The classification of words in terms of parts of speech is frequently problematic. This book exam... more The classification of words in terms of parts of speech is frequently problematic. This book examines the classification of conjunctions and similar words of other classes. It reviews work done from the 19th century to the present on a wide range of languages, including English, German, French, Latin, Ancient Greek, Welsh, Persian, Chinese, Japanese, Ute, and Abun. Most chapters treat conjunctions as opposed to one of the other traditionally recognized parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adpositions, and interjections. The book’s major focus is on the terminology used to describe words on or near the borders between conjunctions and other parts of speech, such as «deverbal conjunctions», «conjunctional adverbs», «prepositional conjunctions», and «so-called conjunctions».
The boundaries between word classes are often fuzzy. This book looks at the classification of int... more The boundaries between word classes are often fuzzy. This book looks at the classification of interjections and similar words of other classes. It reviews work done over the past 250 years on several languages, including English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Latin, Ancient Greek, Albanian, and Welsh. Most chapters discuss interjections in relation to one of the other traditionally recognized parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adpositions, and conjunctions. A major focus is on the use of relevant terminology e.g. primary and secondary interjections, proper and improper interjections, and interjectives.
5th International Mediterranean Congress Proceedings Book, 2024
Ande is an international auxiliary language created by A. W. Anderson and presented publicly in a... more Ande is an international auxiliary language created by A. W. Anderson and presented publicly in an undated book. It is thus the same general type of language as Esperanto, but far less known; it is possible that no one other than Anderson learned or used it. Among the prepositions of Ande is i ‘of, pertaining to, having relation to’. Its use seems rather complex, like that of the English word of, and one might note that there are some other Ande prepositions which are partly equivalent to of, e.g. v, siv, and tru. Anderson ([1951]:81) states, “The Relation Word ‘i’ is the most comprehensive of its kind, and in this regard is comparable to ‘He’, or ‘Ga’, among verbs, or ‘Eta’, among material nouns. Perhaps each Thing, Action, or Condition may have some applicable Relation to each and every other. However, every Thing, Action, or Condition has limits as to applicable Attributes.” In this paper I will attempt to clarify the meanings and functions of i, based on remarks by Anderson and on example sentences which he provides in his book. The affix -i will also be discussed; it “is more specific [than i] and denotes ‘Being or Acting of the quality of’” (ibid.).
Some languages of the Miwok group have an unusual feature in their Case systems, namely, that wha... more Some languages of the Miwok group have an unusual feature in their Case systems, namely, that what appears to be a nominative case marker obligatorily appears outside of some other case markers. This sort of structure, with a syntactic case marker outside of, and selected by semantic case markers, is unlike any other known examples of multiple case marking. It will be argued that the nominative case marker is in fact a predication marker in these structures, given the fact that it can also occur in verbal constructions. With this analysis, Case marking in the Miwok languages will be less exceptional and problematic than had previously appeared.
3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 28.3, 2022
Digital technology has immensely transformed communication, and social media facilitates online f... more Digital technology has immensely transformed communication, and social media facilitates online feedback mechanisms, empowering consumers' voices via online reviews. This has led to the pervasively growing influence of electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on customers' purchase intentions, as negative online reviews can be detrimental to business performance. Therefore, digital business engagement on online platforms is essential to ensure customer satisfaction and manage online reputation. Building on Spencer-Oatey's (2008) Rapport Management Model (RMM), this qualitative study explores the rapport management strategies used by eighteen Malaysian five-, four-and threestar hotels to respond to negative online reviews, from the perspective of the RMM discourse domain. The hotel responses were collected from TripAdvisor, using purposeful sampling and analysed with Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis. The findings show that the five-and four-star hotels employed higher frequencies of moves in their responses to complaints in negative reviews. Some four-and three-star hotels took a more confrontational approach by using the sub-move 'denying problems'. In terms of RMM rapport orientation, this sub-move can be rapport-challenging in customer relationships. This study highlights that managing negative reviews more efficiently for service recovery on online platforms is essential to maintain customer relationships and establish a positive online corporate reputation. More generally, the findings provide insights on cultural rapport management strategies used in one Southeast Asian country-Malaysia.
LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network 15.2, 2022
The rapid digital revolution in recent decades has transformed conventional Word-of-Mouth (WOM) i... more The rapid digital revolution in recent decades has transformed conventional Word-of-Mouth (WOM) into electronic WOM (eWOM). The significance of digital emotion in eWOM has been widely recognized due to its influential effect on consumer trust. There is increasing research on digital emotion contagion, which refers to exposure to emotions on digital platforms, which evokes internet users’ emotions. Drawing on Spencer-Oatey’s (2008) Rapport Management Model (RMM), this study investigates the stylistic domain of RMM, focusing on the affective lexical resources that express emotions used by Malaysian hotels when responding to positive online reviews on TripAdvisor. These affective lexical resources were analyzed using Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory. The findings demonstrated that the five- and four-star hotels had higher frequencies of affective lexical variation than did the three-star hotels. From the perspective of RMM, the affective lexical choices used by the high-end Malaysian hotels appeared to reflect the cultural values of gratitude and respect in Asian hospitality in fostering virtual emotional connections with reviewers. This study enriches the work on English for Specific Purposes (ESP) course design as digitally engaging via online business communication should be an integral part of business-related ESP courses.
Erenler, A. C. & Z. Safak (eds.) 2. INTERNATIONAL MARMARA SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND INNOVATION CONGRESS BOOK, 2022
Ro is an artificial auxiliary language created by Edward P. Foster in the early 20 th century. Un... more Ro is an artificial auxiliary language created by Edward P. Foster in the early 20 th century. Unlike most such languages (e.g. Esperanto), it is of the a priori type, meaning that it (supposedly) does not draw on natural languages as sources. Some a priori languages had their vocabulary designed in such a way that words with similar meani words for reptiles, and the system with which these words were formed. An additional interesting feature of Ro is that Foster wrote works on it over a period of more than 20 years, and he made (relatively minor) changes to it during that span of time, and this will be seen in the words for reptiles. Words for reptiles all begin with the sequence mu, as do all words for animals. Muk(a) all words for reptiles start with muk, but so do words for amphibians, e.g. mukaf mukag Was this because Foster did not know that amphibians are a separate class from reptiles or because he did not think it worth the trouble to create a different sequence of initial letters for amphibians? Words for different types of reptiles are distinguished by their fourth letter, e.g. mukla mukma Further letters distinguish different subtypes of these, e.g. muklab mukmal of a priori artificial languages have been constructed.
İSMAYILOV (ed.) FULL TEXT BOOK INTERNATIONAL ASIAN CONGRESS ON CONTEMPORARY SCIENCES-V, IKSAD, Ankara. , 2021
Words for berries in natural languages are of several types: semantically transparent compounds, ... more Words for berries in natural languages are of several types: semantically transparent compounds, e.g. English blueberry, somewhat semantically opaque compounds, e.g. English cranberry and raspberry, where it is not clear what the semantic contribution of the first component is (if there is any), and non-compounds, e.g. French fraise 'strawberry'. In addition, the set of fruits which are labelled as berries can differ in different languages. Given this variation, it would be interesting to look at such words in artificial (or constructed) languages, i.e. languages which have been consciously created. The most successful artificial language is Esperanto, but there have been more than a thousand others. This paper will look at terms for berries in various types of artificial languages: a posteriori artificial languages (e.g. Esperanto), which use one or more natural languages as sources, a priori languages (e.g. Ro), which do not do this, and mixed languages (e.g. Volapük), which occupy a middle ground between the first two types. A posteriori languages can be further classified according to which languages they are based on. Questions to be investigated include whether terms for berries are compounds, and if so, whether they are fully transparent, which sources these terms are taken from (in the case of a posteriori languages drawing on more than one languages), the ways in which they are similar in form (in the case of some a priori languages), and which fruits are treated as berries. From this work one might uncover general trends in the development of the vocabularies of artificial languages.
Ö. G. Ulum and M. E. Kalgı (eds.) ISPEC 7th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES (THE PROCEEDINGS BOOK), ISPEC Publications., 2021
Eurasto is a (very obscure) artificial auxiliary language created by a Major G. Tacchi of Southse... more Eurasto is a (very obscure) artificial auxiliary language created by a Major G. Tacchi of Southsea, England; it is based on English. Artificial languages are languages which have been deliberately created, unlike natural languages such as Turkish and English; artificial auxiliary langauges are artificial languages meant to be used as means of communication among people who do not speak the same natural languages. Most major artificial auxiliary languages, e.g. Esperanto, aim have simple morphology so as to make them easier to learn; they will thus have very few different forms of verbs. However, Eurasto has 13 moods, more than many or most natural languages, the simple, negative, endeavor, intensive, feeble, commence, continue, end, perhaps, potential, bias, volative, and imperative. This paper will look at these moods in an effort to determine whether they are all in fact moods (or whether some of them should rather be labelled as aspects), and when they occur. To answer the second question the very limited amount of textual material in Eurasto can be examined to see to what extent verb forms with these moods occur (it might not be surprising if some of them do not occur at all outside of sentences used to exemplify them), and in what contexts they occur. This will be done to a limited extent in the present paper. Comparisons will be made with other artificial languages which also have complex verbal morphology.
"Words for Nutmeg in Artificial Languages" in A. N. Özker (ed.) Atlas International Congress on Social Sciences 8. Full Text Book, IKSAD, Ankara. pp. 39-42., 2021
The classification of words in terms of parts of speech is frequently problematic. This book exam... more The classification of words in terms of parts of speech is frequently problematic. This book examines the classification of conjunctions and similar words of other classes. It reviews work done from the 19th century to the present on a wide range of languages, including English, German, French, Latin, Ancient Greek, Welsh, Persian, Chinese, Japanese, Ute, and Abun. Most chapters treat conjunctions as opposed to one of the other traditionally recognized parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adpositions, and interjections. The book’s major focus is on the terminology used to describe words on or near the borders between conjunctions and other parts of speech, such as «deverbal conjunctions», «conjunctional adverbs», «prepositional conjunctions», and «so-called conjunctions».
The boundaries between word classes are often fuzzy. This book looks at the classification of int... more The boundaries between word classes are often fuzzy. This book looks at the classification of interjections and similar words of other classes. It reviews work done over the past 250 years on several languages, including English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Latin, Ancient Greek, Albanian, and Welsh. Most chapters discuss interjections in relation to one of the other traditionally recognized parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adpositions, and conjunctions. A major focus is on the use of relevant terminology e.g. primary and secondary interjections, proper and improper interjections, and interjectives.
5th International Mediterranean Congress Proceedings Book, 2024
Ande is an international auxiliary language created by A. W. Anderson and presented publicly in a... more Ande is an international auxiliary language created by A. W. Anderson and presented publicly in an undated book. It is thus the same general type of language as Esperanto, but far less known; it is possible that no one other than Anderson learned or used it. Among the prepositions of Ande is i ‘of, pertaining to, having relation to’. Its use seems rather complex, like that of the English word of, and one might note that there are some other Ande prepositions which are partly equivalent to of, e.g. v, siv, and tru. Anderson ([1951]:81) states, “The Relation Word ‘i’ is the most comprehensive of its kind, and in this regard is comparable to ‘He’, or ‘Ga’, among verbs, or ‘Eta’, among material nouns. Perhaps each Thing, Action, or Condition may have some applicable Relation to each and every other. However, every Thing, Action, or Condition has limits as to applicable Attributes.” In this paper I will attempt to clarify the meanings and functions of i, based on remarks by Anderson and on example sentences which he provides in his book. The affix -i will also be discussed; it “is more specific [than i] and denotes ‘Being or Acting of the quality of’” (ibid.).
Some languages of the Miwok group have an unusual feature in their Case systems, namely, that wha... more Some languages of the Miwok group have an unusual feature in their Case systems, namely, that what appears to be a nominative case marker obligatorily appears outside of some other case markers. This sort of structure, with a syntactic case marker outside of, and selected by semantic case markers, is unlike any other known examples of multiple case marking. It will be argued that the nominative case marker is in fact a predication marker in these structures, given the fact that it can also occur in verbal constructions. With this analysis, Case marking in the Miwok languages will be less exceptional and problematic than had previously appeared.
3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 28.3, 2022
Digital technology has immensely transformed communication, and social media facilitates online f... more Digital technology has immensely transformed communication, and social media facilitates online feedback mechanisms, empowering consumers' voices via online reviews. This has led to the pervasively growing influence of electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on customers' purchase intentions, as negative online reviews can be detrimental to business performance. Therefore, digital business engagement on online platforms is essential to ensure customer satisfaction and manage online reputation. Building on Spencer-Oatey's (2008) Rapport Management Model (RMM), this qualitative study explores the rapport management strategies used by eighteen Malaysian five-, four-and threestar hotels to respond to negative online reviews, from the perspective of the RMM discourse domain. The hotel responses were collected from TripAdvisor, using purposeful sampling and analysed with Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis. The findings show that the five-and four-star hotels employed higher frequencies of moves in their responses to complaints in negative reviews. Some four-and three-star hotels took a more confrontational approach by using the sub-move 'denying problems'. In terms of RMM rapport orientation, this sub-move can be rapport-challenging in customer relationships. This study highlights that managing negative reviews more efficiently for service recovery on online platforms is essential to maintain customer relationships and establish a positive online corporate reputation. More generally, the findings provide insights on cultural rapport management strategies used in one Southeast Asian country-Malaysia.
LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network 15.2, 2022
The rapid digital revolution in recent decades has transformed conventional Word-of-Mouth (WOM) i... more The rapid digital revolution in recent decades has transformed conventional Word-of-Mouth (WOM) into electronic WOM (eWOM). The significance of digital emotion in eWOM has been widely recognized due to its influential effect on consumer trust. There is increasing research on digital emotion contagion, which refers to exposure to emotions on digital platforms, which evokes internet users’ emotions. Drawing on Spencer-Oatey’s (2008) Rapport Management Model (RMM), this study investigates the stylistic domain of RMM, focusing on the affective lexical resources that express emotions used by Malaysian hotels when responding to positive online reviews on TripAdvisor. These affective lexical resources were analyzed using Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory. The findings demonstrated that the five- and four-star hotels had higher frequencies of affective lexical variation than did the three-star hotels. From the perspective of RMM, the affective lexical choices used by the high-end Malaysian hotels appeared to reflect the cultural values of gratitude and respect in Asian hospitality in fostering virtual emotional connections with reviewers. This study enriches the work on English for Specific Purposes (ESP) course design as digitally engaging via online business communication should be an integral part of business-related ESP courses.
Erenler, A. C. & Z. Safak (eds.) 2. INTERNATIONAL MARMARA SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND INNOVATION CONGRESS BOOK, 2022
Ro is an artificial auxiliary language created by Edward P. Foster in the early 20 th century. Un... more Ro is an artificial auxiliary language created by Edward P. Foster in the early 20 th century. Unlike most such languages (e.g. Esperanto), it is of the a priori type, meaning that it (supposedly) does not draw on natural languages as sources. Some a priori languages had their vocabulary designed in such a way that words with similar meani words for reptiles, and the system with which these words were formed. An additional interesting feature of Ro is that Foster wrote works on it over a period of more than 20 years, and he made (relatively minor) changes to it during that span of time, and this will be seen in the words for reptiles. Words for reptiles all begin with the sequence mu, as do all words for animals. Muk(a) all words for reptiles start with muk, but so do words for amphibians, e.g. mukaf mukag Was this because Foster did not know that amphibians are a separate class from reptiles or because he did not think it worth the trouble to create a different sequence of initial letters for amphibians? Words for different types of reptiles are distinguished by their fourth letter, e.g. mukla mukma Further letters distinguish different subtypes of these, e.g. muklab mukmal of a priori artificial languages have been constructed.
İSMAYILOV (ed.) FULL TEXT BOOK INTERNATIONAL ASIAN CONGRESS ON CONTEMPORARY SCIENCES-V, IKSAD, Ankara. , 2021
Words for berries in natural languages are of several types: semantically transparent compounds, ... more Words for berries in natural languages are of several types: semantically transparent compounds, e.g. English blueberry, somewhat semantically opaque compounds, e.g. English cranberry and raspberry, where it is not clear what the semantic contribution of the first component is (if there is any), and non-compounds, e.g. French fraise 'strawberry'. In addition, the set of fruits which are labelled as berries can differ in different languages. Given this variation, it would be interesting to look at such words in artificial (or constructed) languages, i.e. languages which have been consciously created. The most successful artificial language is Esperanto, but there have been more than a thousand others. This paper will look at terms for berries in various types of artificial languages: a posteriori artificial languages (e.g. Esperanto), which use one or more natural languages as sources, a priori languages (e.g. Ro), which do not do this, and mixed languages (e.g. Volapük), which occupy a middle ground between the first two types. A posteriori languages can be further classified according to which languages they are based on. Questions to be investigated include whether terms for berries are compounds, and if so, whether they are fully transparent, which sources these terms are taken from (in the case of a posteriori languages drawing on more than one languages), the ways in which they are similar in form (in the case of some a priori languages), and which fruits are treated as berries. From this work one might uncover general trends in the development of the vocabularies of artificial languages.
Ö. G. Ulum and M. E. Kalgı (eds.) ISPEC 7th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES (THE PROCEEDINGS BOOK), ISPEC Publications., 2021
Eurasto is a (very obscure) artificial auxiliary language created by a Major G. Tacchi of Southse... more Eurasto is a (very obscure) artificial auxiliary language created by a Major G. Tacchi of Southsea, England; it is based on English. Artificial languages are languages which have been deliberately created, unlike natural languages such as Turkish and English; artificial auxiliary langauges are artificial languages meant to be used as means of communication among people who do not speak the same natural languages. Most major artificial auxiliary languages, e.g. Esperanto, aim have simple morphology so as to make them easier to learn; they will thus have very few different forms of verbs. However, Eurasto has 13 moods, more than many or most natural languages, the simple, negative, endeavor, intensive, feeble, commence, continue, end, perhaps, potential, bias, volative, and imperative. This paper will look at these moods in an effort to determine whether they are all in fact moods (or whether some of them should rather be labelled as aspects), and when they occur. To answer the second question the very limited amount of textual material in Eurasto can be examined to see to what extent verb forms with these moods occur (it might not be surprising if some of them do not occur at all outside of sentences used to exemplify them), and in what contexts they occur. This will be done to a limited extent in the present paper. Comparisons will be made with other artificial languages which also have complex verbal morphology.
"Words for Nutmeg in Artificial Languages" in A. N. Özker (ed.) Atlas International Congress on Social Sciences 8. Full Text Book, IKSAD, Ankara. pp. 39-42., 2021
Ramazan GAFARLI and Mustafa Latif EMEK (eds.) 4th INTERNATIONAL NOWRUZ CONFERENCE ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH March 18-21, 2021/ Karabagh, AZERBAIJAN THE BOOK OF FULL TEXTS V O L U M E -I . ISPEC. pp. 51-56., 2021
Nowruz is very important in countries such as Azerbaijan and Iran, but not well known in the most... more Nowruz is very important in countries such as Azerbaijan and Iran, but not well known in the most countries in Europe and the Americas. One would therefore not expect it to receive much attention in media and works in artificial auxiliary languages such as Esperanto (i.e. languages which have been created to facilitate international communication), since most such languages have been created by inhabitants of these countries. On the other hand, since designers and users of such languages generally have an international outlook, it would not be too surprising if mentions or descriptions of Nowruz did sometimes occur in them. In this paper I will discuss appearances of Nowruz (or lack of them) in such languages. One might first note the apparent total absence of references to Nowruz in major auxiliary languages other than Esperanto, e.g. in Volapük, Ido, and Interlingua. This can be explained by the fact that the heyday of these languages was before the current era of globalization, and knowledge of some less familiar countries and cultures was limited. In contrast, Nowruz occasionally appears in non-fiction in Esperanto, and in at least one work of fiction in that language, Ne eblas aplaŭdi unumane ('One cannot Applaud with One Hand') by Sten Johansson. The bulk of this paper will be a discussion of such occurrences.
KOOHI, Kamal & Alina AMANZHOLOVA (eds.) V. INTERNATIONAL KAORU ISHIKAWA BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ANDECONOMY CONGRESS May 20, 2021 Ankara , Turkey PROCEEDINGS BOOK., 2021
Although cryptocurrencies and the artificial language Esperanto, designed by L. L. Zamenhof, are ... more Although cryptocurrencies and the artificial language Esperanto, designed by L. L. Zamenhof, are quite different types of things, it has been argued that there are resemblances between them. Both slightly positive and negative comparisons have been made. For example, in the the website for Luno, a cryptocurrency exchange company, there is the following statement: "'Luno' is the Esperanto word for 'moon'. Esperanto is a language devised in 1887 with the main aim of being an international medium of communication, effectively a way to connect everyone in the world through language. Bitcoin is a perfect financial equivalent of this, and in some ways an even better way to connect us all". On the other hand, a 2013 webpage in the website of another company, CoinDesk, was entitled "What can bitcoin learn from the failure of [the] 'global' language Esperanto?" In this paper the validity of some such analogies will be examined. Other connections between Esperanto and cryptocurrencies will also be brought up, e.g. the fact that René de Saussure, a significant figure in the early Esperanto movement, "proposed the first 'virtual' worldwide currency-the father of Bitcoin, so to speak" (Gobbo 2020:110).
ÇIFTÇI, G. G. and Y, UNLUBAS (eds.) IV. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COVID-19 STUDIES Proceedings Book. IKSAD, Ankara., 2021
COVID-19 has had a tremendous effect on a very large number of people and organizations around th... more COVID-19 has had a tremendous effect on a very large number of people and organizations around the world. This includes speakers of Esperanto, the most widely used artificial (i.e. consciously created) language. In this paper, I will look at how the Esperanto community has been affected by COVID-19, and how it has responded to it. For one thing, various conferences and other meetings, such as the 2020 World Esperanto Congress, have been put off, changed to an online format, or cancelled. On the other hand, the organizers of the International Medical Esperanto Congress decided to have it focus on COVID, with topics such as the Australian Esperanto Association is running a series of online lectures, and one of the lectures of g.au/news/>). In addition, various aspects of COVID-19 have come up and been discussed much in Esperantolanguage media from many countries in the world. For example, in issue 41 of Esperanto en Afrika Esperanto in Africa-Eduardo Larrouy in issue 304 of La Ondo de Esperanto The Wave of Esperanto COVID-19. We thus see that Esperantists, like most other people, have suffered from and had to deal with the current pandemic.
Haner, S. & Zh. Sakhi (eds.) 2021 INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA COASTLINE COUNTRIES SYMPOSIUM-VI Full Texts Book. ISPEC Publishing., 2021
Various countries and cultures adjoin the Black Sea; therefore, it is not surprising that some fo... more Various countries and cultures adjoin the Black Sea; therefore, it is not surprising that some foods and recipes are named after it. This paper will survey foods which include Black Sea in their names. One can find, for example, a Black Sea Salad, a Black Sea Cake, a Black Sea Doner, Black Sea Toast, and a Black Sea Sandwich. In fact, there is even a mixed drink called simply Black Sea, although its connection with the Black Sea may be tenuous. Possible explanations for the inclusion of Black Sea in some food names will be brought up. In some cases where there is more than one instance of a type of food named after the Black Sea, their ingredients will be compared. Sources will include cookbooks and restaurant menus (which are available online). The focus will be on food and recipe names in English, but those in other languages will also be brought up, e.g. in French the Salade de la mer noire à la feta et aux olives ('Black Sea Salad with Feta and Olives').
L. Vasa and R. Huseynov (eds.) IKSAD International Congress of Social Sciences-VI Proceedings Book, IKSAD, Ankara. pp. 175-177., 2021
Word for 'Hungary' differ considerably in the world's natural languages, falling into two groups:... more Word for 'Hungary' differ considerably in the world's natural languages, falling into two groups: Hungarian Magyarország and words based on it, and words based on the Medieval Latin word Hungaria, e.g. English Hungary. This paper will look at words for 'Hungary' in artificial languages to see what sort of variation occurs in them and why it occurs. Artificial languages are languages which have been consciously created, unlike natural languages such as English and Chinese. Artificial languages which have been designed as a means of international communication are artificial auxiliary languages. Esperanto, one of the best-known and successful artificial languages, belongs to this group, but there are hundreds of other such languages, although most of them saw little or no use. Many artificial auxiliary languages, perhaps a considerable majority of them, followed the Latin form, e.g. Esperanto Hungarujo, Idiom Neutral Hungaria, Interlingua (IALA) Hungaria, and Olingo Hungio. However, a few languages have words based on the Hungarian form, e.g. Dil ciar, Makapi Magyalusaga, Pankel mad, and Sasxsek madiarorsag. Neo has words of both types, Ungrio and Majario. There are also just a few languages which have (or would have had) completely different words for 'Hungary', e.g. Ygeyde, as names of countries in these languages are based on their location (their latitude and longitude) or their size. In some cases the reasons behind the choice of words for 'Hungary' will be explained; to some extent they will involve the natural languages which were the sources of material for the artificial language in question (for those languages which used items from natural languages).
Dipanwita, Pal and Alan Libert (eds.) (2021) 1st INTERNATIONAL WOMEN STUDIES CONGRESS Congress Book. Iksad, Ankara. pp. 1-5., 2021
A priori artificial languages are attempts to build languages from scratch, unlike artificial lan... more A priori artificial languages are attempts to build languages from scratch, unlike artificial languages such as Esperanto, which are largely or entirely built from items in natural languages (the latter type of languages are known as a posteriori languages). Artificial languages are languages which have been consciously created, as opposed to natural languages such as Turkish and English. Although artificial languages have been created for various purposes (e.g. in connection with a work of fiction), this paper will be limited to those created as auxiliary languages, that is, languages designed to aid international communication. It will also be limited to languages created in the 19th or 20th centuries (although there are much older a priori languages). The vocabularies of a priori languages are often or usually built on the principle that words with similar meanings should have similar forms. By looking at the word ‘woman’ in such languages, one might learn something about what their designers felt about the concept of ‘woman’, and its relations to other concepts, such as ‘man’. The languages examined in this paper will include aUI, Babm, Lingualumina, Ro, Sona, and Suma.
Sadykova, D. (ed.) (2021) ISARC 1th INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND INNOVATION CONGRESS 13-14 MARCH 2021 KAZAKHISTAN CONGRESS BOOK. IKSAD, Ankara , 2021
The physical sciences (e.g. chemistry and physics) and life sciences (e.g. botany) may be perceiv... more The physical sciences (e.g. chemistry and physics) and life sciences (e.g. botany) may be perceived as difficult and intimidating by students, and this can lead to problems in learning them. In response to this, educators (and parents) must find ways to counter these impressions, and make these subjects enjoyable. One way of doing this is by using educational card or board games. However, the quality of such games is important; if students see them as boring, too simple, or too complicated, the attempted use of them will not lead to good learning outcomes. This paper will look at a variety of recent educational science games to see whether they have incorporated any innovations (as has occurred with some other sorts of games), what those innovations are, and whether they might indeed make the games, and learning about science, more enjoyable. The games examined will include both print and play games available on the internet (e.g. The Density Game and the Atmosphere & Weather Triva Board Game) and traditionally manufactured games (e.g. the Blinded by Science Triva Game and Science Quiz). (Online and computer games will not be discussed.) Recommendations will be made for the design of science games in the future.
Handout for talk on the artificial language Meso; given at the Sydney Language Festival, July 5, ... more Handout for talk on the artificial language Meso; given at the Sydney Language Festival, July 5, 2014.
Dealing with Linguistic Divisions in Second Language Classrooms, 2017
Script for paper given at the 32nd Annual Interdisciplinary Conference in the Humanities: Dichoto... more Script for paper given at the 32nd Annual Interdisciplinary Conference in the Humanities: Dichotomies/Schisms/Divisions, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA. Please note that this is a script, not a published paper, and not all of the details have been filled in.
Borrowing of Relative Clauses as an Indicator of Cultural and Commercial Influence, 2016
Script of paper given at the 31st Annual Interdisciplinary Conference in the Humanities: NATURE/C... more Script of paper given at the 31st Annual Interdisciplinary Conference in the Humanities: NATURE/CULTURE/COMMERCE, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA. Please note that this is only a script, and not a published paper, so it is not fully worked out in some places.
Handout for paper given at the Fourteenth Annual Minnesota Conference on Language and Linguistics... more Handout for paper given at the Fourteenth Annual Minnesota Conference on Language and Linguistics (MCOLL)
Handout for paper given at the 3rd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (IC... more Handout for paper given at the 3rd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICHSS), Osaka
On the Use of Cases and Prepositions with Verbs of Sailing in Byzantine Greek, 1997
Handout for paper given at the Tenth Annual Conference of the Australian Association for Byzantin... more Handout for paper given at the Tenth Annual Conference of the Australian Association for Byzantine Studies,
Paper given at the 20th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Urbana-Champaign, IL. April 19-... more Paper given at the 20th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Urbana-Champaign, IL. April 19-22, 1989
Handout for paper given at the LSA conference in 1994. Co-written with Jose Bonneau and Joyce Bru... more Handout for paper given at the LSA conference in 1994. Co-written with Jose Bonneau and Joyce Bruhn Garavito.
Paper given at JALT Hokkaido 2020 Winter Language Teaching Conference, 2020
Meronymy (names of parts and wholes) differs from language to language, sometimes in surprising w... more Meronymy (names of parts and wholes) differs from language to language, sometimes in surprising ways. For example, in some languages (e.g. German, French) there are different words for the mouth of a person and the mouth of an animal, unlike English,which uses the same word for both. To take another example, the English word "handle "can refer to handles of a wide range ofitems, while some languages have more specific terms for handles of certain types of objects (e.g. German "Schwengel" means apump handle but not a door handle). Language teachers should be aware of such facts and need to think creatively to anticipate possible differences between learners’native and target languages, and to explain these facts in a way which learners will remember. For example, how does oneexplain that in English one does not generally speak of the handle of a sword, but rather of its hilt? In this presentation I will present a range of meronymic differences between English and other languages, and ways of teaching them to students, some ofwhich will involve pictures as well as words.
This is the hand-out for a talk given as a University of Newcastle, Discipline of Ancient History... more This is the hand-out for a talk given as a University of Newcastle, Discipline of Ancient History Seminar on June 1, 2018. In this talk I presented and discussed some pages from a book on Pharmaceutical Latin for Uyghur speakers which I bought in Xinjiang in 2010.
Handout for talk given at the Ankara Linguistic Circle, September 29, 2006
Adpositions are commo... more Handout for talk given at the Ankara Linguistic Circle, September 29, 2006
Adpositions are commonly classified by their position with relation to their complement. Thus we have prepositions, which precede it, postpositions, which follow it, as well as the more exotic inpositions (within the complement), ambipositions (can precede or follow the complement), and circumpositions (partly before and partly after the complement). Aside from linear ordering, there is another way in which adpositional placement can vary: an adposition can either be adjacent or non-adjacent to its complement. Leaving aside preposition stranding (as a result of wh-movement, etc.), I shall look at the extent to which adpositions can appear non-adjacent to their complements. This may vary depending on the language, or on the particular adposition, or perhaps on other factors.
On the Distinction between Syntactic and Semantic case, 1992
This thesis examines the distinction between syntactic case and
semantic case, part of a broader ... more This thesis examines the distinction between syntactic case and semantic case, part of a broader distinction between lexical and functional elements. Several tests, involving predication, nominalization, and iteration are proposed for determining the semantic status of particular case functions. The results of these tests show that only subject and direct object markers are syntactic, all other cases being semantic. Further, semantic cases behave like adpositions, and should therefore be placed in the same syntactic category as them. This enables one to defend a structural account of restrictions on predication. The tests also indicate that English has underlying semantic cases, which are related, but not identical, to theta roles. The small number of syntactic cases is consistent with my claim that their content consists of one binary feature value, while the content of semantic cases is not necessarily so limited.
Uploads
langauges are artificial languages meant to be used as means of communication among people who do not speak the same natural languages. Most major artificial auxiliary languages, e.g. Esperanto, aim have simple morphology so as to make them easier to learn; they will thus have very few different forms of verbs. However, Eurasto has 13 moods, more than many or most natural languages, the simple, negative, endeavor, intensive, feeble, commence, continue, end, perhaps, potential, bias, volative, and imperative. This paper will look at these moods in an
effort to determine whether they are all in fact moods (or whether some of them should rather be labelled as aspects), and when they occur. To answer the second question the very limited amount of textual material in Eurasto can be examined to see to what extent verb forms with
these moods occur (it might not be surprising if some of them do not occur at all outside of sentences used to exemplify them), and in what contexts they occur. This will be done to a limited extent in the present paper. Comparisons will be made with other artificial languages
which also have complex verbal morphology.
langauges are artificial languages meant to be used as means of communication among people who do not speak the same natural languages. Most major artificial auxiliary languages, e.g. Esperanto, aim have simple morphology so as to make them easier to learn; they will thus have very few different forms of verbs. However, Eurasto has 13 moods, more than many or most natural languages, the simple, negative, endeavor, intensive, feeble, commence, continue, end, perhaps, potential, bias, volative, and imperative. This paper will look at these moods in an
effort to determine whether they are all in fact moods (or whether some of them should rather be labelled as aspects), and when they occur. To answer the second question the very limited amount of textual material in Eurasto can be examined to see to what extent verb forms with
these moods occur (it might not be surprising if some of them do not occur at all outside of sentences used to exemplify them), and in what contexts they occur. This will be done to a limited extent in the present paper. Comparisons will be made with other artificial languages
which also have complex verbal morphology.
Many artificial auxiliary languages, perhaps a considerable majority of them, followed the Latin form, e.g. Esperanto Hungarujo, Idiom Neutral Hungaria, Interlingua (IALA) Hungaria, and Olingo Hungio. However, a few languages have words based on the Hungarian form, e.g. Dil
ciar, Makapi Magyalusaga, Pankel mad, and Sasxsek madiarorsag. Neo has words of both types, Ungrio and Majario. There are also just a few languages which have (or would have had) completely different words for 'Hungary', e.g. Ygeyde, as names of countries in these languages are based on their location (their latitude and longitude) or their size. In some cases the reasons behind the choice of words for 'Hungary' will be explained; to some extent they will involve the natural languages which were the sources of material for the artificial language in question (for those languages which used items from natural languages).
languages which have been consciously created, as opposed to natural languages such as Turkish and English. Although artificial languages have been created for various purposes (e.g. in connection with a work of fiction), this paper will be limited to those created as auxiliary
languages, that is, languages designed to aid international communication. It will also be limited to languages created in the 19th or 20th centuries (although there are much older a priori languages). The vocabularies of a priori languages are often or usually built on the principle that words with similar meanings should have similar forms. By looking at the word ‘woman’ in such languages, one might learn something about what their designers felt about the concept of
‘woman’, and its relations to other concepts, such as ‘man’. The languages examined in this paper will include aUI, Babm, Lingualumina, Ro, Sona, and Suma.
Language teachers should be aware of such facts and need to think creatively to anticipate possible differences between learners’native and target languages, and to explain these facts in a way which learners will remember. For example, how does oneexplain that in English one does not generally speak of the handle of a sword, but rather of its hilt? In this presentation I will present a range of meronymic differences between English and other languages, and ways of teaching them to students, some ofwhich will involve pictures as well as words.
Adpositions are commonly classified by their position with relation to their complement. Thus we have prepositions, which precede it, postpositions, which follow it, as well as the more exotic inpositions (within the complement), ambipositions (can precede or follow the complement), and circumpositions (partly before and partly after the complement). Aside from linear ordering, there is another way in which adpositional placement can vary: an adposition can either be adjacent or non-adjacent to its complement. Leaving aside preposition stranding (as a result of wh-movement, etc.), I shall look at the extent to which adpositions can appear non-adjacent to their complements. This may vary depending on the language, or on the particular adposition, or perhaps on other factors.
semantic case, part of a broader distinction between lexical and
functional elements. Several tests, involving predication,
nominalization, and iteration are proposed for determining the
semantic status of particular case functions. The results of these tests
show that only subject and direct object markers are syntactic, all
other cases being semantic. Further, semantic cases behave like
adpositions, and should therefore be placed in the same syntactic
category as them. This enables one to defend a structural account of
restrictions on predication. The tests also indicate that English has
underlying semantic cases, which are related, but not identical, to
theta roles.
The small number of syntactic cases is consistent with my claim that their content consists of one binary feature value, while the content of semantic cases is not necessarily so limited.