin Aynî. In the brief explanations at the top of each of the miniatures, scribes give the name of each constellation and, with the exception of the zodiacal constellations, the number of stars they contain. The positions of the stars are marked on the miniatures.

This paper will deal with the miniatures of Tercüme-i Ikd al-Jumân fî Tarihi Ahl al-Zaman, trying to clarify the iconography of the illustrations and their connection between the European book paintings according to the interactions of cultures, their subject matter, medium and provenance.
Osmanlılar, hukuki ve toplumsal olarak çocukluğu ve çocukluktan yetişkinliğe geçişi ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alıp, çocuklara ve yeni nesillerin yetişmesine büyük önem vermiştir. Bu bildiri, Osmanlı elyazmalarındaki minyatürlerde görülen... more
Osmanlılar, hukuki ve toplumsal olarak çocukluğu ve çocukluktan yetişkinliğe geçişi ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alıp, çocuklara ve yeni nesillerin yetişmesine büyük önem vermiştir. Bu bildiri, Osmanlı elyazmalarındaki minyatürlerde görülen “çocuk” tasvirleri üzerine bir çalışmadır. Çalışma kapsamında ele alınan minyatürler, çocuk figürünü ön plana çıkaran, konunun merkezini oluşturan örneklerden seçilmiştir. Devşirme, sünnet düğünleri gibi olayları belgeleyen ve tasvir eden tarihi konulu eserlerdeki çocuk figürleri, Osmanlı resim sanatı paralelinde yorumlanıp değerlendirilmiştir. Osmanlı toplumsal yapısındaki yeri ve önemi vurgulanarak çocukların minyatürlerdeki görsel anlatım dili de ele alınmıştır.
This paper revises an album (muraqqa) (Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.2135) which was compiled at the end of the 18th century for a bibliophile Ottoman bureaucrat named Mehmed Emin Efendi who was the youngest son of shaykh-ül islâm... more
This paper revises an album (muraqqa) (Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.2135) which was compiled at the end of the 18th century for a bibliophile Ottoman bureaucrat named Mehmed Emin Efendi who was the youngest son of shaykh-ül islâm Veliyyüd-dîn Efendi.
The dimensions of the album’s binding are 37 x 26 cm. Its front and back had been covered by an European seraser fabric dating to the mid 18th century. The album has 27 pages which are at the same dimensions of the binding and all of these folios had been arranged by the compilation of various flat-coloured and marbled papers using the vassale method. Further the illumination works in Safavid and Ottoman styles in this album had also been aligned with the same method. At these folios there are 65 drawings, 3 of them are European engravings, one belonging to the German painter Hans Brosamer, and 62 of them are ink drawings (qalem-i siyahî), most of which are tinted. These works had been drawn in Timurid Herat and Safavid Meshed, Horasan (Herat), Isfahan styles during the late 15th and 16th-17th centuries. This album also contains Ottoman drawings dating to the 17th and 18th centuries. The existance of drawings belonging to the most prominent Safavid artists like Siyavush, Sadiqî, Mu’în Musavvir and Veli Can and unscribed works attributable to the characteristic styles of Shaykh Muhammad, Muhammadî, Rıza-i Abbasî, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Yusuf, Muhammad Kasım and Muhammad Zaman is striking.
The examined album with its valuable drawings is one of the outstanding examples of the 18th century Ottoman albums.
Glazed ceramics are the main wide range of group for the museum collections of Islamic art. Potters in the Islamic world developed new techniques in bodies and glazes, sharing these across the broad expanse of their world and exporting... more
Glazed ceramics are the main wide range of group for the museum collections of Islamic art. Potters in the Islamic world developed new techniques in bodies and glazes, sharing these across the broad expanse of their world and exporting some of their techniques, such as monochrome glaze (mina'i), to foreign, distant lands. Enamel-painted (mina’i) wares are one of the achievements of Iranian potters of the late 1100s–early 1200s. Like lustre, this technique required two firings in order to fix the enamels (usually red and black) and the occasional gold. This process made the manufacture more expensive and the risk for the objects higher. To date, Kashan, Iran, is the only identified centre of production of these wares. The intense commercial activity within the Islamic world and beyond its borders stimulated technological development. New ideas  and solutions evolved to compete with foreign wares. This paper revises figurative motifs were rendered in monochrome glazed (mina'i) ceramics from the Seljuq period (12th–13th century) in Iran, trying to emphasize their importance for the Turkish-Islamic pottery art.
1. The architectural heritage of the Ottoman Empire (1392-1912/13) left magnificent monuments in Skopje, mostly stand in the old part of the city. These edifices suffered from the earthquake in 1555, the great fire from the Austrians led... more
1. The architectural heritage of the Ottoman Empire (1392-1912/13) left magnificent
monuments in Skopje, mostly stand in the old part of the city. These edifices suffered from the earthquake in 1555, the great fire from the Austrians led by General Piccolomini in 1689, as well as the fire in Skopje from 1910 and the disastrous earthquake in 1963. These monuments have been restored and rebuilt many times. This paper revises the main Ottoman monuments in Skopje which reflect the architectural development of Skopje and architectural decoration during the Ottoman era.
2. Turks have an important place in the world history which their adventures followed a way from east to west, from vast steppes of central Asia to open seas. Many gifted scholars were emerged during the peak years of the Ottoman Empire in 16th century. Many valuable works of art are closely related to Turkish history had been prepared by these pioneering people. The topographical city depictions entered as a new and unique subject to the Ottoman miniature in the 16th century. Port city depictions of miniatures were found in the works of historical and maritime manuscripts. Piri Reis is one of the pioneers in his age and is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation), a manuscript that contains detailed information on navigation, as well as very accurate charts describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea. The copies of this manuscript are great importance for the Ottoman cartography and visual arts that shows their high level of integrity. The other important scholar was Matrakçı Nasuh, created a naturalist style which focuses on panoramic views of landscapes and cities painted with the greatest detail in his historical works. His pluralistic perspective on images depicting the cities started a tradition in Ottoman miniature art. This paper revises the Ottoman miniatures which were illustrated the port cities, trying to emphasize their importance in Ottoman miniature art.
Along the great Silk Road, numerous cities and palaces of cultural heritage survive as witnesses to the mingling of indigenous cultures in West Turkistan. One type of surviving witness is mural painting. The pieces of murals have survived... more
Along the great Silk Road, numerous cities and palaces of cultural heritage survive as witnesses to the mingling of indigenous cultures in West Turkistan. One type of surviving witness is mural painting. The pieces of murals have survived today reveal the existence of a comprehensive art of painting and a common style that develop in Central Asia. Transoxiana, Khwrizm and Fergana regions of Western Central Asia have an important impact in the development of the science and art of the Turkish Islamic world. This paper is covered an area of present-day Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan in the north of Hindukush mountains and northeast Iran in the western part of Asia. It refers to murals dating from the 4th century to the 9th century AD. It is focused on the origins of Western Central Asian painting and is examined the mural painting centers in Western Central Asia. It concluded with an evaluation of the common features of the West Central Asian mural painting style.
İpek Yolu’nun geçtiği Batı Orta Asya topraklarında bulunan şehirlerin saraylarında ve konut yapılarında pek çok duvar resmi bulunmuştur. Bu resimler çeşitli kültürlerin ve etnik grupların ortak ürünleri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Günümüze ulaşmış duvar resmi parçaları Orta Asya topraklarında gelişen ve ortak bir üslubu da içinde barındıran kapsamlı bir resim sanatının varlığını göstermektedir. Batı Orta Asya’nın Maveraünnehir, Harezm ve Fergana bölgeleri, Türk İslam dünyasının bilim ve sanatının gelişmesinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Türk İslam dünyasına yön veren, dünya tarihine büyük çapta etkide bulunan siyasi güçler de bu topraklarda doğmuş ve başka yerlere doğru uzanıp yayılmıştır. Bu araştırma Asya’nın batı bölgesindeki bugünkü Türkmenistan, Özbekistan, Kırgızistan, Tacikistan, Kazakistan ve Hindukuş dağlarının kuzeyindeki Afganistan ile kuzeydoğu İran’ı kapsayan bir alanda bulunan M.Ö. 4. yüzyıl ile M.S. 9 yüzyıl arasına tarihlendirilen duvar resimlerini konu almaktadır. Batı Orta Asya resminin kökenleri üzerinde durularak Batı Orta Asya’daki duvar resmi merkezleri incelenmiştir. Batı Orta Asya duvar resim üslubunun ortak özellikleri hakkında bir değerlendirme ile sonuçlandırılmıştır.
This documentary series of 13 episodes on the illustrated manuscripts is directed by Fatih Ömeroğlu. Co-advisors are: Aslıhan Erkmen, Betül Bilgin, Dilek Yerlikaya. "Nakkaşın Fırçası" (Brush of the Naqqash) was first aired in 2019 on TRT2... more
This documentary series of 13 episodes on the illustrated manuscripts is directed by Fatih Ömeroğlu. Co-advisors are: Aslıhan Erkmen, Betül Bilgin, Dilek Yerlikaya. "Nakkaşın Fırçası" (Brush of the Naqqash) was first aired in 2019 on TRT2 (Turkish Radio and Television).

Links to the episodes on TRT's official channel on YouTube:

Episode 1 - Illustration and Illumination (with Şehnaz Biçer Özcan, İrem Büşra Coşkun, Berrin Çakın Güç)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAw0gvUxuw8&t=17s

Episode 2 - Siyer-i Nebi (with Zeynep Gemuhluoğlu, Betül Bilgin)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WOGT28YIZg

Episode 3 - Hünername (with Aslıhan Erkmen, Zeynep Tarım)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdI8LsyS7go&t=8s

Episode 4 - Varka and Gülşah (with Aslıhan Erkmen, Ebru Kızılırmak)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hf1Gqos4AM8

Episode 5 - Surname (with Nurhan Atasoy, Zeynep Tarım)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_947nNwEABk

Episode 6 - Padişah Portreciliği / Sultan Portraits (with Günsel Renda, Aslıhan Erkmen)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj7dkbQygTo&t=44s

Episode 7 - Kıyamet ve Ahiret / Judgement Day and After-life (with Bahattin Yaman, Betül Bilgin)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFhjnOHsT5k&t=37s

Episode 8 - Gemiler / Ships (with İdris Bostan, Ali Nihat Kundak)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6T8wKNAzoI&list=PL0gMcF5aNgrNn9D_SgQE0L52U4ME6EIne&index=6&t=37s

Episode 9 - Murakkalar ve Albümler / Muraqqas and Albums (with Ali Nihat Kundak, Aslıhan Erkmen)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nyRpTaCo3M&t=8s

Episode 10 - Haritalar ve Kentler / Maps and Cities (with İdris Bostan, Nurhan Atasoy)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ht0b8WmEVxY&list=PL0gMcF5aNgrNn9D_SgQE0L52U4ME6EIne&index=4&t=4s

Episode 11 - Peygamberler Tarihi / History of the Prophets (with Aslıhan Erkmen, Günsel Renda)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkNkW2ShjVQ&t=232s

Episode 12 - Nakkaşhane / The Artists' Workshop (with Şehnaz Biçer, Ülker Erke, Bahattin Yaman, Aslıhan Erkmen)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNQraJAMPuk&t=16s

Episode 13 - Bilim / Science (with Aslıhan Erkmen, Ali Nihat Kundak)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1damohycays&t=10s