- Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ibrahim M . Alarifi
University of Majmaah, Mechanical Engineering, Department Member
- Mechanical Engineering, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology, Material Sciences, Nanobiotechnology,Nanomedicine and Applications, Composite Materials, Nanofillers Properties, carbon fiber reinforcement polymer (CFRP), and 7 moreComposites, Education, Engineering studies, Higher Education, Educational Technology, Learning Sciences, and Active Learningedit
- Nanotechnology, Nanofiltrations, Biomaterials, Carbon Fibers, Compsites and Polymers and Materials Science.edit
Dried leaves are the outstanding origin of cellulosic plant matter, and it is securing reputation as a renewable resource. Dried leaves fiber is suggested to possess the capability to substitute synthetic fibers in polymer laminates as a... more
Dried leaves are the outstanding origin of cellulosic plant matter, and it is securing reputation as a renewable resource. Dried leaves fiber is suggested to possess the capability to substitute synthetic fibers in polymer laminates as a reinforcing component. The novelty of the present study reveals the effect of dried leaves fiber, cobalt, nickel, and ferrous reinforcement on the physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of epoxy, vinyl-ester, and polyester polymers using artificial neural network (ANN) technique. These composites Highlights • Dried leaves and cobalt/nickel/ferrous are applied reinforcement to polymers. • Composites fabricated using ultrasonication bath-assisted wet layup technique. • LM Algorithm-based ANN selected for predicting the best composite. • Higher mechanical and thermal stability with dried leaves-cobalt filler. • One-way ANOVA proved statistically significant within the material properties.
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The physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of loofa fiber-alumina (Al 2 O 3) and loofa fiber-aluminum silicon carbide (Al-SiC) reinforced with epoxy, vinyl-ester, and polyester hybrid composites were experimentally studied. The... more
The physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of loofa fiber-alumina (Al 2 O 3) and loofa fiber-aluminum silicon carbide (Al-SiC) reinforced with epoxy, vinyl-ester, and polyester hybrid composites were experimentally studied. The polymer hybrid laminates were fabricated using an ultrasonication probe-assisted wet-layup technique. The outcomes show that flexural, impact, and tensile characteristics were higher for loofa fiber-Al-SiC reinforcement than other samples due to minimal voids and uniform dispersion of fillers within the matrices as observed from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Minimum water absorption and thickness swelling characteristics were examined for the composite specimen reinforced with loofa fiber-Al-SiC fillers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed, and the laminate was observed to be thermally stable up to 436 • C. Also, forecasting models were simulated using an artificial neural network (ANN) to perceive schemes in data by varying certain factors. The outcomes collected signified that loofa fiber-Al-SiC-based laminate could substitute traditionally applied materials and provide real-world directions. A one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) technique was performed to check the significance between the physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of developed polymer hybrid composites and found significant under a 95 % confidence level. Based on the results, the loofa fiber-Al-SiC reinforced polymer hybrid laminate exhibited improved tensile, impact, and flexural characteristics along with remarkable thermal stability, recommends multi-faceted applications in industries demanding lightweight yet strong materials like automotive and aerospace field, where structural integrity and decrement in weight are dominant.
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In this work, artificial bones composed of hydroxyapatite (HA)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polylactic acid (PLA) were prepared as a potential replacement for natural bone. The cylindrical specimens included an auxetic system with... more
In this work, artificial bones composed of hydroxyapatite (HA)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polylactic acid (PLA) were prepared as a potential replacement for natural bone. The cylindrical specimens included an auxetic system with artificial osteons. HA/PAN and PLA were used to fabricate composite filaments by fused deposition modeling three-dimensional (3D) printing, and the obtained filaments were applied to produce reentrant artificial bone materials. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the scaffold morphology and functional groups. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used for elemental analysis. The compressive properties of the samples were studied to determine the optimal scaffolding prototype. Compressive tests were also performed to assess the behavior of the cellular structure from a mechanical perspective. Finally, ANOVA and residual plots were used to investigate the contributions of the design elements, predict the y-coordination of the stress values, and evaluate the printing orientation. The results indicated that the auxetic cells influenced the bone macrostructure, which displayed different stiffness characteristics in one working direction. Polymeric solution biomaterials based on HA/PAN and PLA biopolymers have enormous potential as high-performance liquid synthetic organic polymers for light-supported extrusion-based 3D printing. PLA/HA scaffoldings with outstanding medical conversion capability may be used as biomaterial composites for bone deficiency restoration.
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Solar cell layers technology has achieved global standing in the solar cell layers deposition process, and it covers the innovative methods and techniques in significant applications. Recent solar cell layers technology has an advanced... more
Solar cell layers technology has achieved global standing in the solar cell layers deposition process, and it covers the innovative methods and techniques in significant applications. Recent solar cell layers technology has an advanced interest in a refined approach to enhance performance and highlights the importance of recent proficient procedures for manufacturing. For example, the application is used to search for novel materials for solar cells' layers to clarify the current energy crisis. The technological process and various types of solar cells depend on climate change. Among them, layers of solar cells and silicon wafer solar cells are very encouraging. Solar cell layers technology has led to solar cells being a more reasonable active option in design and production. The productivities facilitated by new solar cells still need to be enhanced for the various processes involved in the additional enhancement from Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) microfilms to solar cell crystal structure dye-sensitized solar cells. The hydrophobic coating works as an anti-dust coating, enhancing efficiency and decreasing the cost of cleaning solar cells. In Saudi Arabia Majmaah City, most solar projects are in dry regions, where the dusty weather reduces solar cell efficiency. Therefore, combining these two properties and applying an antireflective and superhydrophobic coating will increase solar cell efficiency by 20%. Solar cells' crystal structure results are substituted with layers or new materials to balance environmental impact and toxic nature.
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The effect of printing angle on the mechanical behavior of 3D printed carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites is investigated. Three types of print angles, namely angular, vertical and horizontal, are considered in the present study.... more
The effect of printing angle on the mechanical behavior of 3D printed carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites is investigated. Three types of print angles, namely angular, vertical and horizontal, are considered in the present study. Dynamic mechanical analysis, and flexural and tensile tests are performed to
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This research presents a novel methodology for simulating the failure of a 3D-printed engineering design structure. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)/Carbon fiber (CF) material was utilized to... more
This research presents a novel methodology for simulating the failure of a 3D-printed engineering design structure. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)/Carbon fiber (CF) material was utilized to develop and build the structure's topology. The mechanical characteristics of PETG/CF materials were evaluated through modeling, which was quantitatively linked to the experimental results. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the fracture surface material before and after failure testing. The actual tests and numerical studies used five different fabrication structures which were correlated with deformation, force, and failure mode. ANSYS software was used with experimental results and finite element analysis (FEA) under both dynamic and quasi-static conditions. Five 3D printed materials of PETG reinforced with short CFs of approximately 7.6 μm in a weight fraction of 20% were investigated. The overall goal was to create a cost-effective and straightforward material production technology that can retain high mechanical strength while also providing suitable flexibility. The tensile test results of the 3D-printed PETG/CF solid structural design revealed a 23% improvement in yield strength over the other conventional structures. The study illustrates how FEA of 3D printing is used to evaluate the performance of a helmet chinstrap design with different production conditions, hence possibly reducing the product design and development time.
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The natural, glass, and carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are currently being replaced conventional materials due to their lower specific weight and superior strength properties. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites... more
The natural, glass, and carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are currently being replaced conventional materials due to their lower specific weight and superior strength properties. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) have grown in importance in real world applications recently due to a growing focus on the environmental and sustainability elements of engineering materials. The difficulty of machining FRP composites, which results in dimensional errors, poor product quality, and material damage, is due to their inhomogeneity, ease of deformation, and anisotropic nature. Moreover, this review gives an insight regarding recent developments and challenges that will help for upcoming researchers. The non-homogeneous properties and insufficient ductility of natural and synthetic fiber-reinforced composites have produced fracturing and discontinuous chips during the machining operations. The machinability of FRP composites depends on the constituents present in the composites. More delaminations were found in the natural fiber composites due to improper bonding and less compatibility with the polymer matrices, also the lower heat resistant property of the natural fibers causes serious problems during the machining process. Hence more studies are needed to decrease the thrust force and delamination damages in carbon, glass, and natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
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Carbon fibers (CFs) were used as reinforcement in developing a polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)-based polymer composite using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. The influence of CF and process factors... more
Carbon fibers (CFs) were used as reinforcement in developing a polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)-based polymer composite using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. The influence of CF and process factors (infill percentage, layer thickness, infill pattern) were studied by measuring the prepared polymer composite's tensile, flexural, and compressive properties. The innovative work that was carried out for this study and the tests that were performed revealed that it is difficult to predict the position of the specimen break area before a test. The PETG-reinforced polymer only showed enhanced flexural and tensile strength at a layer thickness of 0.25 mm and a maximum infill percentage of 20% for a solid structural design. Compressive strength improved in reinforced PETG hexagonal and circle structures. The confirmation of the numerical modeling applied to determine the mechanical properties of PETG for FDM additive manufacturing is one of the goals suggested in this research, along with a comparison of experimental and computational data. Scanning electron microscopy examination of the fractured sample surfaces revealed various fracture mechanisms and morphologies for the materials tested. The research found that the 3D-printed composite could further expand the application of PETG as an engineering material.
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3D printed fiber reinforced composites are replacing metals and thermosetting polymers due to their lightweight structure and mechanical performance. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology that can produce... more
3D printed fiber reinforced composites are replacing metals and thermosetting polymers due to their lightweight structure and mechanical performance. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology that can produce complicated functioning parts. Samples of Nylforce composite materials were manufactured at three different raster orientations (0 , 45 , and 90) with the help of a 3D printer. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the nylon composites with carbon fibers (CF) and glass fiber (GF); 3-point flexural tests were carried out. The highest stiffness (modulus) was found for nylon þ GF composite at room temperature, indicating that the material can better resist bending forces. On the other hand, the nylon þ CF composite exhibited elastic behavior, lower flexural strength, and higher deflection. Overall, the flexural strength of composites was improved because the interface between the nylon matrix and fibers provided good stress transfer. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) also clearly indicated that the nylon þ GF composite material had maximum storage modulus, loss modulus and complex modulus with low tan d, indicating improved fiber/matrix interfacial interaction and limitation of polymer chain mobility. Moreover, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that the main drawbacks for nylon composite material were void formation, fiber pull-out, and fiber breakage. Generally, the results of this research provide a unique knowledge base regarding the structural behaviors and the mechanical properties of nylon composites built with 3D printing technology. Finally, the findings of the current research will be beneficial in the application of these composite materials in their end-use.
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In this review article, the research considers the current innovation regarding the selection of polymer composites materials that are reinforced with micro and nano particles, specifically to use as radiation shields. The effectiveness... more
In this review article, the research considers the current innovation regarding the selection of polymer composites materials that are reinforced with micro and nano particles, specifically to use as radiation shields. The effectiveness of a substance as a radiation shield is often evaluated based on how well it can prevent the penetration of incident radiation via various interaction processes. However beneficial radiation may be to human health and the environment, it also poses a considerable risk. There hasn't been a lot of investigation into the shielding capabilities of FRP Fiber-reinforced plastic composites with lead nanoparticle extracts. In this research, seven different possible shielding materials are offered. These materials are embedded ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers containing silicon, silicon carbide, and boron carbide. It is possible to conclude that the incorporation of lead nanoparticles into fiber composite materials is suggested for various applications. The investigated composite material had qualities like improved high strength, density, and exceptional hardness. One example of this would be requests in the aviation industry, which require light weights but are exposed to high radiation levels.
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The present study aimed at evaluating the mechanical performance under bending loads of circular hollow sections of steel. Different bending tests have been carried out by applying two-point loads, to determine and examine the effects of... more
The present study aimed at evaluating the mechanical performance under bending loads of circular hollow sections of steel. Different bending tests have been carried out by applying two-point loads, to determine and examine the effects of the diameter, the thickness of the section, and the span of the beam on the performance of the steel tube. The effects of square opening and variation in the number of openings on the performance of these sections have also been examined. Ten samples of hollow circular beams of varying thickness (2 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm), varying diameter (76.2 mm, 101.6 mm, and 219 mm), and varying span (1000 mm, 1500 mm, and 2000 mm) were fabricated and tested for pre-failure and post-failure stages. The dimensions of the reference specimen considered were 3 mm in thickness, 101.6 mm in diameter, and 1500 mm in span. The results have shown that on increasing the section thickness by 200%, ductility and bearing strength were enhanced by 58.04% and 81.75%, respectively...
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Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials have huge demand in various fields due to their low weight and better mechanical qualities. Machining of FRP composite materials without damage is quite difficult using traditional... more
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials have huge demand in various fields due to their low weight and better mechanical qualities. Machining of FRP composite materials without damage is quite difficult using traditional machining systems owing to their intrinsic anisotropy, heterogeneity, and temperature sensitivity. Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) is a known versatile technique to address the machining of FRP composite with minimal damage. However, kerf taper and delamination are the significant damages usually recorded in AWJM. The present work aims to minimize the above-said damages by applying a hybrid grey relational analysis (GRA)-principal component analysis (PCA) mathematical model. The glass and carbon fibers are used as reinforcements in the epoxy matrix. Nine experiments are conducted by considering hydraulic pressure, the mass flow of abrasive, standoff distance and transverse speed as machining parameters at three different levels each. The experimental and empirical results reveal that the mass flow of abrasive and hydraulic pressure are significant parameters to minimize the kerf damage, whereas the mass flow of abrasive and standoff distance are the parameters to reduce the delamination damage. The confirmation experiment based on the recommended optimized parameter records the reduction in delamination damage and kerf width damage to 33.9% and 11.72 %, respectively. The adequacy and accuracy of the proposed mathematical model is being performed with the value of indicators R² and adjR², which are all closer to one.
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Circular hollow steel tube columns are widely used in high-rise buildings and bridges due to their ductility and lower weight compared to reinforced concrete. The use of this type of steel section has several advantages over using... more
Circular hollow steel tube columns are widely used in high-rise buildings and bridges due to their ductility and lower weight compared to reinforced concrete. The use of this type of steel section has several advantages over using reinforced concrete members. The present study investigates the bending behavior of steel circular hollow sections when subjected to bending loads. The variations in material characteristics with regard to position along the cross-section of a steel tube member is first considered in this experimental study, providing for a more accurate definition of the material behavior in the model. A supported beam tested by two-point loads is the loading type that is used to study the bending performance of steel tubes. Ten circular hollow beam specimens were prepared and tested up to and post the failure stage with the following dimensions: thickness (2, 3, and 6 mm), diameter (76.2, 101.6, and 219 mm), and span (1000, 1500, and 2000 mm). A finite element analysis h...
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Synthetic Engineering Materials and Nanotechnology covers the latest research and developments of synthetic processes, materials, applications and technologies. In addition, innovations in synthetic engineering materials techniques are... more
Synthetic Engineering Materials and Nanotechnology covers the latest research and developments of synthetic processes, materials, applications and technologies. In addition, innovations in synthetic engineering materials techniques are analyzed. Each chapter addresses key concepts, properties and applications of important categories of synthetic materials, including metals alloys, polymers, composites, rubbers, oils and foams. Advances in nanomaterials produced by synthetic engineering methods are also considered, including ceramic, carbon, metal oxide, composite, and membrane-derived nanomaterials. The primary synthetic engineering materials techniques covered include thermo-mechanical, chemical, physiochemical, electrochemical, bottom-up, hybrid and biological methods. This book is suitable for early career researchers in academia and R&D in areas such as materials science and engineering, mechanical engineering and chemical engineering. Provides the fundamentals on materials produced through synthetic engineering methods, including their properties, experimental and characterization techniques, and applications Reviews the advances of synthetic engineering methods for nanomaterials applications, including electrospinning, atomic layer deposition, ion implantation, bottom-up, hybrid strategies, and more Includes numerous, real-world examples and case studies to apply the fundamental concepts to experiments and real-world applications
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This book chapter presents the information on conducting polymers and their applications. Conducting polymers are the class of polymeric material which was discovered in 1977, and since then these become the exciting topic of new... more
This book chapter presents the information on conducting polymers and their applications. Conducting polymers are the class of polymeric material which was discovered in 1977, and since then these become the exciting topic of new research. Their preparation methods, advantages, applications have been studied extensively. The excellent properties of conductive polymers have enabled them to be used in and as a sensor, energy storage devices, solar cells, fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, microwave absorption, electrorheological fluids, light emitting diode and separation membrane. Adsorption is the most commonly used method for water treatment because of its numerous advantages. The results show that the conductive polymers have effective adsorptive properties towards various heavy metal ions and thus can be applied for the remediation of toxic pollutants from wastewater.
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<jats:p>The thermo-mechanical history during manufacturing of plastic pipes affects their resulting material mechanical behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to demonstrate a study of the mechanical behavior of ring tensile test... more
<jats:p>The thermo-mechanical history during manufacturing of plastic pipes affects their resulting material mechanical behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to demonstrate a study of the mechanical behavior of ring tensile test specimens cut from pipe to obtain proper design data during evaluations of the final product from the polymeric pipe material. Ring hoop tension test (RHTT) is one of the most important methods that can be used to measure transverse tensile properties accurately for pressure pipes. Two types of tensile ring specimens are tested; single ring hoop tensile test specimen with one configuration of Dumb-bell-shaped (DBS) specimen in the transverse direction of the pipe ring specimen and double ring hoop tensile test with two configurations of DBS cut in the collinear direction from the pipe ring specimen. RHTT specimens are cut from the pipe in circumferential (transverse) directions with similar dimensions. The material of the investigated pipe is high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which is commonly used in natural gas piping systems. The pipe has internal rated pressure Pi = 1.6 MPa, standard dimension ratio, SDR = 11 and external diameter, Do = 90±0.5mm. All the dimensions RHTT specimens are taken according to ASTM D 2290-12 and ASTM D 638-10 standards. The ring hoop tensile tests are conducted on specimens cut out from the pipe with thickness 9.5±0.2 mm at different crosshead speeds (VC.H = 10–1000 mm/min), and loading angle, θ equal 0° at ambient environmental temperature, Ta = 20 °C to investigate the mechanical properties of RHTT specimens. The results are compared with those obtained for DBS specimens taken along the axial pipe direction [1]. This shows the effect of DBS specimen orientation (longitudinal and circumferential) on the mechanical properties of HDPE pipe material at different crosshead speeds. The tensile testing fixture is designed specially on specified design criteria in order to test the RHTT specimen in the transverse direction. The main purpose of the design of test fixture is that it prevents the bending effect and stress concentration due to rotation of half disks during the tensile test. In order to avoid this rotation, the half disks are fixed, and their sharp ends are smoothed (rounded). The present experimental work reveals that the crosshead speeds, specimen orientation of DBS and configuration of DBS for RHTT specimens have a significant effect on the resulting mechanical behavior of HDPE pipe material.</jats:p>
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Abstract Incoloy alloy 800 is a superalloy particularly suited to aggressive corrosive environments. Both weld quality and productivity may be enhanced when joining parts by laser beam welding (LBW). The current paper describes joining of... more
Abstract Incoloy alloy 800 is a superalloy particularly suited to aggressive corrosive environments. Both weld quality and productivity may be enhanced when joining parts by laser beam welding (LBW). The current paper describes joining of Incoloy alloy 800 plates (4 mm thickness) by laser welding (Nd:YAG). The laser scan speed was varied between 0.5 and 2 m/min for a constant power input (laser). The evolution of the microstructure was investigated utilizing both traditional and advanced microscopic techniques. The results indicated an hourglass shaped fusion zone which was slightly larger on the top surface. Elongated columnar but fine equiaxed dendrites were present in the fusion zone. Significant phase transformation occurred because of a higher cooling rate that is typical with laser welding. An uneven and planar distribution of dislocations associated with subgrain boundaries were observed adjacent to Laves phases. The formation of Laves phases at the lowest scanning speeds reduced the mechanical properties. Mechanical testing showed that the joints failed in the weld zone at the lower scanning speeds because of the presence of the Laves phases. Ductile fracture was demonstrated at the higher scanning speeds whereas brittle fracture occurred at the lower scanning speeds.
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Development of cost-effective piezoresistive strain sensor. • Change in phase from non-polar to polar (Electrically active) to obtain high sensitivity. • The developed CNTFs showed improved flexibility and sensitivity. • High gauge factor... more
Development of cost-effective piezoresistive strain sensor. • Change in phase from non-polar to polar (Electrically active) to obtain high sensitivity. • The developed CNTFs showed improved flexibility and sensitivity. • High gauge factor and sensing ability compared to metal strain sensors. • CNTFs can also be applied for conducting substrate applications.
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This study aims to examine the morphology and mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, and compressive) of epoxy composites reinforced with epoxy date palm leaves (EDPL), epoxy date palm branch (EDPB), and epoxy/hardener date palm core... more
This study aims to examine the morphology and mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, and compressive) of epoxy composites reinforced with epoxy date palm leaves (EDPL), epoxy date palm branch (EDPB), and epoxy/hardener date palm core shell (EDPC) fibers (particle size <1 μm depend on the date palm fibers). A three‐step technique was used to obtain the composites. The EDPL composites showed a maximum tensile strength of 3.45 MPa, while the EDPB composites showed maximum compressive and flexural rigidity of 9.46 and 5.55 MPa, respectively, owing to the good compatibility of fiber‐matrix bonding. In this work, epoxy composites reinforced with date palm fibers (DPF) leaves, branches, and core shell were recycled using a cost‐effective and easily reproducible three‐step technique. EDPC fibers fabricated with 64.65% weight carbon fibers content demonstrated improved tensile strengths and stiffness properties. The three samples of palm date composites revealed mechanical properties that could be used to trial these fibers for manufacturing purposes, and to exploit their extraordinary mechanical properties shown in current results.
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Abstract Recently, several types of research have been conducted on solar stills due to the low cost of water productivity, the feasibility of their use in most climates, and their environmentally friendly properties. The performance of... more
Abstract Recently, several types of research have been conducted on solar stills due to the low cost of water productivity, the feasibility of their use in most climates, and their environmentally friendly properties. The performance of solar desalination systems depends on various geometric designs and methods. This includes thermoelectric heating and cooling; phase change materials; solar collectors, PV/T; glass cover cooling, external condenser, and employing nanomaterials. This investigation seeks to evaluate different nanomaterials' effect on the water production rate in solar distillation systems. Previous studies have mainly used nanofluids to increase the water temperature. However, a simultaneous increase in both the condensation and evaporation rates using a nanofluid can significantly affect water productivity and improve solar performance. Another application of nanoparticles in solar stills is their use in the glass cover coating for condensation rate improvements. In the washbasin, liner coating increases the evaporation rate. In some research, adding nanomaterials to phase change materials increases the heat transfer rate between phase change materials. It also increases the water production rate during low solar intensity. The effect of nanomaterials on the performance of all types of solar desalination systems is reviewed in the current work.
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Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) electrospun nanofibres were stabilized at 285°C in surrounded conditions for 1 h and then carbonized at 900°C for 1 h in inert nitrogen (N) at 10 psi. The resulting carbonized PAN nanofibre films were fabricated... more
Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) electrospun nanofibres were stabilized at 285°C in surrounded conditions for 1 h and then carbonized at 900°C for 1 h in inert nitrogen (N) at 10 psi. The resulting carbonized PAN nanofibre films were fabricated into square pieces and exposed to several classification procedures. Raman spectroscopy analysis was used to stretch approximately 920 cm−1 of the designated construction of the G-band of the carbonized nanofibres. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was used to examine the chemical structures and elemental distribution of the carbonized PAN nanofibres. EDX spectroscopy revealed the PAN carbon core at roughly 61%. After annealing, the PAN carbon nanofibres were 89% carbon weight (atomic %), with N and minor quantities of Ni and O. The structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction for bulk PAN and carbonized PAN nanofibres. Examination of the outcomes may be valuable for improving the use of various smart nanofibre materials in the industry and for water treatment sensor applications.
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Abstract Thermophysical properties, heat transfer effectiveness, and pumping power assessment of a biologically friendly Diamond-water nanofluid are the most important objectives of the present paper. The samples are prepared by employing... more
Abstract Thermophysical properties, heat transfer effectiveness, and pumping power assessment of a biologically friendly Diamond-water nanofluid are the most important objectives of the present paper. The samples are prepared by employing the two-step method in six different solid concentrations, and their stability is investigated through zeta potential analysis 14 days after the preparations. Then, the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of the samples are measured in 8 different temperatures. A 25% increase in thermal conductivity has been observed. Applying a curve-fitting method, two new correlations for predicting the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of the nanofluid are proposed. Finally, the effects of diamond nanoparticle on the thermal effectiveness and pumping power of the nanofluid are studied. It is found that the nanofluid would be a suitable heat transfer fluid in a fully developed internal laminar flow regime in all the studied temperatures and solid concentrations.
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Lightning strike protection (LSP) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding topics have been extensively investigated, since composite material was first introduced to an aircraft a few decades ago. Generally, electrically and... more
Lightning strike protection (LSP) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding topics have been extensively investigated, since composite material was first introduced to an aircraft a few decades ago. Generally, electrically and thermally conductive materials, such as metallic foils, metal mesh, ply-integrated interwoven wires, a continuous conductive path of low-resistance materials, and highly conductive nanoparticles and nanoflakes are used to dissipate the high-density current, shockwaves, electromagnetic forces/charges, and heat generated during lightning strikes. This study deals with the fabrication of pre-impregnated (prepreg) composite structures of carbon and glass fibers incorporated with submicron and nanoscale gold (Ag), silver (Au), aluminum (Al), and copper (Cu) films on top of composite surfaces during the curing process, and determining the effectiveness of LSP and EMI shielding. Initially, electrical conductivity experiments were conducted on composite test coupons and the electrical properties investigated under tensile loadings within the elastic regions of the composites. Test results indicated that the surface resistivity did not change much under the tensile loads. EMI shielding tests confirmed that noise was not audible on an AM radio because of the metallic submicron and nanoscale film surfaces on the composites. During lightning strike tests, a high current of 200-k amps was applied on the surface of the composite structures. The LSP test indicated that after the lightning strike, the resulting damage on both sides of the fiber composite was considerably low due to the metallic films co-cured on the fiber-reinforced composites. An increase in current with the metallic films certainly helped to reduce damage to the composites and avionics systems after lightning strike tests. Graphical abstract Lightning is initiated leading edges, which ionize, creating a strike opportunity and currents travel along the airplane and exit to the ground.
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The main objective of the present paper was to investigate the feasibility of the least-square support vector machine (LSSVM) in predicting the effects of shear rate on the dynamic viscosity of a hybrid oil-based nanolubricant containing... more
The main objective of the present paper was to investigate the feasibility of the least-square support vector machine (LSSVM) in predicting the effects of shear rate on the dynamic viscosity of a hybrid oil-based nanolubricant containing MWCNT and MgO nanoparticles in different solid concentrations and temperatures. Firstly, measuring the dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid revealed that the nanofluid is a non-Newtonian fluid at the temperatures of 10 °C and 20 °C in all the studied shear rates and solid concentrations while it showed Newtonian behavior at the rest of the studied temperatures. Then the effects of solid concentration and temperature on the dynamic viscosity have been experimentally studied, and it is found that the dynamic viscosity increased as the solid concentration increased; the maximum increase has been observed at the solid concentration of 1.5% and temperature of 60 °C by 52 vol. %, while the minimum increase has been observed at the solid concentration of 0.125 vol. % and temperature of 10 °C by 11%. Based on the experimental data, a new correlation to predict the dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid in terms of shear rate, solid concentration, and the temperature has been proposed. Then, the LSSVM has been employed to predict the dynamic viscosity behavior of the nanofluid considering the shear rate, temperature, and solid concentration as the input variables and the dynamic viscosity as the output variable and the results showed the excellent capability of the LSSVM in predicting the dynamic viscosity. Finally, the effects of adding the hybrid nanoparticles on the pumping power have been studied.
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A thermo-elastic contact problem of functionally graded materials (FGMs) rotating brake disk with different pure brake pad areas under temperature dependent material properties is solved by Finite Element Method (FEM). The properties of... more
A thermo-elastic contact problem of functionally graded materials (FGMs) rotating brake disk with different pure brake pad areas under temperature dependent material properties is solved by Finite Element Method (FEM). The properties of brake disk change gradually from metal to ceramic by power-law distribution along the radial direction from the inner to the outer surface. Areas of the pure pad are changing while the vertical force is constant. The ratio of brake pad thickness to FGMs brake disk thickness is assumed 0.66. Two sources of thermal loads are considered: (1) Heat generation between the pad and brake disk due to contact friction, and (2) External thermal load due to a constant temperature at inner and outer surfaces. Mechanical responses of FGMs disk are compared with several pad contact areas. The results for temperature-dependent and temperature-independent material properties are investigated and presented. The results show that the absolute value of the shear stress ...
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Abstract In this article, we consider the transient free convection flow of nanofluids between two vertical parallel plates in the presence of radiation and damped thermal flux. The generalized Fourier's law is considered in thermal... more
Abstract In this article, we consider the transient free convection flow of nanofluids between two vertical parallel plates in the presence of radiation and damped thermal flux. The generalized Fourier's law is considered in thermal flux constitutive equation with a weakly memory. The integral transform technique is used for finding the exact solutions of the fractional governing differential equations for fluid temperature and velocity field. The solutions are presented in the term of the time-fractional derivative of the Wright function and Robotnov and Hartley function. Solutions to the ordinary fluid, corresponding to the fractional parameter equal to unit, are obtained as a particular case of the fractional problem. Numerical calculations are carried out and results are presented in graphical illustrations. The influence of the memory parameter (the fractional order of the time-derivative) on the temperature and velocity fields is analyzed and a comparison between the fluid with thermal memory and the ordinary fluid is made.
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Fiber reinforced composites have been utilized for a number of different applications, including aircraft, wind turbine, automobile, construction, manufacturing, and many other industries. During the fabrication, machining (waterjet,... more
Fiber reinforced composites have been utilized for a number of different applications, including aircraft, wind turbine, automobile, construction, manufacturing, and many other industries. During the fabrication, machining (waterjet, diamond and band saws) and assembly of these laminate composites, various edge and hole delamination, fiber pullout and other micro and nanocracks can be formed on the composite panels. The present study mainly focuses on the edge grinding and sealing of the machine damaged fiber reinforced composites, such as fiberglass, plain weave carbon fiber and unidirectional carbon fiber. The MTS tensile test results confirmed that the composite coupons from the grinding process usually produced better and consistent mechanical properties compared to the waterjet cut samples only. In addition to these studies, different types of high strength adhesives, such as EPON 828 and Loctite were applied on the edges of the prepared composite coupons and cured under vacuum. The mechanical tests conducted on these coupons indicated that the overall mechanical properties of the composite coupons were further improved. These processes can lower the labor costs on the edge treatment of the composites and useful for different industrial applications of fiber reinforced composites.
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Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF), and then electrospun to generate nanofibers using various electrospinning conditions, such as pump speeds, DC voltages and tip-to-collector distances. The produced... more
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF), and then electrospun to generate nanofibers using various electrospinning conditions, such as pump speeds, DC voltages and tip-to-collector distances. The produced nanofibers were oxidized at 270 °C for 1 hr, and then carbonized at 850 °C in an argon gas for additional 1 hr. The resultant carbonized PAN nanofibers were placed on top of the pre-preg carbon fiber composites as top layers prior to the vacuum oven curing following the pre-preg composite curing procedures. The major purpose of this study is to determine if the carbonized nanofibers on the fiber reinforced composites can detect the structural defects on the composite, which may be useful for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the electrospun PAN fibers were well integrated on the pre-preg composites. Electrical conductivity studies under various tensile loads revealed that nanoscale carbon fibers on the fiber reinforced composites detected small changes of loads by changing the resistance values. Electrically conductive composite manufacturing can have huge benefits over the conventional composites primarily used for the military and civilian aircraft and wind turbine blades.
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The inexpensive sources of fossil fuels in the world are limited, and will deplete soon because of the huge demand on the energy and growing economies worldwide. Thus, many research activities have been focused on the non-fossil fuel... more
The inexpensive sources of fossil fuels in the world are limited, and will deplete soon because of the huge demand on the energy and growing economies worldwide. Thus, many research activities have been focused on the non-fossil fuel based energy sources, and this will continue next few decades. Water splitting using photocatalysts is one of the major alternative energy technologies to produce hydrogen directly from water using photon energy of the sun. Numerous solid photocatalysts have been used by researchers for water splitting. In the present study, nickel oxide and strontium titanata were chosen as photocatalysts for water splitting. Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) was incorporated with nickel oxide [Ni2O3] (co-catalyst), while poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was mixed with titanium (IV) isopropoxide [C12H28O4Ti] and strontium nitrate [Sr(NO3)2]. Then, two solutions were electrospun using coaxial electrospinning technique to generate nanoscale fibers incorporated with NiOx nanoparticles. The fibers were then heat treated at elevated temperatures for 2hr in order to transform the strontium titanata and nickel oxide into crystalline form for a better photocatalytic efficiency. The morphology of fibers was characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the surface hydrophobicity was determined using water contact angle goniometer. The UV-vis spectrophotometer was also used to determine the band gap energy values of the nanofibers. This study may open up new possibilities to convert water into fuel directly using the novel photocatalysts.
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Research Interests: Engineering, Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Hydrogen, Catalysis, and 12 moreSpectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Hydrogen Energy, Time of Flight, Alkali Metals, Gas Chromatography, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Binding Energy, Thermal Decomposition, Mass Spectroscopy, X Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
This study examined the effects of a minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and a Cupric oxide-(CuO-) based nanofluid on Inconel 718 machinability. Additionally, by using an MQL CuO-based nanofluid during the turning process, Inconel 718's... more
This study examined the effects of a minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and a Cupric oxide-(CuO-) based nanofluid on Inconel 718 machinability. Additionally, by using an MQL CuO-based nanofluid during the turning process, Inconel 718's tribological characteristics are optimised. The experimentation was done using the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method. With the aid of magnetic stirring and an ultrasonic bath process, CuO nanoparticles were dispersed in distilled water, sunflower oil, and soyabean oil to create nanofluid. Soyabean oil contains uniformly distributed CuO nanoparticles. All the experimental trials are designed based on the L 18 Taguchi-based orthogonal arrays and performed on CNC turning under MQL and nanofluid environment. There are four input parameters that were selected at mixed level, namely, cutting speed, feed rate, weight % of CuO in the nanofluid, and flow rate to analyze surface roughness and tool wear. In addition to that, the response surface method was used to identify the optimum condition for better surface roughness and tool wear. Surface roughness and tool wear were measured using the surface roughness tester and toolmaker's microscope, respectively. Experimental results observed that cutting speed and weight % highly affect surface roughness whereas cutting speed and flow rate affect tool wear. The predicted optimal values for lower surface roughness are 160 ml/hr flow rate, 92.99 m/min cutting speed, 3 weight % of CuO, and 0.1 mm/min feed rate and for low tool wear 80 ml/hr flow rate, 92.99 m/min cutting speed, 3 weight % of CuO, and 0.1 mm/min feed rate.
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The boiling crisis or critical heat flux (CHF) is a very critical constraint for any heat-flux-controlled boiling system. The existing methods (physical models and empirical correlations) offer a specific interpretation of the boiling... more
The boiling crisis or critical heat flux (CHF) is a very critical constraint for any heat-flux-controlled boiling system. The existing methods (physical models and empirical correlations) offer a specific interpretation of the boiling phenomenon, as many of these correlations are considerably influenced by operational variables and surface morphologies. A generalized correlation is virtually unavailable. In this study, more physical mechanisms are incorporated to assess CHF of surfaces with micro- and nano-scale roughness subject to a wide range of operating conditions and working fluids. The CHF data is also correlated by using the Pearson, Kendal, and Spearman correlations to evaluate the association of various surface morphological features and thermophysical properties of the working fluid. Feature engineering is performed to better correlate the inputs with the desired output parameter. The random forest optimization (RF) is used to provide the optimal hyper-parameters to the proposed interpretable correlation and experimental data. Unlike the existing methods, the proposed method is able to incorporate more physical mechanisms and relevant parametric influences, thereby offering a more generalized and accurate prediction of CHF (R2 = 0.971, mean squared error = 0.0541, and mean absolute error = 0.185).
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The development of aluminium composite with the inclusion of advanced materials is a continuous research process due to the increasing industrial demand for advanced hybrid materials. To cater for this need, this research work focuses on... more
The development of aluminium composite with the inclusion of advanced materials is a continuous research process due to the increasing industrial demand for advanced hybrid materials. To cater for this need, this research work focuses on the development of Al 7075 alloy reinforced with TiB2 and graphene and on the evaluation of its strengthening mechanism. Two different modes of improving the strength of the hybrid composite have been followed; one is by the inclusion of graphene at three levels of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%, and another by the processing route, squeeze casting technique by compression of the molten hybrid composite slurry before casting. The microstructure and characterisation of the composite material are examined and analysed with the help of XRD, SEM, EDAX and chemical spectroscopy. A microstructure evaluation is employed to justify the homogenous dispersal and the existence of reinforced particles. A tensile test is conducted at room temperature and high temperature environments to assess the tensile strength. The research outcome affirms that a significant improvement in tensile and hardness has been noted in comparison with base alloy. The fracture-morphology results affirm the change in fracture mode from brittle to ductile when the tensile testing environment changes from room temperature to high temperature. Finally, the dispersion strengthening mechanism is validated with an empirical approach.
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2D nanomaterials-based heat transfer fluids show excellent thermal properties due to their large specific surface area; hence, they find large-scale applications in automobile industries and cooling processes. Therefore, it is very... more
2D nanomaterials-based heat transfer fluids show excellent thermal properties due to their large specific surface area; hence, they find large-scale applications in automobile industries and cooling processes. Therefore, it is very essential to study the environmental and economic aspects of these 2D nanomaterial-based nanofluids. In this review, we have discussed the environmental impact of 2D nanomaterial-based heat transfer nanofluids under various conditions. The environmental impact analysis of these materials has shown excellent capability in reducing the energy consumption for heat transfer operations. Moreover, the possibility of nanomaterials and base fluid recovery makes it a sustainable alternative. In addition, health risk assessment on humans, cytotoxicity, and life cycle analysis have also been explored. The price-performance index has been successfully used to study the economic impact of 2D nanomaterial-based heat transfer fluids. The overall economic impact of 2D nanomaterial-based heat transfer nanofluids provides an optimistic perspective over conventional heat transfer fluids. Moreover, graphene production, market trend, and commercialization obstacles were also discussed.
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This study aims to examine the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene specimens using ASTM 638, 695, and 790. UVC radiation was also used as a sterilizing method. The fused deposition modeling of 3D-printed polymerize... more
This study aims to examine the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene specimens using ASTM 638, 695, and 790. UVC radiation was also used as a sterilizing method. The fused deposition modeling of 3D-printed polymerize with 30 % filling was used to manufacture 30 specimens for tensile, compression, and bending. Half of the specimens were treated with UVC, whereas the other half were not. The chosen dosage of 13.5 J/cm 2 with an exposure time of 48 min corresponds to 3650 sterilization treatments or 10 years of sterilization. The average ultimate stress in the tensile test, compression test, and bending test was 34.5 ± 7.4, 25.4 ± 0.5, and 24.5 ± 2.1 Mpa, respectively. The analysis of variance test shows that UVC radiation has a demonstrable influence on tensile specimens, with a P-value of 0.012, which is less than the significance threshold of 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.
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The effect of printing angle on the mechanical behavior of 3D printed carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites is investigated. Three types of print angles, namely angular, vertical and horizontal, are considered in the present study.... more
The effect of printing angle on the mechanical behavior of 3D printed carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites is investigated. Three types of print angles, namely angular, vertical and horizontal, are considered in the present study. Dynamic mechanical analysis, and flexural and tensile tests are performed to evaluate the mechanical behavior of specimens. The dynamic mechanical analysis test reveals higher storage and loss modulus in horizontal specimens as compared with angular and vertical specimens, mainly credited with better mechanical restraints imposed by carbon fibers on the matrix movement. Higher damping capability was also noted with horizontal specimens. Flexural properties of horizontally printed specimens are better as compared with the other configurations attributed to good stress transferability between the constituents. Tensile specimens also depict higher modulus and strength for horizontally printed specimens owing to higher resistance offered by the carbon fibers to tensile loading and good compatibility of constituents. Finally, the structure–property relationships are understood by analyzing the specimens under a high-resolution scanning microscope.
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This article experimentally and statistically reports the convective heat transfer performance of a cylindrical mesh-type heat pipe apparatus filled with ZrO2-CeO2/water-ethylene glycol nanofluids. In this regard, ZrO2-CeO2 nanoparticles... more
This article experimentally and statistically reports the convective heat transfer performance of a cylindrical mesh-type heat pipe apparatus filled with ZrO2-CeO2/water-ethylene glycol nanofluids. In this regard, ZrO2-CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized through the Scanning Electron Microscope and Powder X-ray diffraction methods followed by the preparation of hybrid ZrO2-CeO2 nanofluids of various concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 0.1%. The heat transfer features of a tubular heat pipe with a mixture of the ZrO2-CeO2 nanofluid were evaluated. A 5.33% decrease in thermal resistance value and a 41.16% increase in heat transfer ability with increased power input were observed. The potent regression models were proposed to estimate heat transfer features of the heat pipe. The ANOVA statistical method has been employed to determine the value and the value of the models towards enhancing the reliability and accuracy of the developed models. The outcome revealed that the proposed models are reliable and have the best fit with the experimental data for 30–60 W power. The correlations’ results were validated against the experimental data and showed high accuracy. Moreover, the accuracy of the developed models was ensured through -squared and adjusted -squared values.
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The present study aimed at evaluating the mechanical performance under bending loads of circular hollow sections of steel. Different bending tests have been carried out by applying twopoint loads, to determine and examine the effects of... more
The present study aimed at evaluating the mechanical performance under bending loads of circular hollow sections of steel. Different bending tests have been carried out by applying twopoint loads, to determine and examine the effects of the diameter, the thickness of the section, and the span of the beam on the performance of the steel tube. The effects of square opening and variation in the number of openings on the performance of these sections have also been examined. Ten samples of hollow circular beams of varying thickness (2 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm), varying diameter (76.2 mm, 101.6 mm, and 219 mm), and varying span (1000 mm, 1500 mm, and 2000 mm) were fabricated and tested for pre-failure and post-failure stages. The dimensions of the reference specimen considered were 3 mm in thickness, 101.6 mm in diameter, and 1500 mm in span. The results have shown that on increasing the section thickness by 200%, ductility and bearing strength were enhanced by 58.04% and 81.75%, respectively. Meanwhile, decreasing the section thickness by 67%, ductility and bearing strength were reduced by 64.86% and 38.87%, respectively. Moreover, on increasing the specimen diameter and on decreasing span, a significant increase in bearing strength and stiffness was observed; however, ductility was reduced. Meanwhile, on increasing the span of the specimen, all the parameters observed, i.e., bearing strength, stiffness, and ductility, decreased. On observing the ultimate strength of each specimen with square opening, the ultimate strength was reduced by 17.88%, 19.71%, and 14.23% for one, two-, and three-square openings, respectively. Moreover, the ductility was significantly reduced by 72.40%, 67.71%, and 60.88% for one, two-, and three-square openings/apertures, respectively, and led to the sudden failure of these specimens. The local buckling failure dominated for specimens having a D/t ratio more than 50 and showed very negligible levels of ovalization of the cross-section. Local buckling failure was observed to be prevented after providing the circular rings in the specimen, since bearing strength increased compared with the specimen without rings.
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Hybrid composite material has been widely used in many engineering applications (e.g., for automobiles) and has several advantages over conventional fibre-reinforced composite materials, such as high strength-to-weight ratio and low cost.... more
Hybrid composite material has been widely used in many engineering applications (e.g., for automobiles) and has several advantages over conventional fibre-reinforced composite materials, such as high strength-to-weight ratio and low cost. However, combining two kinds of reinforcement fibre within a common matrix may lead to different failure modes, such as delamination between the layers and fragmentation when the structure is subjected to high loads. To avoid this problem, realtime damage detection should be integrated into the hybrid composite structures for structural integrity. This paper outlines the working mechanisms and the initial fabrication of an integrated capacitive sensor into the intra-ply hybrid composite. The tensile test was conducted to perform the basic characterization of the proposed sensor and provide self-sensing functionality (smart structure). The results illustrate that damage between layers can be detected by in-situ monitoring. It is shown that the initial damage was detected at the turning point where the relative change in capacitance begins to decrease and when the axial tensile force increases. In addition, the developed smart material has shown a linear sensitivity toward crosshead displacement up to the turning point, and applying the monitoring is useful in self-sensing for hybrid composites.
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Waste tires have emerged as a severe environmental threat worldwide as they create a number of disposal and landfill burden issues. In the present study, environmental pollutant crump rubber derived from waste discarded tires was... more
Waste tires have emerged as a severe environmental threat worldwide as they create a number of disposal and landfill burden issues. In the present study, environmental pollutant crump rubber derived from waste discarded tires was reinforced with epoxy resin and prepared by means of an open-mold casting method to assess its mechanical properties. The impact of crump rubber content (0, 10, 20 and 30 vol.%) on the mechanical behavior of the composites was assessed using three-point bending tests at a constant strain rate of 0.1 and 0.01 mm/s. The stress–strain profiles of the 0.01 mm/s specimens revealed higher strains to failure compared with the 0.1 mm/s tested specimens and all the specimens showed brittle failure. Irrespective of the strain rates, tests revealed a marginal increase in the strength values of the composites and a significant increase in the modulus of all the composites compared with neat epoxy specimens. The results suggest that crump rubber can be effectively used in utilitarian composites requiring good flexural modulus and strength properties. Crump rubber epoxy composites with 30 vol.% of crump rubber showed higher modulus and strength compared with neat epoxy and other composites owing to the toughening phase induced by the crump rubber particles. The failure and fracture features of the specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.
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Advanced Hybrid Composite Materials and Their Applications provides a basic understanding of the engineering of hybrid composite materials. The main topics covered include the fundamental principles of hybrid composite materials, their... more
Advanced Hybrid Composite Materials and Their Applications provides a basic understanding of the engineering of hybrid composite materials. The main topics covered include the fundamental principles of hybrid composite materials, their properties, chemistry, fabrication, and applications. New and modern ways of synthetic engineering are also discussed in detail. The book brings together two very important classes of engineering materials and explains their properties in an easy-to-understand manner. It also covers the latest research outcomes and new technologies from synthetic processes right though to recent applications in different industrial sectors. This book will benefit those with no previous background knowledge as well as the expert working in this field. It will serve as a single comprehensive information resource on various types of engineering materials.
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Advanced Hybrid Composite Materials and Their Applications provides a basic understanding of the engineering of hybrid composite materials. The main topics covered include the fundamental principles of hybrid composite materials, their... more
Advanced Hybrid Composite Materials and Their Applications provides a basic understanding of the engineering of hybrid composite materials. The main topics covered include the fundamental principles of hybrid composite materials, their properties, chemistry, fabrication, and applications. New and modern ways of synthetic engineering are also discussed in detail. The book brings together two very important classes of engineering materials and explains their properties in an easy-to-understand manner. It also covers the latest research outcomes and new technologies from synthetic processes right though to recent applications in different industrial sectors. This book will benefit those with no previous background knowledge as well as the expert working in this field. It will serve as a single comprehensive information resource on various types of engineering materials.
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Membrane-derived nanomaterials Abbreviations ILCS impregnated layer combustion synthesis ISC impregnated support combustion MLV multilamellar vesicles MSN silica nanocapsules PCTDE track-etched polycarbonate PLGA poly lactic-co-glycolic... more
Membrane-derived nanomaterials Abbreviations ILCS impregnated layer combustion synthesis ISC impregnated support combustion MLV multilamellar vesicles MSN silica nanocapsules PCTDE track-etched polycarbonate PLGA poly lactic-co-glycolic acid PVA polyvinyl alcohol RBC red blood cell SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SEM scanning electron microscopy SHS high temperature synthesis TEM transmission electron microscopy VCS volume combustion synthesis WBC white blood cell
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The composite nanomaterials are considered to be the significant materials of the modern era. These nanomaterials diverge themselves from other types of nanomaterials so that they are independent of their parent material from which they... more
The composite nanomaterials are considered to be the significant materials of the modern era. These nanomaterials diverge themselves from other types of nanomaterials so that they are independent of their parent material from which they are prepared. They are dependent upon the based materials to reflect features; they also reflect properties according to their morphology and structures. The based materials from which these nanomaterials can be prepared include materials having different dimensional structures visible at the nanoscale. The composite nanomaterials are prepared by the mixture of two or more different materials, as the nanomaterial prepared is of completely different structures and reflects a wide range of properties. The preparation of these materials can be performed by utilizing different methods, but the biological, chemical, and combustion methods for the synthesis are adequate and convenient. The techniques recommended for the preparation of these nanomaterials are generally microwave-induced techniques and solvent evaporation techniques. The nanocomposites are widely applicable in the industry of ceramics, motor vehicles, and electronics.
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Carbon is an element that has wider applicability due to its exceptional binding capability with most of the elements. The electron configuration of carbon is the responsible factor for the creation of disorganized and crystalline... more
Carbon is an element that has wider applicability due to its exceptional binding capability with most of the elements. The electron configuration of carbon is the responsible factor for the creation of disorganized and crystalline materials. Carbon-based nanomaterials are formed with various methods. Chemical vapor deposition, carbon arc discharge method, and laser ablation methods are a few methods. Moreover, the techniques which are most commonly followed include transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Carbon-based nanomaterials are useful in pharmaceutical, particularly in drug delivery. Additionally, many carbon nanotubes are essential constituents in manufacturing anticancer medicines, and they are also an indispensable part of chemotherapy. Various distinct properties of carbon nanotubes make them conducive to biosensing.
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The ceramic nanomaterials beginning was noticeable in the 1980s that have dispensed numerous contributions toward manifold industries. The likelihood of implanting desired morphological characteristics and alteration in properties makes... more
The ceramic nanomaterials beginning was noticeable in the 1980s that have dispensed numerous contributions toward manifold industries. The likelihood of implanting desired morphological characteristics and alteration in properties makes ceramic nanoparticles a significant area of research and investments globally to maximize the exploitation of their unique properties and advance the field of manufacturing modern materials. The type of bonding of atoms of the primary constituents is a determining factor of instilling the distinct properties in nanoceramics. These unique features include low density, more hardness, and corrosion resistance. Sol–gel method, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, and spray pyrolysis methods are used to obtain nanoceramics. Moreover, the techniques involved in manufacturing ceramic nanomaterials are the solution combustion technique and the alginate template technique. There are manifold nanoceramics applications in drug delivery, medicine, textile, cosmetics, and electronics. Moreover, due to emerging investment and research, there is a likelihood of the various other applications and new methods and techniques for synthesizing nanoceramics.
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Nanomaterials have brought about promising contributions for humankind. It involves obtaining novel and useful materials and equipment that range between 1 and 100 nm and may effectively play their role in different functionalities. The... more
Nanomaterials have brought about promising contributions for humankind. It involves obtaining novel and useful materials and equipment that range between 1 and 100 nm and may effectively play their role in different functionalities. The evolution of the nanomaterials can be observed from their presence in the cells, which are the fundamental constituent of life. The emerging field of nanotechnology has been an attraction for the investment by different stakeholders due to numerous contributions in societal, academic, and financial areas. Mechanochemical processing (MCP) methods, laser ablation, and chemical reduction are different methods that are employed to manufacture nanomaterials. Moreover, top-down and bottom-up are the two broad categories of several techniques that are adopted for the synthesis of nanomaterials. Due to their promising chemical, physical, and magnetic features, there is vast applicability of nanomaterials, i.e., it has been used in the pharmaceutical sector. For the cause of environmental remediation, along with energy harvesting, there is an abundant use of nanomaterials. Also, in the field of producing electronic goods, nanomaterials are dispensing promising contributions.
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Synthetic oil is categorized as a synthetic fuel that is alternatively used in the placement of mineral oil. One of the biggest advantages of synthetic oil is that it is not resource-intensive. Another most prominent contribution of... more
Synthetic oil is categorized as a synthetic fuel that is alternatively used in the placement of mineral oil. One of the biggest advantages of synthetic oil is that it is not resource-intensive. Another most prominent contribution of synthetic oil is related to its less inclination towards environmental degradation due to lesser carbon footprints. The most important objective behind large scale production of synthetic fuels is to obtain the fuels which account for cleaner combustion and to have renewable energy means. Three methods of synthesizing the coal are pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction. Along with other most-adopted methods to synthesize the mineral fuels into synthetic fuels are thermochemical cycles, Gas-to-Liquid method, direct coal liquefaction method, and electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. The use of synthetic fuels is apparent in transportation for cleaner and lesser carbon-intensive combustion. Synthetic fuels are also used in chemical engineering, electricity generation, and to enhance engine life. Synthetic fuels are being abundantly used in transportation and electricity generation. Also, in the wake of the world's efforts to reduce carbon emission gradually to shift towards a carbon-free greener economy, it can be inferred that imminently, synthetic fuels will entirely replace the use of conventional mineral oil to fulfill the energy requirement across the globe.
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Synthetic biology has thrived since the late 19th century and aimed to develop unique features in the existing structures, to create more viable and productive goods and compounds. Furthermore, the objectives of manufacturing energy... more
Synthetic biology has thrived since the late 19th century and aimed to develop unique features in the existing structures, to create more viable and productive goods and compounds. Furthermore, the objectives of manufacturing energy sources do not contribute to increasing carbon emission in the atmosphere. The energy sources it does not endanger the life ad inhabitants of the planet have been achieved in the form of developing synthetic fuels, i.e., synthetic gas and synthetic liquefied fuel. Moreover, synthetic biosources have been generated that have been equally contributing to medicine and other commercial industries. Similarly, synthetic biofuels are the best sustainable and replenishable to meet the global need for rapidly depleting energy resources. Also, more reliance on synthetic biofuels will help world economies to tackle the oil energy crisis. In addition to it, Fischer Tropsch, Fluidized Bed Gasification, Entrained Flow Gasification, and Polygeneration are the wide- practiced methods to produce synthetic biofuels from biomass.
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Foam compounds are part of the chemical industry that has acquired importance due to technological advancements, methods, and waste disposal. Synthetic foams are composites that are made up of the hollow spheres by the combination of air... more
Foam compounds are part of the chemical industry that has acquired importance due to technological advancements, methods, and waste disposal. Synthetic foams are composites that are made up of the hollow spheres by the combination of air foams. The excellent mechanical, physical, and chemical properties have expanded the applicability of synthetic foams to the full range of industries and engineering. However, the significant disadvantage of glass-made synthetic foams includes that are highly likely to get damaged when they are encountered with huge strain. The process of foaming comprises cell formation, cell growth, and cell stabilization. However, methods to produce synthetic foam involve mechanical foaming, physical foaming, and chemical foaming. Foam extrusion molding and foam injection molding are the two techniques that are most commonly used in producing synthetic foams.
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The uses of synthetic polymers have been augmented for recent years, which have surpassed the use of naturally occurring fibers. Synthetic polymers have several advantageous characteristics such as; higher modulus strengths, tender... more
The uses of synthetic polymers have been augmented for recent years, which have surpassed the use of naturally occurring fibers. Synthetic polymers have several advantageous characteristics such as; higher modulus strengths, tender ability to stretch and elasticity, reliance toward chemicals, and recyclability. Several synthetic polymers are being used in biomedical applications, construction industry automobile industry, and so on. This chapter provides a brief account of synthetic polymers, their origin, development, and their commercialization along with the physical characteristics of the synthetic polymers. It further provides a closer look at the classification of synthetic polymers and their different types. It also includes the methods and techniques employed for synthesizing the polymers and their different applications.
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The nanoparticles are widely being used for the production of different sorts of products. The coatings are also prepared from the nanomaterials and are known as the nanomaterial derived coatings. These coatings can be of different sizes,... more
The nanoparticles are widely being used for the production of different sorts of products. The coatings are also prepared from the nanomaterials and are known as the nanomaterial derived coatings. These coatings can be of different sizes, shapes, and usage. The synthesis process of these coatings is easy. Nanoparticles occupy a significant position in the various fields of industry and manufacturing. Structuring nanomaterials created the different sizes coatings and morphology, enhancing the nanomaterials’ applicability and features. Using a nanomaterial-derived coating is significant because these coatings replicated the parent materials’ features characteristics. The sol–gel method, cold-spray method, and chemical vapor deposition methods are a few of the methods employed to manufacture the nanomaterial-based coatings. Moreover, the techniques of obtaining nanomaterial-based coatings are directly solution dip-coating solution and sol–gel dip-coating. Most significantly, nanomaterial-based coatings are used in self-cleaning. They are also useful in resisting oxidation, heat, and thermal insulation. The coating is also extensively consumed in various industries, including automobiles, aircraft, ships, electronics, and paints. The paint industry among them is the largest consumer of these coatings. This can be due to rapid drying, increased surface area, a wider range of colors, and eco-friendliness.
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Synthetic rubbers are kind of polymers that comprise of long-chain. Their exceptional physical, chemical, and mechanical make them distinguishable from natural rubber. Their massive applicability can be illustrated from the fact that it... more
Synthetic rubbers are kind of polymers that comprise of long-chain. Their exceptional physical, chemical, and mechanical make them distinguishable from natural rubber. Their massive applicability can be illustrated from the fact that it has almost surpassed even the usage of natural rubber, and they are a major component of manufacturing tires and the other automobile-related parts and components along with other numerous usages. However, the major difference between both the rubbers is characterized by their origin as the rubber, which is acquired from natural sources, i.e., latex, which is called natural rubber. In contrast with it, the rubber which is synthesized is termed is a synthetic rubber. Moreover, synthetic rubber is manufactured through different methods such as polymerization, compounding, mixing, and latex processing.
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Metals and materials that are formed from the metallic compounds have greater contributions in manufacturing machinery and other industries. Alloys are metallic compounds that amplify their characteristics when combined with other... more
Metals and materials that are formed from the metallic compounds have greater contributions in manufacturing machinery and other industries. Alloys are metallic compounds that amplify their characteristics when combined with other metallic compounds. Their chemical and physical properties have expanded the production, followed by increased durability, and product usage. Substitutional and interstitial alloys are the two major types of synthetic alloys. Additionally, alloys have more enhanced properties as compared to metals. Also, they have resistant to oxidation, which is one of its prominent characteristics. Steel is abundantly used alloy in the present era. Fusion, reduction, electrodeposition, and powder metallurgy are some traditional methods that are extensively used to prepare alloys. This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the synthetic alloys along with the methods and techniques used in the preparation of synthetic alloys.
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The nanomaterials synthesis from metal oxides is considered to be significant in contrary to other nanomaterials. This is because of their broader application in multiple fields. The metal oxide nanomaterials reflect different electric,... more
The nanomaterials synthesis from metal oxides is considered to be significant in contrary to other nanomaterials. This is because of their broader application in multiple fields. The metal oxide nanomaterials reflect different electric, chemical, and magnetic properties according to their size. In previous years the number of researches in this field has extensively increased, witnessing their significance. Nanomaterials’ general properties include the unique feature of structural changes with change in size; this increases its importance in technology and information. Multiple methods can be utilized to synthesize metal oxides, among which the bottom-up synthesis method is considered the most adequate. The hydrothermal and sol–gel approaches are also included in different synthesis methods. The techniques utilized for the synthesis of metal oxides are; induction thermal plasma, electrospinning, and solution composition technique. The metal oxides are consumed in a diverse range of chemical fields; batteries consume metal oxides. It can also be utilized as a catalyst.
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Increased efforts toward bio-industry, has aggravated the demands for techniques that augment the process. Synthetic biology has brought about more significant innovation in evolutionary engineering, particularly in the advancement of... more
Increased efforts toward bio-industry, has aggravated the demands for techniques that augment the process. Synthetic biology has brought about more significant innovation in evolutionary engineering, particularly in the advancement of synthetic tools. Naturally found materials were only available in the past; however, the advent of technology and advancement have persuaded humans to find out new options and to create synthetic materials rather than relying on natural materials. This chapter includes a detailed account of the evolution of synthetic materials and discusses the different characteristics and uses of synthetic materials in various industries. This chapter evaluates various techniques and methods of manufacturing synthetic materials.
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This chapter presents the analysis of the dynamic mechanical properties of the epoxy/synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. It has highlighted the significant advantages of those composites, including low density, high mechanical and... more
This chapter presents the analysis of the dynamic mechanical properties of the epoxy/synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. It has highlighted the significant advantages of those composites, including low density, high mechanical and creep strengths, and different processing options for various sizes and complex shapes. These composites are extensively used in the automotive, aerospace, energy, and other production industries. The mechanical properties of single fiber-reinforced polymer composites can be enhanced through the carbonization process. The chapter also explains that the combination of high elongating fibers can enhance the epoxy/synthetic fiber composites' dynamic mechanical properties. On the other hand, the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests exhibit a shift in the synthetic carbon fibers composites' glass transition temperatures, which may be useful for these fiber-reinforced high-temperature applications of composites.
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Synthetic Engineering Materials and Nanotechnology covers the latest research and developments of synthetic processes, materials, applications and technologies. In addition, innovations in synthetic engineering materials techniques are... more
Synthetic Engineering Materials and Nanotechnology covers the latest research and developments of synthetic processes, materials, applications and technologies. In addition, innovations in synthetic engineering materials techniques are analyzed. Each chapter addresses key concepts, properties and applications of important categories of synthetic materials, including metals alloys, polymers, composites, rubbers, oils and foams. Advances in nanomaterials produced by synthetic engineering methods are also considered, including ceramic, carbon, metal oxide, composite, and membrane-derived nanomaterials. The primary synthetic engineering materials techniques covered include thermo-mechanical, chemical, physiochemical, electrochemical, bottom-up, hybrid and biological methods. This book is suitable for early career researchers in academia and R&D in areas such as materials science and engineering, mechanical engineering and chemical engineering. Provides the fundamentals on materials produced through synthetic engineering methods, including their properties, experimental and characterization techniques, and applications Reviews the advances of synthetic engineering methods for nanomaterials applications, including electrospinning, atomic layer deposition, ion implantation, bottom-up, hybrid strategies, and more Includes numerous, real-world examples and case studies to apply the fundamental concepts to experiments and real-world applications
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Structural health monitoring (SHM) is receiving considerable attention because of the growing demand for innovative approaches to preventing damage in larger infrastructures. Government agencies and private companies spend billions of... more
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is receiving considerable attention because of the growing demand for innovative approaches to preventing damage in larger infrastructures. Government agencies and private companies spend billions of dollars annually maintaining plant equipment, facilities, tunnels, bridges, and other large structures. Similarly, maintenance and repair of commercial aircraft is an enormous economic expense each year. The ever-increasing cost of maintaining aging infrastructures has become a challenging issue and demands immediate attention. Most infrastructure materials contain some flaws that, under operating conditions, can play a significant role in unexpected failures. SHM is an effective technique to safely monitor these flaws in aging infrastructures and, at the same time, to provide a considerable financial benefit by reducing the cost of scheduled maintenance, increasing the life-cycle of materials and devices, and improving their safety and reliability. One of the primary ideas behind SHM technology is to monitor any structural changes to infrastructures over time and take proper steps to avoid catastrophic failure. Owing to the economic benefits and effectiveness of SHM, this approach has become a topic of recent interest and has resulted in numerous research efforts. In this chapter, we will discuss the latest developments in SHM materials and devices, rate-responsive systems, lifetime and accuracy of SHM systems, and future trends. The present study will assist researchers, engineers, and other participants working in this field.
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In recent decades, many problems began to appear due to the growing increase in the consumption of fossil fuel. These problems have led many researchers to focus on new sources of energy that is safe, clean, affordable and environmentally... more
In recent decades, many problems began to appear due to the growing increase in the consumption of fossil fuel. These problems have led many researchers to focus on new sources of energy that is safe, clean, affordable and environmentally friendly. Recently, hydrogen has been considered as the most important energy source because it is abundant, clean, efficient, and can be derived from diverse domestic resources. Although, there are many techniques to produce hydrogen, water splitting using solar energy has been considered as a superior method of hydrogen production. Since the late twentieth century, several materials in nanoscale have been synthesized through many methods. Nanomaterials have been excessively used in diverse aspects, such as sensors, photoelectric, photocatalytic, etc, because of their particular structures and characterizations. Semiconductor nanomaterials have become a vital part of solar industries because of their band gap energy properties. They are playing a key role in the photocatalytic water splitting. In this book chapter, we discussed about band gap energy theory, different techniques in water splitting processes, and recent research progress in the development of photocatalysts which may be useful to enhance the solar cell energy conversion rates and water splitting efficiency. This review will provide significant information for scientists, engineers, and manufacturers who are interested in the areas of transition from traditional energy to renewable energy. Also, it will contribute to the development of many industrial applications such as water splitting, sensors, solar cells, and catalyst.
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This chapter reports the current state-of-the-art systems on lightning strikes, their effects on composite aircraft, and new techniques available to engineers and operators to safeguard against detrimental effects of lightning strikes.... more
This chapter reports the current state-of-the-art systems on lightning strikes, their effects on composite aircraft, and new techniques available to engineers and operators to safeguard against detrimental effects of lightning strikes. Manufacturing and designing of composite aircraft need some advanced strategies and engineering applications to sustain the same degree of safety and shelter as achieved by conductive aluminum skinned Email: ramazan.asmatulu@wichita.edu. I. M. Alarifi, W. S. Khan, M. M. Rahman et al. 2 aircrafts. Researchers and scientists have been investigating new ideas to support the development of new mitigation, diagnosis and prognosis techniques to overcome the increased challenges associated with lightning protection on composite aircraft. Lightning protection of composite aircraft is more complex due to the anisotropic nature of composite structure and high resistance of carbon in epoxy resins. A wide variety of solutions have been available for composite aircraft against lightning strike as composite materials have been expanded extensively in aircraft manufacturing during last three decades. Generally, electrically and thermally conductive materials, such as metallic foils, metal mesh, ply-integrated interwoven wires, continuous conductive path of low resistance materials and highly conductive nanoparticles and nanofilms are used to dissipate the high density current, shockwave and heat generated during the lightning strikes. This chapter deals with all the newer approaches to address the lightning strikes and EMI shielding effects on composite aircraft.
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This book chapter presents the information on conducting polymers and their applications. Conducting polymers are the class of polymeric material which was discovered in 1977, and since then these become the exciting topic of new... more
This book chapter presents the information on conducting polymers and their applications. Conducting polymers are the class of polymeric material which was discovered in 1977, and since then these become the exciting topic of new research. Their preparation methods, advantages, applications have been studied extensively. The excellent properties of conductive polymers have enabled them to be used in and as a sensor, energy storage devices, solar cells, fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, superca-pacitors, microwave absorption, electrorheological fluids, light emitting diode and separation membrane. Adsorption is the most commonly used method for water treatment because of its numerous advantages. The results show that the conductive polymers have effective adsorptive properties towards various heavy metal ions and thus can be applied for the remediation of toxic pollutants from wastewater.
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Environmentally friendly and effective power systems have been receiving increased investigation due to the aim of addressing global warming, energy expansion, and economic growth. Gas turbine cycles are perceived as a useful technology... more
Environmentally friendly and effective power systems have been receiving increased investigation due to the aim of addressing global warming, energy expansion, and economic growth. Gas turbine cycles are perceived as a useful technology that has advanced power capacity. In this research, a gas turbine cycle has been proposed and developed from a simple and regenerative gas turbine cycle to enhance performance and reduce Specific fuel consumption. The impact of specific factors regarding the proposed gas turbine cycle on thermal efficiency, net output, specific fuel consumption, and exergy destruction, have been inspected. The assessments of the pertinent parameters were performed based on conventional thermodynamic energy and exergy analysis. The results obtained indicate that the peak temperature of the Proposed Gas Turbine Cycle increased considerably without affecting fuel consumption. The results show that at Pressure Ratio 6 r p the performance of the Proposed Gas Turbine Cycle is much better than Single Gas Turbine Cycle but the total exergy destruction of Proposed Gas Turbine Cycle higher than the SGTC.
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The previous research review of piping systems revealed that the plastic pipes companies suffered from many problems in natural gas pipeline systems. One of the most significant problems appeared in the piping systems are external cracks... more
The previous research review of piping systems revealed that the plastic pipes companies suffered from many problems in natural gas pipeline systems. One of the most significant problems appeared in the piping systems are external cracks due to manufacturing processes, welding technique and installation processes. The principal goal of the present experimental study is to predict the crack growth behavior and energy release rate of cracked ring specimen made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) under different crack position angles and various crosshead speeds. The effect of loading rate on the external radial crack at different crack position angles plays an important role in the prediction of fracture behavior of plastic pipe materials. For this reasons, it is necessary to conduct a study for the fracture analysis of pipe ring specimen under tension loading with double external cracks at constant radial crack length to width ratio equal a/W=0.5. Pre-cracking machine is designed especially in the present experimental study to simulate the actual radial cracks at outer surface of pipe ring specimens. The effects of crosshead speed and crack position angle are revealed a significant effect on the energy release rate and maximum applied load under tensile load. KEYWORDS Crack growth behavior; cracked ring specimen; High-density polyethylene (HDPE); Crack position angle; Energy release rate. NOMENCLATURE D i = internal diameter [mm] D o = external diameter [mm] F = applied load [N] F max = maximum load [N] J = energy release rate [N/mm] P i = internal pressure [MPa] R i = internal radius [mm] R o = external radius [mm] T a = ambient temperature [ o C] V C.H = crosshead speed [mm/min] W = width of cracked ring specimen [mm] a = crack length [mm] a o = notch length [mm] da = un-cracked area [mm 2 ] dU = strain energy[N.mm] t = pipe ring wall thickness [mm] = crack position angle [ o ] = displacement of movable head [mm] at Fail. = displacement at failure point [mm] at Fmax = displacement at maximum load [mm] ABBREVIATIONS ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials BS = British Standard FE = Finite Element HDPE = High Density Polyethylene LEFM =Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics MMC = Modified Mapping Collocation PE = Polyethylene PCM =Pre-Crack Machine SIF =Stress Intensity Factor SDR = Standard Dimensions Ratio
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This study aims to identify the composition of the pyrolysis products obtained through pyrolysis in the structure of different auxetic designs. Two design specimens of auxetic nano-carbon fibers with different directional load were... more
This study aims to identify the composition of the pyrolysis products obtained through pyrolysis in the structure of different auxetic designs. Two design specimens of auxetic nano-carbon fibers with different directional load were fabricated, solid carbon fibers and hexagonal auxetic carbon fibers. The deformation behavior is well-known and has been analyzed. 3D finite element (FE) models were used to investigate both structures. There was some impact on the specimens used, and the behavior of the strain and stress line was captured. The main purpose of the experiment was to define and test the auxetic structure's use in industries that require nano-carbon fiber material that has excessively good mechanical and thermal properties. In order to prevent the deterioration of the properties caused by this phenomenon, sizing of the yarns and bundles was carried out. Moreover, to form a sizing coating on the elementary fibers, DMA tests have been conducted, and both the thermal and mechanical properties investigated. In this case, the sizing agent must be in a sufficiently softened state. The compositions can improve nano-carbon vs the adhesion of the polymer matrix for auxetic nano-carbon fibers, which allows the use of such fibers for the reinforcement of plastics without extra processing.
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Palm wood can be classified into three categories: leaves, branches and core-shell, and all of these were studied. Recycled composite materials are promising in the innovation field since some microstructures have unique characterization... more
Palm wood can be classified into three categories: leaves, branches and core-shell, and all of these were studied. Recycled composite materials are promising in the innovation field since some microstructures have unique characterization and noble applications. The micro mill used grinded the recycled materials into micro size particles approximately 20µm. SEM + EDX spectroscopy was used to analyze and indicate the morphology of the micro particle composite material's composition content. The SEM results demonstrate the composite homogeneity. XRD analysis was conducted and showed the structural properties of the recycled composite materials examined. The recycled material was transferred into micro size particles encased by the properties of resin mixed with epoxy, this led to promising composite materials. FITR spectroscopy analysis revealed a distinct interaction between the polymer chain and the band positions. The mechanical analysis was conducted based on the recycled materials' application. The mechanical properties were observed during the tests and reflected in the structure of the material and its uses. This project aimed to determine the possibility of efficiently recycling composite. The significant increase in demand around the world, and the increased use of composite materials in different industries, has consequently led to positive results for the production waste. Nomenclature = Engineering tensile strength [MPa] T = Temperature [ o C] y = Yield strength [MPa] V = Wavenumber range [cm-1 ] El = Elongation at Break [%] 2
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The inexpensive sources of fossil fuels in the world are limited, and will deplete soon because of the huge demand on the energy and growing economies worldwide. Thus, many research activities have been focused on the non-fossil fuel... more
The inexpensive sources of fossil fuels in the world are limited, and will deplete soon because of the huge demand on the energy and growing economies worldwide. Thus, many research activities have been focused on the non-fossil fuel based energy sources, and this will continue next few decades. Water splitting using photocatalysts is one of the major alternative energy technologies to produce hydrogen directly from water using photon energy of the sun. Numerous solid photocatalysts have been used by researchers for water splitting. In the present study, nickel oxide and strontium titanata were chosen as photocatalysts for water splitting. Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) was incorporated with nickel oxide [Ni2O3] (co-catalyst), while poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was mixed with titanium (IV) isopropoxide [C12H28O4Ti] and strontium nitrate [Sr(NO3)2]. Then, two solutions were electrospun using coaxial electrospinning technique to generate nanoscale fibers incorporated with NiOx nanoparticles. The fibers were then heat treated at elevated temperatures for 2hr in order to transform the strontium titanata and nickel oxide into crystalline form for a better photocatalytic efficiency. The morphology of fibers was characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the surface hydrophobicity was determined using water contact angle goniometer. The UV-vis spectrophotometer was also used to determine the band gap energy values of the nanofibers. This study may open up new possibilities to convert water into fuel directly using the novel photocatalysts.
Research Interests:
The thermo-mechanical history during manufacturing of plastic pipes affects their resulting material mechanical behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to demonstrate a study of the mechanical behavior of ring tensile test specimens cut from... more
The thermo-mechanical history during manufacturing of plastic pipes affects their resulting material mechanical behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to demonstrate a study of the mechanical behavior of ring tensile test specimens cut from pipe to obtain proper design data during evaluations of the final product from the polymeric pipe material. Ring hoop tension test (RHTT) is one of the most important methods that can be used to measure transverse tensile properties accurately for pressure pipes. Two types of tensile ring specimens are tested; single ring hoop tensile test specimen with one configuration of Dumb-bell-shaped (DBS) specimen in the transverse direction of the pipe ring specimen and double ring hoop tensile test with two configurations of DBS cut in the collinear direction from the pipe ring specimen. RHTT specimens are cut from the pipe in circumferential (transverse) directions with similar dimensions. The material of the investigated pipe is high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which is commonly used in natural gas piping systems. The pipe has internal rated pressure P i =1.6 MPa, standard dimension ratio, SDR=11 and external diameter, D o =90±0.5mm. All the dimensions RHTT specimens are taken according to ASTM D 2290-12 and ASTM D 638-10 standards. The ring hoop tensile tests are conducted on specimens cut out from the pipe with thickness 9.5±0.2 mm at different crosshead speeds (V C.H =10-1000 mm/min), and loading angle, equal 0 o at ambient environmental temperature, T a = 20 o C to investigate the mechanical properties of RHTT specimens. The results are compared with those obtained for DBS specimens taken along the axial pipe direction [1]. This shows the effect of DBS specimen orientation (longitudinal and circumferential) on the mechanical properties of HDPE pipe material at different crosshead speeds. The tensile testing fixture is designed specially on specified design criteria in order to test the RHTT specimen in the transverse direction. The main purpose of the design of test fixture is that it prevents the bending effect and stress concentration due to rotation of half disks during the tensile test. In order to avoid this rotation, the half disks are fixed, and their sharp ends are smoothed (rounded). The present experimental work reveals that the crosshead speeds, specimen orientation of DBS and configuration of DBS for RHTT specimens have a significant effect on the resulting mechanical behavior of HDPE pipe material. Keywords Ring Hoop Tension Test (RHTT), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Dumb-bell-shaped (DBS), the Single configuration of DBS specimen, the Double configuration of DBS Specimen and crosshead speed. Nomenclature A net = net cross section area for RHTT specimen [mm 2 ] D i = internal diameter of a pipe ring [mm] D o = external diameter of a pipe ring [mm] D SD = diameter of split disk [mm] F = applied load [N] F max = maximum load [N] G = gauge length [mm] L = length for DBS specimen [mm] L o = original gauge length for DBS specimen [mm] M.T = modulus of toughness [MJ/m 3 ] P i = internal working pressure [MPa] R i = inner radius of pipe [mm] R o = outer radius of pipe [mm] R SD = radius of split disk [mm] T = pipe wall thickness [mm] T a = ambient temperature [ o C] V C.H = crosshead speed [mm/min] W = width of ring hoop tension test specimen [mm] W SD = width of split disk [mm] t = pipe ring wall thickness [mm] t 1 = thickness of DBS configuration at left hand [mm] t 2 = thickness of DBS configuration at right hand [mm] w c = width at the center of DBS specimen [mm] w c1 = width of DBS configuration at left hand [mm] w c2 = width of DBS configuration at right hand [mm] = loading angle [ o ] i = change in the inner diameter for ring specimen [mm] = engineering strain [-] fail = strain at failure [-] h = hoop strain [-] y = strain at yield strength [-] i = inner diameter for RHTT specimen [mm] = engineering tensile strength [MPa] y = yield strength [MPa] Abbreviations ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials BS = British Standard DBS = Dumb-Bell-Shaped FE = Finite Element FEA = Finite Element Analysis HDPE = High Density Polyethylene
Research Interests:
Fiber reinforced composites have been utilized for a number of different applications, including aircraft, wind turbine, automobile, construction, manufacturing, and many other industries. During the fabrication, machining (waterjet,... more
Fiber reinforced composites have been utilized for a number of different applications, including aircraft, wind turbine, automobile, construction, manufacturing, and many other industries. During the fabrication, machining (waterjet, diamond and band saws) and assembly of these laminate composites, various edge and hole delamination, fiber pullout and other micro and nanocracks can be formed on the composite panels. The present study mainly focuses on the edge grinding and sealing of the machine damaged fiber reinforced composites, such as fiberglass, plain weave carbon fiber and unidirectional carbon fiber. The MTS tensile test results confirmed that the composite coupons from the grinding process usually produced better and consistent mechanical properties compared to the waterjet cut samples only. In addition to these studies, different types of high strength adhesives, such as EPON 828 and Loctite were applied on the edges of the prepared composite coupons and cured under vacuum. The mechanical tests conducted on these coupons indicated that the overall mechanical properties of the composite coupons were further improved. These processes can lower the labor costs on the edge treatment of the composites and useful for different industrial applications of fiber reinforced composites.
Research Interests:
Water splitting using photocatalyst has become a topic of recent investigation since it has the potential of producing hydrogen for clean energy from sunlight. An extensive number of solid photocatalysts have been studied for overall... more
Water splitting using photocatalyst has become a topic of recent investigation since it has the potential of producing hydrogen for clean energy from sunlight. An extensive number of solid photocatalysts have been studied for overall water splitting in recent years. In this study, two methods were employed to synthesize two different photocatalysts for water splitting. The first method describes the synthesis of nickel oxide-loaded strontium titanate (NiO-SrTiO 3) particles on electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers incorporated with graphene nanoplatelets for water splitting. The electrospun PAN fibers were first oxidized at 270 o C for two hours and subsequently immersed in a solution containing ethanol, titanium (IV)-isopropoxide [C 12 H 28 O 4 Ti] and strontium nitrate [Sr(NO 3) 2 ]. This solution was then treated with NiO nanoparticles dispersed in toluene. The surface treated PAN fibers were annealed at 600°C in air for 1 hour to transform fibers into a crystalline form for improved photocatalyst performance. In the second method, coaxial electrospinning process was used to produce core/shell strontium titanate/nickel oxide (SrTiO 3-NiO) nanofibers. In coaxial method, poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) was dissolved in deionized (DI) water, and then titanium (IV) isopropoxide [C 12 H 28 O 4 Ti] and strontium nitrate [Sr(NO 3) 2 ] were added into the solution to form the inner (core) layer. For outer (shell) solution, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) at a weight ratio of 10:90 and then nickel oxide was mixed with the solution. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry and static contact angle measurement techniques were employed to characterize the structural properties of photocatalysts produced by both methods and a comparison was made between the two photocatalysts. The morphology and diameter of the nanofibers were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structure and crystallinity of the calcined nanofibers were also observed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD).
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Solar energy has been used in many different ways, including solar water heater, solar cooking, space heating, and electricity generation. The major drawbacks of the solar energy conversion systems are the lower conversion efficiency and... more
Solar energy has been used in many different ways, including solar water heater, solar cooking, space heating, and electricity generation. The major drawbacks of the solar energy conversion systems are the lower conversion efficiency and higher manufacturing and replacement costs. In order to eliminate these obstacles, many studies were focused on the energy and cost efficiencies of the solar cells (particularly dye sensitized solar cells-DSSC and thin film solar cells). In the present study, TiO2 nanofibers incorporated with graphene nanoflakes (0, 2, 4, and 8wt.%) were produced using electrospinning process. The chemical utilized for the electrospinning process included poly (vinyle acetate), dimetylfomamide (DMF), titanium (IV) isopropoxide and acetic acid in the presence and absence of graphene nanoflakes. The resultant nanofibers were heat treated at 300 C for 2 hrs in a standard oven to remove all the organic parts of the nanofibers, and then further heated up to 500 C in an argon atmosphere for additional 12 hrs to crystalline the nanofibers. SEM, TEM and XRD studies showed that graphene and TiO2 nanofibers are well integrated in the nanofiber structures. This study may guide some of the scientists and engineers to tailor the energy bang gap structures of some of the semiconductor materials for different industrial applications, including DSSC, water splitting, catalyst, batteries, and fuel cell.
Research Interests: Nanofibers and Graphene
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) powders were dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) and then electrospun at various electrospinning conditions, such as pump speed, DC voltage and tip-to-collector distance to fabricate different sizes of carbonized... more
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) powders were dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) and then electrospun at various electrospinning conditions, such as pump speed, DC voltage and tip-to-collector distance to fabricate different sizes of carbonized nanofibers. The annealing and carbonizing process are advantageous in making nanofibers more conductive, which may be used for a lightning strike, structural health monitoring (SHM) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of composite aircraft. The carbonization process was conducted in two different steps. First, PAN nanofibers were oxidized at 270 o C in a furnace for one hr. Second, the nanofibers were carbonized in the tube furnace in an Argon atmosphere at 850 o C for additional one hour. Prior to the electrical and thermal conductivity tests, the carbonized nanofibers were acid treated in HCl solution to activate the carbon fibers for better electrical and thermal conductivities. The activated carbon fibers were then tested for the electrical and thermal conductivity measurements. The test results showed an open circuit voltmeter, demonstrating a very strong electrical and ionic conductivity values. This indicates a various structural changes on the PAN fibers during the oxidation, carbonization, and activation processes. The TGA and DSC analysis were also used to examine the thermal and other properties of the carbonized fibers. The test results revealed that the samples provided more electric conduction, less thermal expansion, and high energy states. The SEM analysis was performed on the activated nanofibers to determine the morphology, size, shape, defects and the other phases of the carbonized nanofibers. Before and after the carbonization process, the PAN fiber morphologies were drastically changed. The carbonized fibers obtained at 850 o C showed similar physical structures compared to other alternatives, so they can be ideal materials for lightning strikes, SHM, and EMI shielding applications. The laminate composites are in high demand for civilian and military aircraft because of their several advantages with the conductive surfaces. This study provided some optimal solutions and knowledge to the field of science and engineering for developing structural composite materials in aircraft, as well as wind turbine and other industries.
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The present study was aimed at improving the mechanical performance of epoxy based structural joints in aerospace, automotive, construction and marine industries. Epoxy adhesives have many applications in various industries, due to their... more
The present study was aimed at improving the mechanical performance of epoxy based structural joints in aerospace, automotive, construction and marine industries. Epoxy adhesives have many applications in various industries, due to their exceptional material properties like flexibility, low maintenance, uniform stress distribution, durability and cost effectiveness. Single lap joints were prepared from Aluminum 2014-T3 and Magnolia 6380 epoxy adhesive. These single lap joints were tested according to specifications of ASTM-D1002 to evaluate the mechanical performance mainly shear strength of epoxy adhesive. The surface preparation procedures were carried out to enhance the adhesion between epoxy and aluminum test specimens. Graphene nano-flakes were added into the epoxy at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 weight percentages (wt%), to improve the load carrying capacity and efficiency of adhesive joints. Three test specimens of single lap joints were prepared for each sample and shear tests were conducted using MTS-Tensile machine to evaluate shear strength of an adhesive joint. It was observed that the load bearing capacity and shear strength of the adhesive joints were improved due to the inclusion of graphene nano-flakes into the epoxy. The major improvements were observed at 0.5wt% and 1wt% graphene inclusions by 1.37% and 10.43% increase in shear strength, when compared with baseline test coupons.
Research Interests:
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF), and then electrospun to generate nanofibers using various electrospinning conditions, such as pump speeds, DC voltages and tip-to-collector distances. The produced... more
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF), and then electrospun to generate nanofibers using various electrospinning conditions, such as pump speeds, DC voltages and tip-to-collector distances. The produced nanofibers were oxidized at 270 C for 1 hr, and then carbonized at 850 C in an argon gas for additional 1 hr. The resultant carbonized PAN nanofibers were placed on top of the pre-preg carbon fiber composites as top layers prior to the vacuum oven curing following the pre-preg composite curing procedures. The major purpose of this study is to determine if the carbonized nanofibers on the fiber reinforced composites can detect the structural defects on the composite, which may be useful for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the electrospun PAN fibers were well integrated on the pre-preg composites. Electrical conductivity studies under various tensile loads revealed that nanoscale carbon fibers on the fiber reinforced composites detected small changes of loads by changing the resistance values. Electrically conductive composite manufacturing can have huge benefits over the conventional composites primarily used for the military and civilian aircraft and wind turbine blades.
Research Interests:
The undergraduate engineering students were trained on the structural health monitoring (SHM) systems for the detections of aircraft composite damages using carbonized electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. The carbonization process... more
The undergraduate engineering students were trained on the structural health monitoring (SHM) systems for the detections of aircraft composite damages using carbonized electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. The carbonization process was conducted in two different steps: i) oxidation at 270 o C in a furnace for 1 hr, and ii) carbonization in an Argon atmosphere at 750, 850, and 950 o C for additional 1 hr. The PAN nanofibers were placed on the pre-preg carbon fiber composites with 0, 45,-45 and 90° stacking sequences, and co-cured in a vacuum oven. The extracted carbon fiber composites associated with the carbonized PAN nanofibers were used as a strain sensor during the loading and unloading of the carbon fiber composites panels. The electrical resistivity values of the nanofibers were changed at different strain conditions. The surface hydrophobicity of the carbonized samples were also measured and the test results were evaluated in detail. During this study, the undergraduate engineering students were involved in the tests to give them hands-on experience in understanding the new technology and stimulate their desire for pursuing advanced studies in engineering fields.
Research Interests:
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF), and then electrospun to generate nanofibers using various electrospinning conditions, such as pump speeds, DC voltages and tip-to-collector distances. The produced... more
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF), and then electrospun to generate nanofibers using various electrospinning conditions, such as pump speeds, DC voltages and tip-to-collector distances. The produced nanofibers were oxidized at 270 C for 1 hr, and then carbonized at 850 C in an argon gas for additional 1 hr. The resultant carbonized PAN nanofibers were placed on top of the pre-preg carbon fiber composites as top layers prior to the vacuum oven curing following the pre-preg composite curing procedures. The major purpose of this study is to determine if the carbonized nanofibers on the fiber reinforced composites can detect the structural defects on the composite, which may be useful for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the electrospun PAN fibers were well integrated on the pre-preg composites. Electrical conductivity studies under various tensile loads revealed that nanoscale carbon fibers on the fiber reinforced composites detected small changes of loads by changing the resistance values. Electrically conductive composite manufacturing can have huge benefits over the conventional composites primarily used for the military and civilian aircraft and wind turbine blades.
Research Interests:
Micro air vehicle (MAV) is a small portable flying vehicle which was designed to perform some important and specific tasks. Recently, MAV industry has been growing drastically for many industries, such as defense, security, environmental... more
Micro air vehicle (MAV) is a small portable flying vehicle which was designed to perform some important and specific tasks. Recently, MAV industry has been growing drastically for many industries, such as defense, security, environmental protection, wildlife conservation, toy, construction, traffic safety, and so on. One of the concerns is that the MAV wings can easily fail during the operations because of concerns on wings structures and designs. In this study, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber membranes were produced via electrospinning process and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other techniques for the purpose of developing highly robust MAV wings. The heat treatments of various temperatures (60°C, 80°C and 100 °C) were applied on the nanofiber films to increase the overall strengths and hydrophobicity of the wings. The main focus of this study was to develop insect-like flapping wings with a beat frequency between 4 and 10 Hz (butterfly). The flapping test results indicated that the heat treated nanofibers performed considerably better when compared to the untreated nanofiber films. This study may be useful for designing new generations of MAV wings for different applications.
Research Interests:
This dissertation is aimed at developing new materials to be used as strain gauges in structural health monitoring (SHM) of composite aircraft structures. The unabated growth in air traffic has spurred increased demand in the aerospace... more
This dissertation is aimed at developing new materials to be used as strain gauges in
structural health monitoring (SHM) of composite aircraft structures. The unabated growth in air traffic has spurred increased demand in the aerospace industry to manufacture reduced-cost aircraft that are efficient to operate, friendly to the environment, and have an adequate level of safety. Due to their easy manufacturing process and high performance, carbon-based piezoresistive sensors, such as carbon nanotubes, graphite, and graphene, have been developed as alternatives to the traditional silicon/metal-based microelectromechanical system (MEMS), with
applications ranging from industrial to medical fields. These sensors can be used in in-situ SHM industries and prosthesis applications because of their small size and high sensitivity to small forces. The detection of flaws and monitoring on a continuous and routine basis is the motive behind SHM devices. Nanomaterials play a remarkable role in the development of nanotechnology. Carbon nanofibers have high strength and stiffness as well as unique thermal and electrical properties. The primary precursor used for the bulk production of carbon nanofibers is polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The most promising technique for the synthesis of carbon nanofibers is electrospinning, with PAN as the main polymer precursor. This dissertation deals with the fabrication of PAN-derived fibers via electrospinning followed by stabilization and carbonization in order to remove all non-carboneous materials and ensure pure carbon fibers as
the resulting material. Prepared nanofiber films were placed on pre-preg composites and cured in a vacuum oven. The basic aim of this study was to fabricate lightweight and cost-effective PAN-derived electrospun fibers for SHM applications of composites and test them for durability under different conditions.
structural health monitoring (SHM) of composite aircraft structures. The unabated growth in air traffic has spurred increased demand in the aerospace industry to manufacture reduced-cost aircraft that are efficient to operate, friendly to the environment, and have an adequate level of safety. Due to their easy manufacturing process and high performance, carbon-based piezoresistive sensors, such as carbon nanotubes, graphite, and graphene, have been developed as alternatives to the traditional silicon/metal-based microelectromechanical system (MEMS), with
applications ranging from industrial to medical fields. These sensors can be used in in-situ SHM industries and prosthesis applications because of their small size and high sensitivity to small forces. The detection of flaws and monitoring on a continuous and routine basis is the motive behind SHM devices. Nanomaterials play a remarkable role in the development of nanotechnology. Carbon nanofibers have high strength and stiffness as well as unique thermal and electrical properties. The primary precursor used for the bulk production of carbon nanofibers is polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The most promising technique for the synthesis of carbon nanofibers is electrospinning, with PAN as the main polymer precursor. This dissertation deals with the fabrication of PAN-derived fibers via electrospinning followed by stabilization and carbonization in order to remove all non-carboneous materials and ensure pure carbon fibers as
the resulting material. Prepared nanofiber films were placed on pre-preg composites and cured in a vacuum oven. The basic aim of this study was to fabricate lightweight and cost-effective PAN-derived electrospun fibers for SHM applications of composites and test them for durability under different conditions.