Economics of Tourism

For many years there has been wide recognition of the economic impact that major

sports events can generate in attracting visitors and event-related construction

investment. This article seeks to provide a brief overview of the key approaches that

have been used to assess the economic impact of major events over the past two

decades including multiplier analysis, input
–
output modelling, and computable

general equilibrium (CGE) modelling. The article also discusses some of the

advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. In order to provide a platform for

future research that draws upon existing research, the article then presents the

findings
of a meta analysis undertaken to examine the key patterns in economic

assessments of major events based on previous studies reported in the literature.

These reviews have been
classified
into three stages that are ordered chronologically

and it can be seen that the range of issues covered, the depth of analysis, and the

comprehensiveness of the evaluations increased across these three stages. This article

finally
summarises the key advances in approach that were made across these stages

and proposes a future research agenda.

The objective of this research is to compare movement of stock return literature on companies in the tourism sector and other businesses. This study also analyzed comprehensively the relationship between contexts built on the literature. The mix method approach is adopted by combining text mining methods, which are analyzed using network and content analysis methods. The scientific literature was collected using the web scraping method on Litmaps and selected 200 articles and only used 195 articles (between 2000-2021) related to the topic of stock returns and 23 (between 2013-2020) related to the tourism company sector. In the process of data analysis and visualization, this study uses AntConc, RStudio, and Gephi software. This review discovered that in terms of topic and context, stock return studies discuss issues related to the influence of fundamental factors on stock returns, and vice versa, while the approach used is mostly quantitative based on the financial performance reports. Regarding the frequency of appearance, this result revealed that the effects of fundamental factors on stock returns in tourism companies can be translated into a number of strategic issues, including Current Ratio, TATO, ROE, FATO, and Systematic Risk, which provide a significant and positive effect on Direct Share Prices. Furthermore, the Current Ratio, TATO, ROE, and FATO are thought to have a significant and positive effect on stock returns via Systematic Risk. The scope of this research is limited to the
national journal (Indonesia) on the Litmaps search engine. In theory, the results of this research can be used as a comparison and considerations related to previous studies, as well as what investigation requires to be done immediately, in the context of tourism companies' stock returns. The literature study on the tourism companies’ stock returns issue is perhaps the first systematic literature review in Indonesia.

The TSA-project was conducted within a EU-funded Technical Assistance action and sets the base for a future compilation of a Greek Tourism Satellite Account (TSA). The main output includes pilot TSA-Tables 1 to 4 for the year 2015 with available data, guidelines for TSA-Tables 5 and 6, documentation of gaps and deficiencies of relevant databases and proposals for improvements as well as indications for a routine-wise TSA implementation.

The activity was elaborated during October 2016 and September 2017, with beneficiary agent the Greek Ministry of Tourism. The output of the activity has been achieved in close cooperation with the National Statistical Authority, ELSTAT, and the Bank of Greece. The TSA: RMF 2008 of the UNWTO is used as the reference framework.

The TSA-project has demonstrated that TSA-Tables for Greece are feasible given that the necessary adaptations and improvements are made. The provider of TSA in Greece has to be ELSTAT (owner of most data including National Account data) The future of TSA in Greece will depend on the ability of ELSTAT to provide the necessary financial resources and develop the related competencies of staff.

The General Report on TSA FOR GREECE: POTENTIALS AND NEEDS as well as the pilot TSA-Tables 1 to 4 (inbound, domestic, outbound, internal tourism expenditure) for 2015 are attached below.

The full technical report with related appendices and annexes is available at http://www.mintour.gov.gr/Statistics/meletes/meletes-texnikhs-bolh8eias under the title ""Tourism Satellite Accounts: Potentials and Needs"" or upon request by the authors.

UPDATE: The TSA-project (as Action I.1.1 of the SRSS project) is explicitly referred to as a base for development in the Memorandum of Cooperation between the MoT and ELSTAT regarding the official compilation of the Greek TSA (Articles 2 and 4), signed on 27/9/2019 (see https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/306935/memorandum_tourism.pdf/1d5fd34a-19f2-ce23-57fb-06c3ad887b8b?t=1569588180601).


Project Team:
Dr. Peter Hackl,
Dr. Hatzimarinakis Stavros

The research aims to assess the extent of overtourism in Budapest. The analysis first introduces a system of criteria for a sustainable destination, highlighting the capacity network, institutional system, structural aspects, and architectural infrastructure load of a sustainable region. A survey of the relevant literature reveals the increasing scholarly attention paid to the phenomenon of overtourism, while singling out Budapest as one of the most affected urban areas. One potential explanation for Budapest’s situation is that it developed as a result of a decreasing ability of the central districts to absorb a growing visitor load,
along with a decline in the seasonal distribution of tourism. The current situation could also have emerged because the respective negative consequences were not counteracted by the inclusion of local residents. The residential segments and inhabitants were not allocated a share in the tourism-related income and, despite the steady growth in visitor numbers, they were not consulted either. The in-depth interviews
with the residents of Erzsébetváros confirm that the intensity of the irritation level indicated on the Irridex scale developed by Doxy (1975) can be divided into various stages with time. As part of the research, the authors surveyed 510 international visitors concerning tourism activities.
Furthermore, the study proposes solutions to the problems related to overtourism and presents a survey of relevant recommendations by international organizations. To address overtourism, the capital requires
quick decisions. Demand needs to be diversified; new sustainable tourism products need to be introduced. Visitors to Budapest should be extended in space and time, while the interest of domestic tourists in the city should be raised through strong marketing activities. Stricter regulations should be adopted for local entrepreneurs; more support should be given to contactless solutions (Jamal−Budke 2020). In the post-COVID-19 period, the overtourism is reduced and the search for close-to-nature experiences is replaced by creative tourism (Nagy et al. 2018).

Wnioski

Na podstawie zaprezentowanych w tym artykule rozważań można stwierdzić, że turystyka jest wielkim przedsięwzięciem ekonomicznym, na który składa się ogromna liczba różnorodnych firm i instytucji. Dla określenia prowadzonej przez nie działalności gospodarczej często używa się określenia przemysł turystyczny. Termin ten trzeba jednak traktować raczej jako określenie umowne, a nie konkretny dział gospodarki. Nie stanowi on bowiem autonomicznej dziedziny działalności gospodarczej i jako taki, nie jest uwzględniany w Międzynarodowej Standardowej Klasyfikacji Przemysłu (ISIC), podobnie zresztą jak produkty turystyczne - w odpowiadającej jej Centralnej Klasyfikacji Produktów (CPC). Klasyfikacje te obejmują bowiem jedynie niektóre produkty i branże związane z obsługą turystów, określane mianem sektorów związanych z turystyką (tourism-related industries). Na stosunkowo małą popularność terminu „przemysł turystyczny” w Polsce, największy wpływ mają opory, na jakie napotyka posługiwanie się pojęciem przemysłu, dla określenia takiej dziedziny działalności, która zajmuje się przede wszystkim świadczeniem usług . Jest to o tyle dziwne, że na przykład pojęcie przemysłu rozrywkowego, nie budzi już takich zastrzeżeń.
Zasadniczo istnieją jednak dwie najważniejsze przyczyny oporów, na jakie napotyka używanie terminu przemysł w odniesieniu do turystyki oraz analizowanie jej w podobny do przemysłu sposób. Pierwszą z nich jest trudność w określeniu zakresu działalności turystycznej, zaś drugą (choć ściśle z tą pierwszą związaną) jest specyficzny - w odniesieniu do produkcji przemysłowej - charakter produktu turystycznego (różnorodność i przewaga usług) oraz inna technologia jego tworzenia. Warto jednak zwrócić uwagę na fakt, że pojęcie przemysłu, coraz częściej jest rozszerzane poza jego tradycyjny zakres znaczeniowy. Na przykład w pracach niektórych ekonomistów (a także specjalistów innych dyscyplin naukowych) znaleźć można określenie „przemysły usługowe”. Posługuje się nim miedzy innymi V.T.C. Middleton, który zastanawiając się nad podobieństwami turystyki oraz przemysłu pisze, że „... istnieje wiele wyraźnych podobieństw między potrzebami operacyjnymi wielkich organizacji usługowych i producentów towarów wytwarzanych na masową skalę, [a – przyp. A.W] fakt ciągłej produkcji na dużą skalę wielu usług, stwarza podobieństwo z produktami przemysłowymi” . Wydaje się, że zmiany w rozumieniu pojęcia „przemysł”, można porównać do tych, jakie dotyczyły pojmowania technologii. Przez długi okres kojarzyła się ona głównie z procesami produkcyjnymi, przemysłem oraz maszynami. Obecnie jednak – oprócz tradycyjnie pojmowanych technologii fizycznych (tzw. technologii twardych), obejmujących maszyny i urządzenia, szeroko stosowane jest pojęcie tzw. technologii miękkich, które odnosi się do różnych systemów organizacji i zarządzania.
Być może właśnie dlatego, w ostatnim okresie pojęcie przemysłu turystycznego - rozumiane jako pewien agregat obejmujący wszystkie, lub przynajmniej większość dziedzin działalności gospodarczej związanych z obsługą ruchu turystycznego - pomimo pewnych oporów, zdaje się powoli wchodzić w zakres fachowej terminologii turystycznej. Wydaje się, że brak argumentów przemawiających za tym, aby rezygnować z tego określenia. Oczywiście pod warunkiem, że pamiętać będziemy o jego umownym – jak na razie - znaczeniu Przemawia za tym stały postęp w zakresie systemów klasyfikowania działalności turystycznej oraz statystyki turystyki, który pozwala coraz bardziej dokładnie szacować obroty towarzyszące tej gałęzi gospodarki, a także zmiany obserwowane na rynku turystycznym. Nowe tendencje uwidaczniające się w popycie i podaży, nakazują upatrywać w turystyce jednego z nowoczesnych „przemysłów XXI wieku” . Ważnym argumentem przemawiającym za używaniem tego terminu jest również fakt, że jest on często używany w Unii Europejskiej, do której zgłaszamy akces i miejmy nadzieję, że już wkrótce przystąpimy .
Nie ulega wątpliwości, że dyskusja na temat definicji i zakresu przemysłu turystycznego z pewnością trwać będzie jeszcze przez jakiś czas. Pragnąc się do niej włączyć, poddaję pod dyskusje propozycję, aby - z zastrzeżeniem umowności tego pojęcia - przemysłem turystycznym nazywać kompleks powiązanych ze sobą przedsiębiorstw oraz innych organizacji zaangażowanych w produkcję dóbr i usług, która nie miałaby racji bytu, gdyby nie popyt zgłaszany przez uczestników ruchu turystycznego lub też turyści nie mogliby bez niej zaspokoić swoich podstawowych potrzeb turystycznych. W definicji tej zwrócono uwagę na dwa aspekty zagadnienia. W pierwszej jej części podkreślono znaczenie sektorów obsługujących wyłącznie lub w zdecydowanej większości uczestników ruchu turystycznego (np. hotelarstwo, lotnictwo pasażerskie, touroperatorzy, agencje turystyczne). Dla tych sektorów działalności gospodarczej turystyka stanowi podstawowy przedmiot działalności. Natomiast w drugiej części definicji podkreślono znaczenie tych sektorów, które w dużej części – oprócz turystów - obsługują również rezydentów oraz podróżnych nie będących turystami (np. gastronomia, transport, kultura itp.).
Na koniec tych rozważań warto podkreślić, że turystyka rozumiana jako specyficzny rodzaj przemysłu - w przeciwieństwie do jego tradycyjnego znaczenia, gdzie człowiek najczęściej styka się głównie z maszyną - ma tę wspaniałą zaletę, że jego produkty znakomicie ułatwia kontakty między ludźmi oraz całymi narodami. Trzeba o tym pamiętać, gdyż korzyści z tego tytułu są znacznie większe niż korzyści materialne.

Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia economy of growth and trade, with share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 per cent (BPS RI, 2012), through foreign exchange earnings as revenue from tourist consumption. As an economic activity, tourism in Indonesia influenced by various factors economic and non-economic domestically and internationally that can influence the development of tourism (supply-demand side). The study purposed to analyze determinants of investment, demand and supply of Indonesian tourism sector. Based on the 2 SLS method on simultaneous model, the results of the analysis are: (1) tourism arrivals, tourism expenditure, investment, CPI, consumption, government spending, export and import tourism affected the national tourism demand, (2) investment, total consumption on previous year, and travel warning have positive impact to national tourism supply, (3) GDP, Indonesia tourism price, and competitor price as competitors of Indonesia tourism was the most influenced variable, (4) International tourism investment in Indonesia has significant impact to the development of tourism, and (5) tourism supply and demand in Indonesia are impacted by international tourism trade (goods/services).

Five species of reptiles present in tropical Australia are considered in this study. These are the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata); the northern long-necked turtle (Chelodina rugosa); the taipan snake (Oxyuranus scutellatus); the freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni); and the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus).  Background information is provided on the ecological status of each of these species and after outlining their human use (including commercial use) and management in Australia, an experimental survey method is introduced and results from its application are reported and analysed. The survey method involves two serial surveys of a sample of 204 Brisbane (Australia) residents. The first survey is based on the initial knowledge of the respondents of the reptile species and for the subsequent survey the knowledge available to participants about these species is experimentally increased.  These surveys provide information on the amount of knowledge possessed by this sample of the public about the relevant reptile species, the respondents’ attitudes to these species (including their attitudes to commercial use), respondents’ support for the survival of these reptiles and for their conservation. Furthermore, data is gathered from the surveys on the comparative amount respondents’ state they would be prepared to contribute to support the conservation of each of these focal reptile species. Respondents are asked to assume that they are given $1,000 and that this can only be allocated to the conservation of these reptiles. Later, however, they are also given the option to donate this money to any charity concerned with human welfare. The contingent valuation data for each of the reptile species are used to isolate factors that influence the comparative allocation of conservation funds to each of the relevant reptile species. Factors considered include the extent of the respondents’ knowledge of the species, the stated degree to which respondents’ reported that they liked or disliked the species, and ethical views of the respondents. Implications of the findings for the theory of economic valuation of wildlife species and for of the focal reptile species in Australia are discussed in concluding this chapter.

Turkey has very important potential for rural tourism according to agricultural and geographical regions. Rural tourism also covers human and environmental resources, and therefore focuses on people and the environment and community development. Rural extension is aimed to raise the living standard of the rural families in all rural areas and there is close relation between rural tourism and rural extension. Rural tourism presents very important opportunities as an alternative income source for the rural family and rural community development. Tourism is recognized as travel that people do out of their regular environment for periods of time less than 12 months, for pleasure, business or other aims. In the paper, it is discussed impacts and roles of rural extension on the development of rural tourism in rural areas, and relations among extension, agriculture, nature, tourism and rural economy and people etc. Especially there is big potential for domestic tourists in the middle period and also for international tourists in the long period. Generally roles and impacts of the extension for rural tourism development in Turkey were investigated.

Futbol, geçmişte yalnızca bir spor dalı olarak kabul edilmekteydi. 1990'lardan sonra, uluslararası organizasyonların hem futbol kulüplerine hem de ülkelere giderek daha büyük kazanç sağlama imkânı sunmasıyla birlikte futbol, büyük bir sektör haline gelmiştir. Futbol sektörünün gelişmesi diğer sektörlerle olan ilişkilerin gelişmesini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu sektörlerden biri de turizmdir. Birçok turist, futbol oynamak, futbol organizasyonlarını stadyumlarda seyretmek veya futbol ile alakalı turistik noktaları ziyaret etmek amacıyla seyahat etmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, futbol turizminin küresel ekonomik büyüklüğünü ve ülkeler açısından önemini ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda, konuyla ilgili makalelerden, tezlerden, kitaplardan, resmi ve özel kurumlar tarafından hazırlanmış olan raporlardan yararlanılmıştır.

In the past, football was regarded as only a sports branch. After the 1990s, international organizations gave both football clubs and countries the opportunity to gain more and more profits and football became a major sector. The development of the football sector brought about the development of relations with other sectors. One of these sectors is tourism Many tourists travel to play football, watch football organizations in stadiums or visit football-related touristic attraction points. Tourists traveling for sports tourism spend more than other tourists. Therefore, the government and the private sector invest in sports tourism. The aim of this study is to reveal the global economic size and importance of football tourism. In this context, articles, theses, books and reports prepared by public and private institutions were utilized.

The present study is a pioneer attempt to examine the impact of tourism on economic growth in Sikkim state. Tourism is one of the important services providing industry in Sikkim state. Its rapid growth contributed in the socio-economic development of the region. The increase of tourists’ influx resulted in the economic benefit to the regional economy by providing income and employment to the local community people. The growth of real GSDP percapita is used as a measure of economic growth. The statistical test shows that there is a positive correlation between Percapita GSDP and tourists’ influx. There is enormous increase in tourists’ inflows to Sikkim in last decade, which shows it growth in tourism. The Percapita GSDP is increasing significantly over a period of time along with the expansion of the tourism sector. It has increased from Rs. 17428 (1999-00) to Rs. 29506 (2008-09). Trade, tourism, hotels, transportation, and agriculture have been found as key drivers to GSDP. The estimated average annual growth of real GSDP percapita is 6.3 percent. This study shows that the tourists’ inflows have its positive impact on the regional economy. It shows the growth of tourism and its contribution to the economy.

This paper examines evolutionary patterns in tourism from an economic geography perspective. It proposes a new theoretical model where endogenous changes to the tourism circuit lead to a dualism in market and spatial structures: powerful conglomerates share the markets with a competitive fringe and core resorts share tourism spaces with peripheral destinations. The model illustrates graphically the interaction of market and spatial forces and studies implications for resort development. The short run analysis examines the relationship among origin regions, core, and peripheral resorts; smooth and abrupt long term patterns are subsequently explored. The paper also gives directions to operationalize the model and suggests themes for future research.L’évolution des lieux de vacances. Ce papier aborde des tendances évolutionnaires en tourisme de point de vue économique-géographique. Il propose un nouveau modèle théorique où les changements endogènes au circuit touristique mènent à un dualisme du marché et des structures spatiales: des conglomérats puissants partagent les marchés avec des petites sociétés compétitives et les lieux des vacances coeur partagent l’espace touristique avec des destinations périphériques. Le modèle illustre graphiquement l’interaction entre les puissances du marché et les puissances spatiales et étudie les implications en ce qui concerne le développement de lieu des vacances. L’étude à court terme traite la relation entre régions d’origine et lieux de vacances cœurs et périphériques; ensuite elle aborde des tendances à long terme douces et brutales. Le papier donne également des directions concernant la mise en place du modèle et propose des futurs thèmes de recherche.

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

The Loboc Eco-tourism Program has nine (9) major elements identified as underlying factors for its’ success. These elements were: 1. Development of the Natural Tourism Potentials, 2. Tourism Complex, 3. Tourism Office, 4. Human Resource Development, 5. Legislation, 6.Enlivening the Private Sector Involvement, 7. Tourist Support Infrastructure, 8. Barangay Involvement, and 9. Leadership and Governance.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of transportation in development of tourism industry in Sikkim state, India. Further, this study analyses the tourist inflowand the means of tourism transport in Sikkim state. This study is based on secondarydata. Data have been taken from the Tourism Department and Transport department,Government of Sikkim. Simple percentage and multi-average growth rate have beenused to have a comparative study of tourists’ inflows and increasing taxis in Sikkim.Further, Pearson correlation has been used to test the hypothesis. It is found that thetaxis are used as a means of tourism transport in Sikkim. The number of registered tourists’ transport is increasing every year in Sikkim along with the inflows of touristsin the state but not in same rate. It was observed that an average annual growth percentage rate of tourists’ inflow is 12.76 percent and for taxis is 4.67 percent. The paper is limited to the study of road-transport and tourism in Sikkim. Since, taxis arethe main mode of tourist transport, only the total number of taxis and its averageannual growth rate is compared with the average growth rate of tourists in Sikkim.The percenatge rate of increase in taxis should increase equally to percentageincrease in tourists inflows to meet the demand of tourism transport in the future. Tomeet the increasing demand of tourism transport, Government and stakeholdersshould give more focus on the improvement of tourism transport in state.
Keywords: Transportation, tourism transport, road transport, taxis, Sikkim

Tourism destination of Bali more dominant have cultural tourism pattern, namely exploit
excellence of Bali cultural as tourist visit fascination. However need is also remembered and known
that Bali also have uniqueness of agriculture commodity and area which need packaged become
products, object and tourist fascination, recognized with term of Agricultural Tourism (Agrowisata)
that is area, agricultural activity or commodity in wide of meaning, which become tourism visit object in
effort obtain of material and spiritual enjoyment and also during at the same time possibility also tourist
do purchasing of agriculture products who visited or farmer provide various attraction package related
to agriculture, which is on finally can improve earnings of farmer, either through group and also
individual.
Objective of study those are: (1) To recognize the agricultural tourism profile in Munduk Temu
village; (2) To formulate the development strategy of agricultural tourism in Munduk Temu village and
(3) To formulate the development programs of agricultural tourism in Munduk Temu village. Approach
of typology used to recognize profile of agricultural tourism in Munduk Temu village, needing some
criterion namely: tourism attraction, traveled distance, size of village, system and social believe ness,
and the availability of infrastructure. Method of data analyze is used in this study those are: (1) Method
of descriptive qualitative, (2) Situation analysis of Internal-External, and (3) Analysis of SWOT Matrix.
Result of study indicate that profile of agricultural tourism in Munduk Temu village namely the
attraction is agricultural tourism of people plantation and ecotourism those are, tourist go down in
Banjar Munduk Temu, take a walk in the farmer garden which has preparation: (i) watch the coffee
and cocoa garden and also the steps of Robusta coffee and cocoa cultivation, (ii) coffee harvest
selectively (red pluck), (iii ) watch salak crop, plucking, tasting salak fruit in the farmer garden, (iv)
watch everyday life of Banjar Munduk Temu society, (v) artistry attraction and religion or tradition
ceremony by incidental, (vi) have a meal typical food and beverage of Munduk Temu. Continue the
tourist go down in Banjar Anggasari, take a walk in the farmer garden which has been drawn up: (i)
watch the various of fruits crop, plucking and tasting if coincide of season: duku, durian, mangosteen,
(ii) tracking to the waterfall, enter into the protected forest dwelt by monkeys which start tame and then
bath in the hot spring. Continue to Banjar Kebon Jero, arrive in this banjar, the tourist go down, take
a walk in the farmers garden which have has drawn up: (i) watch steps of Robusta coffee and cocoa
cultivation, (ii) coffee harvest selectively (red pluck), (iii) watch and have a meal sand sugar salak, (iv)
watch the processing of wet method coffee, (v) watch processing of wet coffee husk waste for organic
manure or compost, (vi) watch processing coffee horn husk become powdered coffee, (vii) drink
original coffee infusion of Banjar Kebon Jero, Munduk Temu village, (vii) to climb of Batu Gaing mount
peak located the Batu Gaing temple to watch the fantastic and beautiful panorama.
Based on internal-external environmental and SWOT analysis, so can be formulated of
strategy development of agricultural tourism in Munduk Temu village as follow: (1) Development
strategy of agricultural tourism of people plantation and ecotourism, (2) Development strategy facilities
and basic infrastructure supporter of agricultural tourism’, (3) Increasing strategy of security and
secure image and balmy to tourist during residing in Bali and pay a visit to agricultural tourism of
people plantation of Munduk Temu village, (4) Development strategy of tourism institute and human
resources.
Based on strategies has formulated, so can be formulated the development programs of
plantation agricultural tourism in Munduk Temu village according of priority, as follow: Short-term
programs are: (1) to design the route and packaging of plantation agricultural tourism (coffee and
cocoa), fruits (salak, mangosteen, duku, langsat and durian) and ecotourism (waterfall, hot spring, the
tame monkeys in the protected forest), (2) asphalting of break road as long as 2,8 km in the north tip
and 2,6 km in the south tip village come out to Blatungan village, (3) To set the ecotourism potential of
waterfall, hot spring and forest protected dwelt by the tame monkeys in Banjar Anggasari included
making the step ways, (4) Making and setting the step ways to the farmers garden, (5) To build the
monitoring tower in strategies location in each banjar, (6) To keep the environment cleaning, etc.
Long-term programs are: (1) Promotion to the travel bureau in Bali so that enter as agricultural tourism
package or part of the tourism package, (2) Promotion by Tabanan regency tourism agency or Bali
tourism agency through theirs website, (3) Increasing the quality of part road of Seleksek- Munduk
Temu village from the usual asphalt to become hotmix road asphalt come out to Blatungan village, (4)
To prepare and becoming some of the people’s house which representative in strategy location as
spend the night, (5) extending the channel of cable telephones by PT Telecom, (6) To build the
cafeteria of food and beverage, (7) To build the cafeteria of carried in the hand goods, like carried in
the hand of fruits (salak, duku, langsat, mangosteen, powdered coffee of Munduk Temu village
special), etc.
To create the Munduk Temu village, Pupuan District, Tabanan Regency to become people plantation
agricultural tourism area, still pass the long ways, However, all of the stakeholder together with effort to rapid
realize the programs that has formulated in this research, based on ranking priority to become action program or
project, so that will rapid the Munduk Temu village to become plantation agricultural tourism.

Since 1990s environmental protection and awareness became major issues. Consumers are more and more aware of environmental issues and conscious of existing pollution caused by mass tourism. Consequently a new segment of demand desiring sustainable tourism products have appeared, enhancing ser-vice providers to offer this type of products. This paper analyzes the evolution of service provider’s offer adapting to demand preferences modification. Using a theoretical framework, it explains how environmental quality standards can become general norms in tourism industry. By analyzing a case of monopoly and duopoly, it considers different possible frameworks and strategic choices that may be implemented by the incumbent. Though, it explains the role of industry in the emergence of the new environmental norms.

Daerah Tujuan Wisata Bali lebih dominant bercorak pariwisata budaya adat-istiadat dan agama Hindu. Namun patut
pula diingat dan diketahui bahwa Bali juga memiliki keunikan wilayah dan komoditi pertanian yang perlu dikemas dijadikan
produk, obyek dan daya tarik wisata, yang dikenal dengan istilah agrowisata (Agricultural Tourism), yaitu kawasan, komoditi
atau kegiatan pertanian dalam arti luas, yang menjadi objek kunjungan wisatawan dalam usaha memperoleh kenikmatan lahir
dan atau batin, serta dalam waktu bersamaan kemungkinan juga wisatawan melakukan pembelian produk-produk kawasan
pertanian yang dikunjungi atau petani menyediakan berbagai paket atraksi yang berkaitan dengan pertanian, yang pada
akhirnya dapat meningkatkan pendapatan petani, baik secara individu maupun kelompok.
Tujuan pengkajian yaitu: (1) Mengenali potensi Agrowisata Desa candikuning, (2) Merumuskan strategi pengembangan
Agrowisata di Desa Candikuning, dan (3) Merumuskan program-program pengembangan Agrowisata Desa Candikuning,
Kecamatan Baturiti, Kabupaten Tabanan. Pengkajian ini menggunakan pendekatan tipologi dengan beberapa kriteria antara
lain: atraksi wisata, jarak tempuh, besaran desa, sistem kepercayaan dan kemasyarakatan, serta ketersediaan infrastruktur.
Analisis data menggunakan: (1) Metode deskriptif Kualitatif, dan (2) Analisis Matriks SWOT.
Berdasarkan lima kriteria pendekatan tipologi, maka potensi agrowisata Desa Candikuning, Kecamatan Baturiti,
Kabupaten Tabanan sebagai berikut:
1. Atraksi wisata. Atraksi wisata (Objek dan Daya Tarik Wisata, ODTW) ada beberapa jenis yaitu: agrowisata (agricultural
tourism) antara lain: budidaya sayuran dan strawberry, pasar sayur dan bunga Candikuning, kebun bunga krisan, lomba
mancing di kolam pancing Dajan Danu dan memancing di danau Beratan; Ekowisata (natural tourism) antara lain: Pura
Ulun Danu, naik boat keliling danau Beratan (boating), Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali, wisata lintas alam jalan kaki
(tracking) dan bersepeda (Cycling) dan wisata berkuda; Wisata Budaya (cultural tourism) antara lain: kesenian sakral
(baris gede) dan kesenian profan (gong kebyar, angklung/klentingan), dan atraksi keagamaan di Pura.
2. Jarak Tempuh dan Aksesibilitas. Jarak tempuh Agrowisata Desa Candikuning dari tempat menginap wisatawan yaitu
Denpasar – Desa Candikuning sekitar 52 km, Tabanan – Desa Candikuning sekitar 39 km, Kota Kecamatan Baturiti –
Desa Candikuning sekitar 10 km, dan Kota Singaraja – Desa Candikuning sekitar 28 km. Jadi aksesibilitas ke Desa
Candikuning, baik dari Ibu Kota Provinsi (Denpasar), Kota Tabanan, Kota Singaraja (Buleleng) dan Kota Kecamatan
Baturiti relatif mudah dan terjangkau.
3. Besaran Desa. Desa Candikuning memiliki luas 2666,32 ha atau jika dirinci yaitu: tanah tegalan seluas 425,75 ha, tanah
perkebunan negara seluas 4,90 ha, tanah perkebunan rakyat seluas 18,50 ha, pekarangan seluas 72,25 ha, tanah
permukiman/perumahan seluas 92,25 ha, jalan seluas 4,52 ha, dan lain-lain seluas 2.89 ha. Desa Candikuning merupakan
sebuah Desa Dinas yang dikepalai oleh seorang Kepala Desa (Kades) dan membawahi lima Desa Adat yaitu Candikuning
I, Kembang Merta, Bukit Catu, Batu Sesa dan Pemuteran dan enam Banjar Dinas masing-masing Candikuning I,
Candikuning II, Kembang Merta, Bukit Catu, Batu Sesa, dan Pemuteran. Jumlah penduduk Desa Candikuning sebanyak
4.455 jiwa atau 1.366 KK, yang terdiri d ari 2.232 laki-laki dan 2.223 perempuan (pada tahun 2004).
4. Sistem Kepercayaan dan Kemasyarakatan Desa. Sistem kepercayaan dan kemasyarakatan Desa Candikuning adalah
percaya adanya Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan di lima banjar/desa adat penduduk menganut agama Hindu dan satu
banjar/desa adat (Candikuning II) penduduk menganut agama Islam. Namun tradisi adat peninggalan nenek moyang
masih tampak kental berbaur dengan upacara keagamaan. Karenanya, seperti halnya dalam masyarakat Bali pada
umumnya, kadang sulit membedakan antara upacara adat dan agama. Dalam pandangan masyarakat Bali termasuk
masyarakat Desa Candikuning, konsep kemasyarakatan desa mengandung dua pengertian, yaitu Desa Adat atau
Pakraman dan Desa Dinas.
5. Ketersediaan Infrastruktur. Ketersediaan infrastruktur Desa Candikuning yang meliputi infrastruktur jalan desa,
pelayanan transportasi, fasilitas listrik, air bersih dan radio relatif memadai. Bahkan Infrastuktur jalan desa utama yang
menghubungkan desa dengan kota kecamatan, kota Singaraja dan Senganan beraspal hotmix. Jaringan telepon kabel,
jaringan telepon sellular terakses secara baik. Di Desa Candikuning telah ada beberapa hotel lengkap dengan
restorannya, yaitu Bukit Permai, ASHRAM, Bukit Catu, Lila Graha, Mawar Indah, dan Enjung Beji. Di samping itu, di Desa
Pancasari yang bertengga dekat dengan Desa Candikuning juga terdapat beberapa villa seperti vila Pancasari, Bali
Handara, dll.
Berdasarkan analisis lingkungan internal-eksternal dan analisis SWOT, maka dapat direkomendasikan strategi
pengembangan Agrowisata Desa Candikuning sebagai berikut: (1) Pengembangan ODTW agrowisata berbasiskan sayur
mayur, strawberry, bunga krisan, dan Memancing, (2) Pengembangan ekowisata, (3) Promosi agrowisata Candikuning, (4)
Pengembangan teknologi tepat guna pasca panen sayuran dan pengolahan wortel dan strawberry, (5) Peningkatan keamanan
dan pencitraan rasa aman dan nyaman bagi wisatawan, (6) Pengembangan kelembagaan dan SDM pariwisata, (7) Perbaikan
infrastruktur.
Berdasarkan strategi-strategi yang dirumuskan, maka dapat direkomendasikan program-program pengembangan
Agrowisata Desa Candikuning berdasarkan urutan prioritas, sebagai berikut: Program Jangka Pendek: (1) Memberdayakan
kelompok petani sayur mayur dan strawberry, (2) Diversifikasi pembudidayaan sayur mayur dan strawberry, serta bunga
bungaan sesuai kebutuhan pasar, (3) Penebaran benih ikan di Danau Beratan, (4) Peningkatan frekuensi lomba mancing di
danau Beratan dan kolam mincing Dajan Danu, (5) Mengembangkan atraksi wisata lintas alam jalan kaki (tracking), (6)
Mengembangkan atraksi wisata lintas alam bersepeda (ecocycling), (7) Memperkenalkan konsep agrowisata dan sistem pola
tanam sayuran dan strawberry, (8) Promosi kepada biro-biro perjalanan di Bali, (9) Promosi lewat pemandu wisata freelance,
(10) Membentuk organisasi kemitraan antara investor dengan kelompok tani yang menangani pengolahan wortel dan
strawberry, (11) Pelatihan ketrampilan pembuatan juice wortel dan strawberry, (12) Operasionalisasi pengolahan wortel dan
strawberry, (13) Pemasaran melalui hasil olahan wortel dan strawberry melalui warung, minimarket atau supermarket, (14)
Meningkatkan kewaspadaan desa adat, (15) Meningkatkan SISKAMLING, (16) Menjaga kebersihan dan kelestarian lingkungan,
(17) Kursus singkat bagi anak-anak muda dan aparat Desa candikuning tentang aspek kepariwisataan (Bahasa asing,
tatakrama memandu wisatawan, aspek kebudayaan, dan lain-lain).
Program Jangka Panjang, antara lain: (1) Mengemas atraksi budidaya sayur mayur, strawberry, lomba mancing di
kolam, dan di Danau serta tanaman hias (bunga krisan) menjadi ODTW agrowisata, (2) Membangun agrowista buatan dengan
sistem zonasi yang terintegrasi, (3) Mengkombinasikan agrowisata Candikuning dengan ODTW lain yang serah menjadi satu
paket wisata, (4) Mengembangkan atraksi wisata berkuda, (5) Penataan kawasan agrowisata dengan melibatkan pihak-pihak
terkait (masyarakat, Pemerintah dan Industri), (6) Promosi oleh Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Tabanan dan atau Provinsi Bali
lewat Website yang dimiliki, (7) Pemasaran hasil olahan juice wortel dan strawberry lewat beberapa restoran dan hotel melati
atau hotel bintang, (8) Mengundang jurnalis asing datang ke Bali dan Desa Candikuning, (9) Pendidikan mental dan spiritual
positip bagi masyarakat dan pelaku pariwisata, (10) Meningkatkan peran Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Tabanan sebagai
lembaga pembina pariwisata daerah, (11) Kursus pemandu agrowisata, (12) Penataan pasar sayur, bunga, buah dan
cinderamata di Pura Ulun Danu Candikuning.

In this paper we examined the factors of residents' support for sustainable tourism development in Mardin city-Turkey, in the context of gender as social structure. We found that people are sensitive about positive and negative effects of tourism, in association with society attachment and involvement, with bigger role for the later. And the perceptions of positive effects reduce their evaluation of the negative effects. Also we found that women are less active in transforming their attitude toward the effects of tourism to behavior toward sustainable tourism. But they are ready, more than men, to support sustainable tourism and ignore its negative effects, in spite of their higher sensitivity for the negative effects. So we recommend raising the role of local community and giving women more chances in the different levels of tourism activities.

This essay classifies different types of wildlife tourism on the basis of whether they rely on captive or non-captive wildlife and whether they involve consumptive or non-consumptive use of wildlife. It is argued that depending upon how they are managed, all these forms of wildlife tourism can be supportive of the conservation of wildlife. Different mechanisms for sharing the benefits of wildlife tourism are considered and it is argued that from several different perspectives, there can be too much or too little sharing of the economic benefits from wildlife tourism. Diverse stakeholders with an interest in wildlife tourism are identified and different ways (direct and indirect) in which they can benefit from wildlife tourism are specified. The distribution of these benefits plays an important role in facilitating access to wildlife resources for tourism purposes and in ensuring their conservation. However, it cannot be assumed that wildlife tourism operators have a large amount of profit or economic surplus to share. Factors that influence their level of profit are identified and discussed. Ways are considered in which the benefits from wildlife tourism might be increased in Australia. These include easier and more widespread access of tour operators to Australia’s wildlife resources held in the public domain and by some NGOs.

Community-based tourism (CBT) offers both opportunities and challenges in the quest
for holistic community development. The evolution and development of CBT projects
can follow different trajectories. This conceptual paper’s main contribution is the
formulation of a comprehensive model of the development of CBT. The model
suggests that CBT projects can be initiated from within and outside the community by
the private, public and non-governmental sectors or a combination of these using a topdown
or bottom-up approach. It also posits that CBT projects can take a formal or
informal character depending on the conditions leading to their initiation. The paper
highlights the benefits and constraints to the scaling up or down of operations linked to
informality. It supports further research in analyzing the various aspects associated
with the shift from formality to the informality of CBT projects and vice versa

The article was written by Vaughn Worthen and Brian W. McNeill.  The article was titled “A Phenomenological Investigation of “Good” Supervision.  The goal of the study was to explore “good” supervision events by interviewing eight (8) intermediate to advanced level trainees using a qualitative phenomenological research methodology.

To cite this article: Oliver Mtapuri & Andrea Giampiccoli (2013) Interrogating the role of the state and nonstate actors in community-based tourism ventures: toward a model for spreading the benefits to the wider community, South African Geographical Journal, 95:1, 1-15,

This study uses quarterly time series for the period from 1995 to 2015 to assess the temporal causal link between tourism and economic growth based on the hypothesis according to which tourism development precedes economic growth. It adopts a disaggregated approach to study the effects of both domestic tourists and foreign tourists on economic growth. Seasonally adjusted tourist arrivals are used to represent tourism activity. This study employs time series cointegration methods that are capable of accommodating structural breaks. The results show that the Portuguese case supports the tourism-led growth hypothesis. There is evidence of a long run cointegration relationship between the real gross domestic product and arrivals at tourist's accommodation establishments of both domestic tourists and foreign tourists. Long run unidirectional Granger causality exists running from domestic tourists to real gross domestic product, but not vice versa. The findings indicate that domestic tourism promotes economic growth. The main policy implication is that policy makers should contribute to tourism development and encourage tourism opportunities in domestic markets by targeting not only foreign tourists, but also domestic tourists to ensure the long-term success and strategic planning of the tourism sector in Portugal. Resumo Este estudo utiliza séries temporais e dados trimestrais para o período de 1995 a 2015 para avaliar a relação de causalidade de Granger entre o turismo e o crescimento económico. O estudo testa a Tourism Led Growth Hypothesis. A variável do turismo no modelo econométrico é desagregada em chegadas dos turistas nacionais e chegadas dos turistas estrangeiros. O estudo faz uma análise da cointegração e causalidade e os testes de raíz unitária têm em conta a possibilidade de existência de quebras estruturais nas séries temporais. A hipótese em questão é válida no caso Português. Existe uma relação de cointegração a longo prazo entre o produto interno bruto e as chegadas dos turistas nacionais e dos turistas estrangeiros em estabelecimentos de alojamento. Existe também uma relação de causalidade a longo prazo entre os turistas nacionais e o produto interno bruto. A mensagem principal deste estudo é salientar o papel dos turistas nacionais na promoção do sector do turismo e do crescimento económico em Portugal. Palavras-chave: Tourism Led Growth Hypothesis, turistas, análise da cointegração e causalidade, quebras estruturais, Portugal.

Александрова А. Ю., Сорокин Д. П.
Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова 119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, Российская Федерация Аннотация.
Цель исследования-охарактеризовать развитие туристского опорного каркаса Рязанской области на протяжении последних 50 лет. Исследование опирается на системно-структурный анализ, пространственно-временной и пространственно-функциональный подходы. Дано авторское определение туристского опорного каркаса территории, рассмотрены способы классификации пространственных структур туризма, описывается полицентрическая иерархическая пространственная структура туризма Рязанской области. Исследование выявило ряд факторов, влияющих на туристский опорный каркас региона. Дан прогноз его развития. Анализ зарождения и текущего состояния, а также перспектив развития туристского опорного каркаса Рязанской области позволяют сделать вывод о его устойчивости. Результаты могут быть использованы для дальнейшего совершенствования региональной политики в области туризма. Ключевые слова: территориальный каркас, туристский опорный каркас, территориальная структура туризма, туристский маршрут, туристский поток, транспортный коридор, Рязанская область.
Abstract. The purpose of the research is to describe the tourism framework development of the Ryazan region during the last 50 years. The study is based on the system structural analysis, spatiotemporal and spatiofunctional approaches. The definition of the tourism support framework is presented, the ways of classifying tourism space structures are considered and the polycentric hierarchical structure of tourism space of the Ryazan region is described. The study revealed several factors that influence the tourism support framework in the region. The forecast of its development is presented. An analysis of the origin and current state, as well as the prospects for further development of the tourism support framework of the Ryazan region, allows us to conclude about its stability. The results can be used for further improvement of regional tourism policy.

Tourism is the second largest foreign exchange earner in India and Thailand. Tourism development has promotes national integration and generate foreign exchange and job opportunities and also promotes the traditional handicraft business. This study is undertaken mainly to study the tourism development in India and Thailand a comparative analysis. The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism is 3.1 percent of World GDP in 2016. The share of direct contribution of Travel and Tourism is 3.3 percent of total GDP of India in 2016. The share of direct contribution of Travel and Tourism to total GDP of Thailand is found to be 9.2 percent in 2016. In 2016 Travel and Tourism directly supported 2,313,500 jobs which contribute 6.1 percent of total employment of Thailand. While, in 2016 Travel and Tourism directly supported 25,394,500 jobs 5.8 percent of total employment of the India. The contribution of travel and tourism to GDP has been increased by compound annual growth rate of 7.42 percent in India and by 9.94 percent in Thailand during the study period. It found that the compound annual growth rates of direct and total contribution of travel and tourism industry to employment of Thailand (5.2 and 5.87 percent) were higher than India (1.75 and 1.79 percent). But, the variations in the growth rates are higher in Thailand than India. The growth rates of total and direct contribution of travel and tourism industry to employment in India were continuously positive during the study period.
Keywords: GDP Growth, Tourism Development, Tourism Industry, India, Thailand.

Gay tourism is seen as an attractive business opportunity for many destinations. However, there is a lack of research at identifying the resources necessary for success in this type of tourism. This work is aimed at filling this gap by using the premises of the resource based view and transfers them to the analysis of territories to identify the valuable resources that are required for a sun and beach destination to attract gay tourists. To this end, this study has focused on a gay tourism sub niche, tourists lodged in gay-exclusive resorts in Gran Canaria. In order to confirm the validity of this approach, the relationship between the satisfaction of gay tourists and the condition of the valuable resources was studied by means of a robust statistical new method, namely Bayesian model averaging. That method permits the inclusion of uncertainty in the theoretical models that determine destination competitiveness, thus reducing many of the problems that arise in the application of the more conventional statistical methods in this type of analysis.► First study focused on sun and beach gay tourism. ► Gay tourist expenditure is higher than average expenditure to tourists as a whole. ► RBV provides a useful alternative approach to destination competitiveness. ► Most valuable resources: weather, gay scene, nightlife, gay friendliness and beaches. ► BMA method yields more accurate and less biased results than conventional techniques.

Airfare elasticities are crucial for policy instruments for the stakeholders of tourism industry. Modellers attempting to estimate these elasticities face several challenges in the absence of microeconomic data on consumer preferences. The aim of this paper is to offer a critical analysis of the practice of computing airfare elasticities from tourism demand studies. It identifies and discusses potential sources of measurement errors in the data and drawbacks that investigators face and assesses their implications for the estimated parameters in the respective models. The use of price of crude oil and distance between origin and destination as proxies for transportation costs are evaluated. It is recommended that authors be more systematic in reporting their results. They need to comment on the limitations of their elasticity estimates since these have repercussions on policy recommendations made based on their results.

In consideration of the recent trend reversal in the number of foreigners' and residents' arrivals and nights spent in the Italian tourism system, this work is proposing to evaluate to what extent the endowment of infrastructures for telephonic and telematic and the digital endowment among the enterprises are able to boost the domestic tourism demand in Italy. The results of the proposed spatial models confirm the general assumption regarding the centrality of the digitalization processes, both from the public interventions perspective and from the entrepreneurial initiatives perspective. In this way, the need to harmonize public and private policies becomes pivotal in order to revitalize and stimulate the internal tourism demand in Italy. The policy implications can be read as an instrument for rebalancing a troubling trend involving the tourism demand in Italy of the last 30 years.

Purpose of the Study: Tourism stakeholders and academics have begun to question the benefits of developing tourism in rural areas. This study aims to identify tourists, tourism entrepreneurs, and employees' characteristics and measure the multiplier effect for local communities in Nglanggeran tourist village, Yogyakarta. Specifically, this study measures income generation (direct, indirect, and induced), employment generation, and the multiplier effect of both. Methodology: This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach. Primary data collection was carried out by the non-participant observation method (for four months). While the technique of determining the sample size (100 tourists, 51 entrepreneurs, and 62 employee respondents) used is non-probability sampling, referring to the Slovin formula with a margin of error of 10%. Main Findings: This study found that local entrepreneurs can be categorized as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Data analysis results sho...

Tourism sector is not only a growth engine but also an employment generator of the nation. Nevertheless, it is the number of tourist arrival which defines the present status and future prospects of tourism. Further, various measures have been used to rank the top tourism economy in the world especially on the basis of tourist arrival, tourism receipt, tourism expenditure etc. The present study is an attempt to overview and rank the comparative status of tourism among the Indian states, with the help of Density of Tourist Population (DTP). The study concludes that DTP can be used as an easy and simple alternative method to rank the states. According to DTP ranking, Delhi, Chandigarh, Daman and Diu, Pondicherry and Tamil Nadu has been ranked as the top five states and Union Territories (U.Ts), and Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Meghalaya are the lowest five states. The present study advocates for sustainable tourism policy in top ranked states/U.Ts and Tourism destination development policy in lowest ranked states/U.Ts. It has also been observed that the North-eastern states of India need more comprehensive planning in this regard. In this context, the present study does not advocate to stop the inflow of tourists in the area of high DTP area. Rather, it alerts the planner and gives a light to plan properly and take immediate sustainable planning and research for the top ranked states/U.Ts and Tourism Destination Development planning for the lowest ranked states/U.Ts.

The internet has become one of the most effective means for travellers to seek information on destinations. This paper uses support vector regressions (SVRs) and Google search data to test whether observing internet habits can provide insights on trends in tourist arrivals to Barbados.  We find evidence that Google Trends data may be used to (informally) pick up on changing patterns and trends in tourist arrivals from the UK and Canada. But while graphical analysis show some similar patterns in the Google data and reported data on US arrivals, we find no evidence to suggest that Google data provides adds any significant information to what can be “learned” from an autoregressive-SVR.

Food is a human basic need to be fulfilled in order to survive. Increased
food production should be sustainable in order to compensate the increase in
consumption due to the increase in population, so that the people and the
country are in a condition of strong food security. In Indonesia, increasing
food security has been one of the major national programs since the last
decade. This is also related to Indonesia’s commitment as one of the signatories
of the MDGs agreement which asserts that by 2015 each country is expected
to reduce poverty and hunger by half of the conditions in 1990.Regional food
security is a pillar of national food security, which must be achieved by the
region with potential of food production. Bali is one of the few food regions in
Indonesia whose food security is experiencing dynamics along with the
limitations and depletion of agricultural land, population growth, and increased
food consumption per capita, so that the level of Bali’s food security today
needs to be investigated. The objectives of the research identified namely: (1)
Food availability in Bali Province, (2) the level of regional food security in Bali
Province, (3) featured food commodities in Bali Province, and (4) localization
and specialization of food commodities supporting Bali’s regional food security.
Data analysis methods are descriptive statistics, location quotient (LQ),
localization coefficient (á), and specialization coefficient (â). Data collection
using documentation method. The results showed that (1) Food availability in
Bali Province namely the availability of carbohydrate source of 202 kg/cap/
yr, protein of 112 kg/cap/yr (vegetable of 3 kg/cap/yr, animal of 108 kg/cap/
yr), vitamins and minerals of 117 kg/cap/yr (fruits) and 66 kg/cap/yr
(vegetables) for 2017, which means it is all beyond the standard FAO food requirements. (2) Bali’s regional food security from the perspective of energy
availability is guaranteed to be assured, proved by higher energy availability
compared to the adequacy for energy, or food security coefficient (FS) positive
and greater than one. (3) Featured food commodities in Bali Province is rice
potential are developed in Jembrana, Tabanan, Badung, Denpasar, Gianyar
and Buleleng districts. Corn, cassava, and peanut potential are developed in
Klungkung, Bangli and Karangasem districts. Soybean in Jembrana, Tabanan,
Badung, Gianyar, Klungkung, Denpasar. Peanuts in Bangli, Karangasem and
Buleleng districts, Green bean in Gianyar, Karangasem and Buleleng districts.
Beef food sources potential are developed in all districts in Bali, a source of
protein chicken meat in Bangli, Karangasem and Tabanan districts. Food
sources of fruits in Jembrana, Bangli, Karangasem and Buleleng districts.
Vegetables potential are developed in Tabanan, Klungkung and Denpasar
districts to support Bali’s regional food security. (3) Production of food
commodities sources of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals
supporting Balinese regional food security are not localized in one district/city,
and none of the districts specialize in one type of food commodity. Based on
the research results can be recommended that the local government (provincial,
district) should continue to increase the variety of food production to
compensate the consumption increase due to population growth, and district
governments should develop their respective featured food commodities.

Modern revenue managers understand, anticipate, and react to market demand to maximise their businesses’ revenues. They often do so by analysing, forecasting, and optimising their fixed, perishable inventory, and time-variable supply, through dynamic prices. Hence, the objective of pricing and revenue management is to stimulate demand from different customers to earn the maximum revenue from them. The essence of this discipline is to understand the customers' perceptions of value and to accurately align the right products to each customer segment. Therefore, this chapter suggests that revenue management systems combine data mining and operational research with strategy. Essentially, this involves maximising revenue from a combination of high-yield and price-sensitive customers; as these systems are intended to reduce seat spoilage and to increase load factors; thereby filling excess capacity. Moreover, these systems also manage overbookings, and are intended to minimise denied boarding.