Professor Gautam V . Zodape

Fresh Aloe vera plant leaves were brought from botanical garden and sample was identified and brought to the laboratory in the Department of Zoology, Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon (W), Mumbai. 50 grams of leaves were then grounded with 50ml of distilled water in sterilized pestle and mortar. The yield will be calculated based on weight of the extract compared to the weight of the pulp of the leaves. Forty-eight (48) Sprague-dawley rats (average weight 150-250 g) of either sex were used for the experiment. The ETH and PAS drug and Aloe vera juice were given to respective groups daily for 28 days. At the end of the study animals were anesthetized and were sacrificed by cervical decapitation. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture and studied for WBC: White blood cell count, LYM: Lymphocytes, MID: Indicates the combined value of the other types of white blood cells not classified as lymphocytes or granulocytes, NEUT: Neutrophils, RBC: Red blood cell count, HGB: Hemoglobin, HCT: Hematocrit and PLT: The platelet counts by using Operon hematology analyzer. Graph Pad Prism 7 was used for statistical analysis by one way variance (ANOVA). The value (p< 0.05) considered as significant and (P< .00001) is no significant. The present study demonstrated that the antituberculosis drugs ETH and PAS changes the hematological parameters due to the presence of toxic metabolites. The toxic metabolites of the drugs bind to cellular macromolecules and released to form toxic free radicals which in turn it caused tissue damage. Whereas, we observed that after administration of Aloe vera juice independently or in combination with the anti-TB drugs ETH and PAS the hematological parameters found improved towards normalization. Based on the above results it is concluded that the Aloe vera juice have a good bio-enhancer property against toxicity induced by ETH and PAS drugs in Sprague-dawley rats.

for further analysis. The present study was carried out to estimate the sterol content and degree of un-saturation of fatty acid in edible Refined Sunflower oils. In the present scenario of nutrition science, the role of fats and oils in human nutrition and their health is found to be very effective. It is now also known that fats and oils besides their earlier recognized role as conventional nutrient as energy provider, may also play on efficient and competent role in immune responses by decreasing dietary total fat intake with the inclusion of higher amounts of phytosterols such as sitosterol and also moderate amounts of poly unsaturated fatty acids with adequate antioxident nutrients. The result shows that the degree of unsaturation was higher in plant oils in comparison to animal fat and among all plant Refined Sunflower oil had highest degree of unsaturation. Higher degree of unsaturation of oils is good for the human health. So, apart from all the above discussion the conclusion was made that plant oils are good for consumption as it contains unsaturated fatty acids as well as plant oils are rich in phytosterol i.e. sitosterol, which lowers the cholesterol absorption in human beings.

The tropical ocean of West Coast of Mumbai is well known for the rich biodiversity of crabs Atergatis integerrimus (Lamarck). The bioactivity of the methanolic extract of these crabs have screen resently and observed to be antimicrobial, antifungal and antipesticidal. Therefore, to ascertain the nature and chemical structure of the bioactive compound present in these crabs, TLC was performed using Silica gelas stationary phase and methanol as mobile phase. The concentration of the compound separated is enriching by preparative chromatographic technique and the spot separated at the Rf value 0.95 cm. Was isolated by scratching it and purified by dissolving it in methanol and when subjected it for its identification by FTIR, HNMR and GC-M/S techniques and it was found to be Pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(Phenylmethyl)

Seafood is the major source of food of large number of people residing in the coastal area of Maharashtra. Fish samples namely Megalaspis cordyla, Sepia aculeate, Arius dussumieri, Cynoglossus macrolepidotus, Coilia dussumieri (Vile Parle) and Lepturacanthus lepturus, Escuolosa thoracata, Parastromateus niger, Arius dussumieri, and Ilisha filigera (Dadar) were collected directly from the two suburban markets (Vile Parle and Dadar) of Mumbai coast. These fish samples were dried in the laboratory and, the dried fishes were crushed into a fine powder by mortal and pestle and stored in amber colored bottles in vacuum desiccators. These samples were evaluated by Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer for the determination of the six heavy metals namely Zinc, Manganese, and Iron, Lead, Cadmium and Mercury. It is reported in the literature that the level of Zn in fishes is generally above the tolerable limits. In our present study, we found that the level of Zn in fishes from Vile Parle and Dadar market was also above the tolerable limits. Our data for Mn revels is comparable with the similar data reported in the literature. Iron was the dominant metal measured during this study. From our study it was found that the concentration of Fe in different species of fishes collected from Vile Parle and Dadar markets was quite high as also reported in earlier literature. Thus the values of Fe in present suggest severe contamination in the seafood in recent years. The level of Pb, in our study is within tolerable limits. The concentrations of Cd, in marketed fishes in our study were far lower than the consumption safety tolerance in fishes set by countries elsewhere. According to the results obtained, the Hg, level in the samples of the fishes collected from the Vile Parle and Dadar markets were found below the tolerable limits than the permissible level.

The research paper is focused on distribution of toxic metal in various tissues of different shrimp species, and in surface and bottom water sediments. The possible roles of these trace elements in this regard are emphasized. Moreover, patterns of toxic metal bioaccumulation and their order of occurrence have been evaluated. Another part of this paper deals with comparison of the related data from different aquatic environments as well as existing guidelines and limits for human consumption. Comparison between the mean concentrations of the toxic metal in Carapace, gills, remaining body tissues and whole body tissues and in water samples are compared with existing guidelines indicate that the concentrations of Mg was found well below the permissible levels for human consumption whereas no Hg was detected in all the shrimp as well as in water samples because its concentration is less than 0.0001ppm). However the concentrations of Cd and Co and Ni were observed somewhat greater than some of the recommended levels as prescribed by FAO/ WHO and cited literature.

Purpose. Molecular identification of two shrimp species (Parapenaeopsis sculptillis and Parapenaeopsis hardwikii) from Gorai creek, Mumbai, west coast of India. Methodology. The specimens of Shrimps Parapenaeopsis sculptillis and Parapenaeopsis hardwikii were collected from Gorai creek. The samples were morphologically identified as per the FAO guidelines manual and by using taxonomic keys. Genomic DNA was extracted from muscle tissue using DNA isolation kit (Hi Media, India). Molecular identification was carried out by using cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), gene sequencing by using specific primers LCO1490 and HCO2198. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by neighbour-joining method using mega 6 software to determine the relationship of the samples with known sequences in database. Findings. The P. sculptillis and P. hardwikii showed closest sequence similarities with P. cornuta (84%) and Thysanopoda obtusifrons (83%). A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on COI gene, which separates the populations into thirteen stable clades. The results on DNA barcoding and current distribution of P. culptillis and P. hardwikii and their haplotype P. cornuta and Thysanopoda obtusifrons showed phylogenetic relationship among them, providing insights into the adaptive evolution of DNA sequences. The phylogenetic divergence analyses of the selected specie showed worldwide distribution because the above said species and their haplotype species showed complex sequence diversities that are having functional relevance with energy metabolism and environmental adaptation. Originality. First attempt to use molecular genetic techniques for the identification of Parapenaeopsis sculptillis and Parapenaeopsis hardwikii and to compare their DNA sequences with other haplotype species such as P. cornuta and Thysanopoda obtusifrons. Practical value. The obtained data can be used for shrimp species identification and studies of their phylogenetics and population genetics.

An attempt has been made to study the effect of Aloe vera juice on toxicity induced by chromium on Labeo rohita fingerlings, exposed to sub-lethal concentration of chromium and Aloe vera juice for 21 days. The bio-accumulation pattern of chromium with Aloe vera juice supplementation was carried out on selected organs like liver and muscle tissues. In both the liver and muscle tissues a pronounced effect of chromium and Aloe vera juice was noted on activities such as, Glutamateoxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), Glutamate-pyruvate teansaminase (GPT), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP & ALP), total proteins, total lipids, protease activity, and free amino acids and Glycogen activity respectively. A significant decrease in enzymatic activity as GPT, GOT, ACP & ALP was noted in liver and muscle tissues. The level of protein, lipids and glycogen were also found decreased, whereas protease and free amino acids were profoundly increased. The results of present study suggest that Aloe vera juice has an effective hepatoprotective and tissue protective property against chromium toxicity.

Male Wistar rats were procured from 'The Bombay Veterinary College', Parel, Mumbai. The animals were maintained and housed in cages and were acclimatized in laboratory conditions for ten days prior to the experiment. The experimental rats were fed orally with isoniazid 300 mg/ 70 kg body weight / day; rifampicin 450 mg / 70 kg body weight / day and Aloe vera extract 50 mg/ kg body weight / day for 30 days. Blood samples of the above groups (A to H) were taken after 30 th day from cardiac puncture for estimation of mean concentration serum of AST, ALT, ALP, and ACP, bilirubin, total proein, total albumin and total globulin in serum of rats treated with Aloe vera, Isoniazid and Rifampicin independently as well as in combinations. In our study the more commonly measured 'liver' enzymes are showing significant increase in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and ACP, bilirubin total proein, total albumin and total globulin in serum of rats treated with Isoniazid and Rifampicin individually and in combination when compared with control rats, whereas the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and ACP, bilirubin, total protein, total albumin and total globulin in serum were found somewhat decreased in rat treated with Aloe vera independently as well as in combination with Isoniazid and Rifampicin drug.

During low tide the specimens of crab were collected from Colaba (TIFR and NCPA) costal area. After collection, the crabs were transported for acclimatization in glass aquarium (12 x 12 x 18 cm.) containing 25 L Sea water collected from the site to the laboratory of Patkar College Goregaon (west), Mumbai during the monsoon season and acclimatized for 2 days at room temperature before use. After acclimatization, live crabs were selected and whole body, carapace, hepatopancreas and remaining body tissues were dissected out. The dissected parts where weighed and were crushed separately in an equal volume of a mixture of methanol and acetic acid (w/v). Finely crushed crabs were homogenized with a mixture of 80% methanol and 1% acetic acid by o heating in water bath at 50 C for half an hrs. The mixture was defatted with dichloromethane and crude extract was processed for evaluation of bioactivity. In case of cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana) and rice weevils (Sitopbilus oryzae) 100 % mortality was noted after 24 hours of exposure to the crude extracts. The 100 % mortality was observed in fish Gumbusia affinis at a concentration of 3.0 ml and 4.0 ml of crude extract of carapace and hepatopancreas whereas, no mortality of the crude extract of crab was observed in whole body, carapace, hepatopancreas and remaining body tissues on mosquito larvae.

During low tide the specimens of crab were collected from Colaba (TIFR and NCPA) costal area. After collection, the crabs were transported for acclimatization in glass aquarium (12 x 12 x 18 cm.) containing 25 L Sea water collected from the site to the laboratory of Patkar College Goregaon (west), Mumbai during the monsoon season and acclimatized for 2 days at room temperature before use. After acclimatization, live crabs were selected and whole body, carapace, hepatopancreas and remaining body tissues were dissected out. The dissected parts where weighed and were crushed separately in an equal volume of a mixture of methanol and acetic acid (w/v). Finely crushed crabs were homogenized with a mixture of 80% methanol and 1% acetic acid by o heating in water bath at 50 C for half an hrs. The mixture was defatted with dichloromethane and crude extract was processed for evaluation of bioactivity. In the present investigation crude extracts isolated from the crab Atergatis integerrimus from whole body, carapace, hepatopancreas and remaining body tissues among the test bacteria and fungus used shows zone of inhibition of pathogenic bacteria S.

Seafood is the major source of food of large number of people residing in the coastal area of Maharashtra. Fish samples namely Arius dussumieri; Parastromateus niger; Harpadon nehereus; Dasyatis uranak; Carcharhinus limbatus (Virar Market) and Nemipterus japonicus; Harpadon nehereus; Coilia dussumieri; Johnius sina and Megalaspis cordyla (Bhayender Market) were collected directly from the two suburban markets ((Virar Market and Bhayender Market) of Mumbai coast. These fish samples were dried in the laboratory and, the dried fishes were crushed into a fine powder by mortar and pestle and stored in amber colored bottles in vacuum desiccators. These samples were evaluated by Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer for the determination of the six heavy metals namely Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Lead ,Cadmium and Mercury. It is reported in the literature that the level of Zn in fishes is generally above the tolerable limits. In our present study we found that the level of Zn in fishes from Virar market and Bhayender market was also above the tolerable limits. Our data for Mn results are comparable with the similar data reported in literature. Iron was the dominant metal measured during this study. From our study it was found that the concentration of Fe in different species of fishes collected from Virar and Bhayender markets was quite high as also reported in the earlier literature. Thus the values of Fe in present study suggest severe contamination in seafood in recent years. The level of Pb, in our study is within tolerable limits. The concentrations of Cd, in marketed fishes in our study were far lower than the consumption safety tolerance in fishes set by countries worldwide. According to the results obtained, the Hg, level in the samples of the fishes collected from the Virar and Bhayendar markets were found below the tolerable limits than the permissible level. It was also found that the increasing trends in metal ion concentration was found in winter season as compared to the pre and post monsoon seasons.

The trace elements in various tissues of different shrimp species, and in surface and bottom water sediments were analyzed using ICP-OES techniquethe possible roles of these trace elements in this regard are emphasized. Moreover, patterns of trace elements bioaccumulation and their order of occurrence have been evaluated. This paper also deals with comparison of the related data from different aquatic environments as well as existing guidelines and limits for human consumption. Comparison between the mean concentrations of the trace elements in Carapace, Gills, remaining body tissues and whole body tissues and in water samples are compared with existing guidelines, which indicate that the concentrations of K and Mg are well below the permissible levels for human consumption. However the concentrations of Li, Se,Sr, and TI were observed somewhat higher than the recommended levels. The amounts of Te present in different tissues of shrimps and in water samples are not comparable with that of the other aquatic animals, drinking water standards or with the human body because tellurium is not regarded as a true trace element, in that there is no recognized biological role for tellurium in human tissues and no clinical deficiency syndrome.

The Prawn and shrimp samples of were collected from local markets of Virar suburban areas of Mumbai city from June to December 2012. These prawn samples were dried in the laboratory and, the dried prawns were crushed into a fine powder by mortar and pestle and stored in amber colored bottles in vacuum desiccators. These samples were evaluated by Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer for the determination of the ten heavy metals namely Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Hg. In the present work, the mean values at minimum and maximum concentrations of copper, zinc, iron and chromium in the prawns and shrimp samples are found below the maximum specified acceptable concentration where as Mn, cobalt, nickel, lead, and cadmium these values were found above the maximum specified acceptable concentration as prescribed by WHO. The mean values of the minimum and maximum concentrations of mercury in the prawns and shrimp samples were not detected as these concentrations were either less than 0.001ppm or absent in all the species of prawns and shrimps.

The tropical ocean of West Coast of Mumbai is well known for the rich biodiversity of crabs Atergatis integerrimus (Lamarck). The bioactivity of the methanolic extract of these crabs have screen resently and observed to be antimicrobial, antifungal and antipesticidal. Therefore, to ascertain the nature and chemical structure of the bioactive compound present in these crabs, TLC was performed using Silica gelas stationary phase and methanol as mobile phase. The concentration of the compound separated is enriching by preparative chromatographic technique and the spot separated at the Rf value 0.95 cm. Was isolated by scratching it and purified by dissolving it in methanol and when subjected it for its identification by FTIR, HNMR and GC-M/S techniques and it was found to be Pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(Phenylmethyl)

The research paper is focused on distribution of toxic metal in various tissues of different shrimp species, and in surface and bottom water sediments. The possible roles of these trace elements in this regard are emphasized. Moreover, patterns of toxic metal bioaccumulation and their order of occurrence have been evaluated. Another part of this paper deals with comparison of the related data from different aquatic environments as well as existing guidelines and limits for human consumption. Comparison between the mean concentrations of the toxic metal in Carapace, gills, remaining body tissues and whole body tissues and in water samples are compared with existing guidelines indicate that the concentrations of Mg was found well below the permissible levels for human consumption whereas no Hg was detected in all the shrimp as well as in water samples because its concentration is less than 0.0001ppm). However the concentrations of Cd and Co and Ni were observed somewhat greater than some of the recommended levels as prescribed by FAO/ WHO and cited literature.

 Gen-bank NCBI domain accession numbers : 1).Parapenaeopsis sculptillis (GenBank accession MT1_ KT898913) NCBI BLASTn-KP072694 2). Parapenaeopsis hardwikii (GenBank accession MT2 _KT898914)NCBIBLASTn-GU183782 3). Exhippolysmata ensirostris (GenBank accession TM1_NC290216) tBLASTx-KC962212 4). Solenocera crassicornis (GenBank accession TM2_NC210316A) tBLASTx-KR261594 5). Palaemon carinicauda (GenBank accession TM4_NC230216B) tBLASTx-HM180579 6). Tapes belcheri (GenBank accession TM8_NC290216) tBLASTx-HM124601