Economics

International trade is integral to the process of globalization. World exports of goods and services doubled between 1995 and 2006 to reach over US$14 trillion in 2006. During 1990-91 to 2000-01 the world imports and exports increased by 108 per cent and 143.09 per cent respectively. It means after globalization the increase in exports is more than imports. During 1990-91 to 2000-01 India's exports recorded compound growth rate of 7.6 per cent and imports recorded 9.2 per cent; it was 14.5 per cent and 10.4 per cent respectively during 2000-01 to 2009-10. During 1991-2001 the total imports and exports of principal goods recorded a compound growth rate of 7.7 per cent and 9.3 per cent respectively; it was 25.8 per cent and 20.0 per cent respectively during 2001-2008. During first decade of globalization India's imports recorded higher growth than exports but after recent decade growth in exports is more than imports.

India and China are the emerging economies in the world. These two countries have about 37.5 percent population of the World. This study was conducted to examine the impact of exchange rate on foreign direct investment in India and China. For analyzing impact of exchange rate on FDI the correlation and regression analysis techniques have been used. It observed that the during 1991 to 2014 foreign direct investment in India increased by 458.89 times in absolute terms whereas, the FDI in China increased by 29.43 times in absolute terms during the same period. The exchange rate shows the 2.68 times decrease in value of Indian rupee in terms of US dollar and 1.15 times decrease in Chinas Yuan in term of US dollar during the study period. It is found that there is positive correlation between FDI and exchange rate in India. For China the correlation between FDI and exchange rate is negative. It is observed that one unit increase in exchange rate will raise FDI by 0.605 units in India. In case of China one unit increase in exchange rate will leads to decrease of FDI by 0.2503 units during the study period. The P value 0.0017 indicates that the coefficient of exchange rate variable is highly significant with FDI in case India. The P value 0.238 indicates that the exchange rate variable does not exert significant influence of FDI in case of China.

This study is mainly undertaken to study the relationship between gross domestic product and employment and the relationship between foreign direct investment and employment in India during 2001 to 2012. For analysis the relationship between dependent and independent variable the ordinary least square regression method has used. It is found that the highest 25.58 percent compound annual growth rate recorded by FDI followed by GDP 12.59 percent and it was only 0.49 percent for employment in India during 2001 to 2012. It is observed that there is positive relationship between FDI and employment and between GDP and employment in India. The coefficient of correlation indicates that the one unit increase in FDI will raise employment by 0.857 units and one unit increase of GDP will raise employment by 0.875 units in India. The P value 0.0004 of FDI and P value 0.0002 of GDP indicates that the coefficient of FDI variable and GDP variable is highly significant with employment generation in India during the study period. The P values indicate that the GDP variable is more significant than the variable of FDI. This result express that the increase in GDP and increase in FDI increases the employment in India. Therefore it is suggested that the policy maker should stabilize monetary and fiscal policies in long run to increase GDP and FDI for employment generation in India.

This paper attempts to examine the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal measures taken by Indian Government to counter the effects of global economic slowdown on Indian economy. Looking at global economic slowdown to augment domestic liquidity and to ensure that credit continues to flow the productive sector of economy Reserve Bank had reduced CRR from 9.0 percent to 5.0 percent, SLR 25.0 percent to 24.0 percent, Repo Rate 9.0 percent to 4.75 percent and Reverse Repo Rate 5.0 percent to 3.25 percent from July 2008 to July 2009. Fiscal policy of 2008-09 cuts the excise duty, customs duty and service tax to increase the demand of industrial goods. Introduction The global financial crisis is into its third year now. Many have termed it the worst financial crisis of the last century. The current global financial crisis that started in the US sub-prime sector and broader financial markets is deepening and spreading throughout the world, turning now into a full-blown global economic crisis. While the intense focus of governments has mostly been on dealing with the short-run fall out of the worsening crisis, policymakers, economists and the general public are also beginning to turn their attention to financial regulation in an attempt to figure out what went wrong and how to prevent such a crisis from occurring again. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal measures taken by Indian Government to counter the effects of global economic slowdown on Indian economy. There is a widespread perception that India along with other emerging market economies has been the victim of relentless globalization in general and the excess of financial institution in advanced countries in particular. The world economic crisis, let us recall, first surfaced in the US sub-prime mortgage market in August 2007, soon spread to markets for other securities in both the US and elsewhere, and in the process caused, within a few months, a huge financial meltdown, a string of bankruptcies and a sharp economic slowdown in practically all industrialized countries (Mihir Rakshit, 2009) [1]. The fiscal stimulus packages mounted by governments across the world of the organization of Economic Cooperation and Development are of unprecedented size. But when forecasts made one week are routinely torn up the next, it looks as though optimism can only rest on complacency or ignorance (Paul Krugman, 2009) [2] .

This paper investigates the relationship between public sector financial management and economic growth in India during global crisis period. The main objectives of this paper are: To study the role of India's fiscal management policy in economic growth during global crisis period, to examine the impact of fiscal stimulus packages on India's fiscal management during global crisis period and to examine the effectiveness of fiscal management policy measures taken by Indian government to counter the effects of global crisis on Indian economy. It is found that the GDP growth in India shows continuously rising trends

The origin of urban credit movement in India can be traced to the close of Nineteenth century. The growth performance parameters of urban cooperative banks in Beed district shows on an average positive growth rates during the study period. It is observed from the study that the farmer and female customers of these banks are only 5 and 8.5 percent respectively. 63 percent customers utilize demand draft service; 18 percent customers utilize locker facility, 6 percent customers utilized overdraft facility and 74 percent customers utilized clearing and transfer facility. It is observed that 90 percent customers expected electricity bill facilities, 80 percent A.T.M. services and 7.5 percent passport services.

—Agriculture has been a way of life and continues to be the single most important livelihood of the masses. India is the second largest economy in Asia after China, as measured in terms of its GDP. The main object of the study is to examine the growth performance and trade patterns of Indian agriculture during 1990-91 to 2010-11. Agriculture including allied activities, accounted for 14.5 percent of GDP in 2010-11. On an average the percentage share of agricultural imports and exports to total national imports and exports was 4.76 percent and 14.79 percent respectively. The percentage share of principal agricultural products to total agricultural imports and exports was 88.19 percent and 66.09 percent respectively in 2010-11. The imports of agricultural products into the country mainly comprises of vegetable oil, pluses and wood and wood products, which accounts 77.71 percent of the total agricultural imports in terms of value in 2010-11.

In the globalization period exchange rate is the crucial factor affecting on economic growth of every country. This study is undertaken to examine the impact of exchange rate on economic growth of India during 1987 to 2014. According to standard deviation it is observed that the GDP growth is more consistent than exchange rate, interest rate and inflation rate during the study period in India. The coefficient of correlation 0.230 indicates that the correlation between exchange rate and GDP growth is positive but not significant. But the interest rate and inflation rate have inverse effect on economic growth of India during the study period. It is observed form the study that the exchange rate and interest rate has negative but not significant impact on economic growth of India (Showing β =-0.087 and t =-1.389 and β =-0.707, t =-2.327 respectively) during the study period. But it is found that the inflation rate has positive but not significant impact on economic growth of India with (β = 0.029, t = 0.2012). Correlation analysis shows positive but multiple regression analysis shows negative relationship between exchange rate and GDP growth in India during the study period.

Thailand is famous for its impressive historical sites, its rich and vibrant cultures, it's beautiful beaches, its scenic countryside, and its gentle, polite and genuinely friendly people. Tourism in Thailand has often been criticized for aiming at expanding in quantity rather than quality. Bangkok is the capital city of Thailand and was established in 1782, the year King Rama I ascended the throne. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of tourism development on Bangkok metropolitans. The result of the study shows that the tourism development in an environmental impact of 45.9 percent followed by 31.1 percent economy and 23.0 percent impacts that affect lifestyle change in Bangkok. The 40.6 percent respondents said that the problems and obstacles in the development of tourism are high population followed by 34.8 percent think the cooperation of the people and 24.6 percent think there is a problem of the budget. The results regarding tourist satisfaction showed that the overall satisfaction score was 4.066, rated at a high level. When considering each item, the average satisfaction was highest 4.335 in case of cultural activities (religions / ritual activities), followed by an average of 4.290 on in terms of a variety of goods and an average of 4.225 on concerning overall scenery. The rating of the overall picture was high in Bangkok Metropolitans of Thailand.

This study explores the economics of population ageing in India using the 2011 census data and projections up to 2026. The study has also undertaken a survey regarding ageing population of three villages situated in Aurangabad district. For the collection of data all 505 family households of these three villages were surveyed. In India, the number of people age 60 years and above was 8.3 per cent in 2011 and was expected to grow by 12.4 percent in 2026 and  20 per cent by the year 2050.  The population in this age group will increase by 215 percent from 100 million to 315 million by 2050. The median age of India was 25.5 years in 2011and expected to 31.4 years by 2026. It is expected that 12.4 percent of the India’s total population were above age 60 and older, 23.4 percent were below age of 15 years and 64.3 percent were in the working age of 15 to 60 years by 2026. There could be a positive effect of ageing population that the working age population increased by 9.2 percentage point from 1961 -2011 in India. It is better for Indian economy that the working age population of India is over 64 percent up to 2026. The index of ageing was 13.7 in 1961 which goes up 28.4 in 2011 and expected to 55 by 2026 indicating that the India will becoming elder country. It also observed that the fertility is decline and the life expectancy is increasing in India and this change leads to increase in elder population in the country. The ageing population suffers from a variety of economic, social, and cultural problems in India. So it is suggested that the government should provide suitable institutional and other economic support to address the socio-economic needs of the elderly. It is also necessary to provide such type of work to elderly people which can they do and helps to the economy to lower the burden of elder people on the economy.
Keywords: Ageing Population, Life Expectancy, Fertility,

Tourism is the second largest foreign exchange earner in India and Thailand. Tourism development has promotes national integration and generate foreign exchange and job opportunities and also promotes the traditional handicraft business. This study is undertaken mainly to study the tourism development in India and Thailand a comparative analysis. The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism is 3.1 percent of World GDP in 2016. The share of direct contribution of Travel and Tourism is 3.3 percent of total GDP of India in 2016. The share of direct contribution of Travel and Tourism to total GDP of Thailand is found to be 9.2 percent in 2016. In 2016 Travel and Tourism directly supported 2,313,500 jobs which contribute 6.1 percent of total employment of Thailand. While, in 2016 Travel and Tourism directly supported 25,394,500 jobs 5.8 percent of total employment of the India. The contribution of travel and tourism to GDP has been increased by compound annual growth rate of 7.42 percent in India and by 9.94 percent in Thailand during the study period. It found that the compound annual growth rates of direct and total contribution of travel and tourism industry to employment of Thailand (5.2 and 5.87 percent) were higher than India (1.75 and 1.79 percent). But, the variations in the growth rates are higher in Thailand than India. The growth rates of total and direct contribution of travel and tourism industry to employment in India were continuously positive during the study period.
Keywords: GDP Growth, Tourism Development, Tourism Industry, India, Thailand.