KENNETH O S H I O K H A Y A M H E IYEVHOBU

The study, which seek to ascertain factors affecting immunization in Aduwawa Community in Ikpoba-Okha, Edo State involved data collection from 100 Aduwawa Community women which formed the research sample size, 100 questionnaires were administered, which were fully retrieved, and responses were tabulated in the project work and analyzed using percentage distributions and the research questions and hypothesis tested using Chi-Square testing. The results showed: That there is significant relationship between the educational qualification of parents and the Immunisation of Children, that majority of them are aware of the importance of Immunisation, that proximity of the health centres is essential and 62% of them say cultural beliefs may hinder the decision to immunize a child. Conclusively, negligence of duty and irresponsibility on the part of some parents maybe among some of the many factors still affecting childhood immunisation in the Ugo Community of Orhionmwon Local Government Area of Edo State, since not all religious and cultural believes impedes immunisation of children; Health Centres proximity is not much of an issue as many Health Centres are located at close proximity to the community people; Majority are aware of the benefits of Immunization; and educational qualification of parents is also not much of an issue as all mothers who participated in the survey have one form of education or the other.

There are several causes of infertility in males, including bacterial and other pathogenic infections. Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent isolated pathogen of the reproductive tract. In this work, a total of 431 males were enrolled for the study, with semen samples taken from all of them. Staphylococcus aureus with a total of 105(47.73%) isolates had the highest prevalence of organisms isolated. Others were Escherichia coli 74(33.64%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus 32(14.55%), Proteus mirabilis 4(1.82%), Klebsiella species 3(1.36%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis 2(0.91%). The isolates were inoculated on Manitol Agar Salt (MSA) and Nutrient Agar. Isolates with opaque golden yellow colour with diameter 3-5mm were presumably identified as Staphylococcus aureus while, colonies with white to cream colours on Nutrient Agar were tested for coagulase activity, catalase test, staphyloslide test, hemolysis test, sensitivity to Novobiocin and Deferrioxamine to differentiate them. Using the single disc diffusion method, the antibiogram typing of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were done with 21 different antibiotics of various chemotherapeutic groups, following the Ajumali's mnemonic typing. This revealed strain 40 (Ajumali's mnemonic code: 0000000) to be completely resistant to the 21 test antibiotics. The auto-agglutinating strains of Staphylococcus aureus are strongly associated with infertility with a statistical significance (X 2 =10.83; P<0.001

Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops and is characterized by significant changes in metabolism, fluid balance, organ function and blood circulation. This study was set to evaluate the Lipid Profile of Human Immuno Deficiency Virus and Tuberculosis positive pregnant Women. A total of four hundred (400) subjects were recruited for this study which comprised of 150 HIV positive pregnant women, 150 TB positive pregnant women and 100 apparently healthy women which served as the control. Fasting Blood samples (4mls) were collected using standard aseptic technique into plain tubes for lipid profile estimation. The results revealed that the mean cholesterol values of HIV (197.45±38.56 mg/dl) and TB (185.65±18.88 mg/dl) positive pregnant women were not statistically significant (p>0.05) as compared to the controls (193.90±53.68 mg/dl). The mean values of Triglyceride (mg/dl) of the HIV positive pregnant women (181.53±26.31 mg/dl) was significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared with the control (148.32±49.98 mg/dl) and the TB positive pregnant women (128.55±22.64 mg/dl). High Density Lipoprotein was significantly higher (p<0.05) for HIV (47.75±7.53 mg/dl), but it was significantly lower for TB (37.95±3.60 mg/dl) when compared with the control (41.53±6.42 mg/dl). The mean values for low Density Lipoprotein for HIV (129.85±26.27 mg/dl) and TB (127.10±18.16 mg/dl) positive pregnant subjects was not statistically significant (p>0.782) when compared with the control (124.30±47.59mg/dl). There was no statistical significance (p<0.05) in the BMI (kg/m2 ) values of the HIV (25.35±2.21 kg/m2 ) and TB (24.30±2.36 kg/m2 ) positive pregnant women when compared with the control group, (25.35±2.21 kg/m2 ). However, this study revealed significant alterations in the lipid profile of HIV and TB positive pregnant women and hence could serve as a pointer in diagnosing and monitoring the progress of such patients. KEYWORDS: Pregnancy, Lipids, Infections, Transmission.

This study was carried out to assess the nutritional indices of children infected with malaria at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua, Edo State. A total of 200 children comprising one hundred and twenty (120) children infected with malaria and a control group consisting of eighty (80) apparently healthy children was used for this study. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the values of packed cell volume when compared with the controls. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the values of glucose in malaria infected children when compared with the controls. There was a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in the value of total protein in malaria infected children when compared with the controls. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the value of albumin in malaria infected children when compared with the controls. There was a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in t...

This study determined the prevalence of malaria infection among 146 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Ekpoma and its environs, in relation to blood groups and haemoglobin genotypes. They comprised 62, 40 and 44 pregnant women in their first, second and third trimesters respectively. Venous blood for the determination of haemoglobin genotypes and microscopic examination of malaria parasites, was collected via the median cubital vein. Malaria parasites were examined using both thin and thick blood films stained via the Giemsa method. Blood group 'ABO' was determined using commercially prepared anti sera, while their genotypes were determined using standard Haemoglobin Electrophoretic method. The results showed that 64 (44%) of the pregnant women were positive to malaria parasites, while 82 (56%) were negative to malaria parasites. Those in categories A Rhesus 'D' (26; 54%), B Rhesus D (11; 39%) and O Rhesus D (27; 42%), were infected with malaria parasite, ...

Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections are diseases which affect the immune system of the body. The aim of this study is to evaluate the activities of AST, ALT and ALP in Tuberculosis and HIV subjects. A total of one hundred and fifty subjects were recruited for this study which comprised of fifty (50) HIV infected subjects, fifty (50) tuberculosis infected subjects and fifty (50) apparently healthy subjects which served as control. Out of fifty (50) HIV infected subjects, twenty (20) subjects were newly diagnosed, fifteen (15) subjects were on drugs between 0-3 months and fifteen (15) were on drugs between 3-6 months. The same approach was used for recruitment of tuberculosis infected subjects. AST, ALT and ALP were determined using colorimetric method. The result obtain showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the activities of AST in newly diagnosed HIV infected subjects (26.53±4.95u/l) as compared to the controls (22.17±10.34u/l). The activities of ALT were significantly increased (p<0.05) in newly diagnosed HIV subjects (13.62±2.20u/l) in comparison with the control (12.81±6.67u/l). On the same vein, the activities of ALP were significantly increased in the newly diagnosed HIV subjects (177.40±35.12u/l) as compared to the controls (76.22±17.55u/l). However, there were significant elevations in the activities of AST, ALT and ALP in HIV subjects under therapy within 0-3 months as compared to their respective controls. On the contrary, there was no significant difference in the activities of AST and ALT in HIV subjects under therapy within 3-6 months as compared to their respective controls. Though, there were was significant increase (p<0.05) in the activities of ALP in HIV subjects under therapy within 3-6 months (187.93±36.26u/l) as compared to their respective

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) plant workers are exposed to a number of hydrocarbons from handling petroleum and petroleum-based products and this exposure poses a major health challenge to these workers. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of duration of exposure on biochemical and haematological profile in LPG plant workers. A total of one hundred (100) subjects between 20-60 years were recruited for this study which consist of fifty (50) liquefied gas plant workers and fifty (50) non LPG gas plant workers. Blood samples (10ml) were collected from the cubital vein of each subject using sterile needles and syringes into K3-EDTA tubes and plain plastic containers. The biochemical and haematological parameters were analyzed using standard procedures as prescribed by the manufacturers. The results showed that there was significance difference (p<0.05) observed in all the heamatological parameters as compared with the respective controls. However, there was no significant difference ((p>0.05) in neutrophils values obtained as compared with the control. The serum sodium levels were higher in subjects that had one year exposure. Serum potassium was higher in the subjects with 2-3 years of exposure. Urea and creatinine levels were higher in subjects with 4-5 years of experience. AST levels were higher in subjects with one year experience when compared with other years. ALT were higher in subject with 2-3 years exposure. ALP levels were higher in subjects with 4-5 years of exposure while GGT levels were higher in subjects with 5 years of exposure. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) observed in the renal and liver profile within the period of exposure to LPG. However, the total white blood cell count was significantly higher (p<0.05) in subjects with 4-5 years and over 5 years of exposure when compared with 1 year and 2-3 years of exposure while there was no significant difference (p<0.05) observed for other haematological parameters. The results of this study showed that exposure to LPG resulted in significant alterations in haematological parameters. However, exposure to LPG had significant effect only on the total white blood cell count while there was with no significant effect on the renal and liver profile of LPG plant workers.

Dietary intake has been implicated as one of the factors associated with prostate cancer. This study is aimed at assessing the role of high fat diet as a risk factor for prostate cancer. Articles were reviewed which included case control studies, cohort studies or randomized clinical controlled trials published between 1997 and 2017 that focused on the role of high fat diet as a risk factor for prostate cancer in humans. Ten (10) articles were then selected based on the relevance to the research topic and most recent of the articles. Out of the ten articles selected and reviewed, four were prospective cohort studies with sample sizes ranging from 525 to 10,564 participants, while six were case control studies with sample size ranging from 90 to 932 participants. The metaanalysis was performed by using multivariable adjusted HR, OR or RR and forest plots were created for all studies reviewed. The results revealed that most of the studies showed a strong association between high fat diet and prostate cancer incidence and mortality with statistically significant results (p<0.05). However, two of the articles did not find any significant association (p>0.05) between high fat diet and prostate cancer risk. The results of this study provided evidence to prove that there is a statistically significant association with the role of high fat diet implicated as a risk factor for prostate cancer.

COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease that is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The outcome of this pandemic stemmed the interest for the development and validation of rapid diagnostic tests. This study assessed the diagnostic performance of real time (RT)-PCR and rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit for the detection of SARS-Cov2 in Respiratory Samples. A total of one hundred (100) suspected Covid-19 patients who visited Sagamu Health Zone in Ogun State were recruited for this study. Nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs were collected from the patients in a universal transport medium and then analysed using the RT-PCR. Blood samples were also collected from the patients and analysed using diagnostic kit for 2019-Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Antibody test. Diagnostic performance was determined by comparing the results obtained by Rapid Diagnostic Test RDT to Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR.). The results of this study revealed that out of a total hundred (100) suspected cases of Covid-19 recruited, sixty four (64) were RT-PCR positive and thirty six (36) were RT-PCR negative. The mean age of the patients was 36.54±12.06 while the median age was 37.5 years. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 64.5% (CI 95%; 60.5-70.6) and 70.7% (CI 95%; 65.7-74.6) respectively with diagnostic accuracy of 61.4%. Female patients had higher cases of SARS-Cov2 (65.5%) with a sensitivity of 68.2% and specificity of 71.4% while male patients had lower cases (63.4%) with a sensitivity of 60.7% and specificity of 70.0%. The results of this study revealed that the antigen-based RDT showed low to moderate sensitivity and specificity in the samples obtained from the patients in contrast to the high sensitivity and specificity obtained from RT-PCR. This study revealed that RT-PCR is an important tool for the early detection and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and hence should still remain the gold standard for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in order to prevent misdiagnosis and further guide the clinicians effectively. Omisakin Ibukun Akinsola et al.: Comparative Assessment of Diagnostic Performance of RT-PCR and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) Kits for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2

Intestinal parasitic infections caused by protozoans and helminths have been reported to be globally endemic and constitutes the greatest single worldwide causes of illness and disease (Chan, 1997; Pillai and Kain, 2003). In fact about one third of the world, more than two billion people are infected with intestinal parasites (Chan, 1997). These intestinal parasites cause intestinal obstruction, malnutrition, iron deficiency anaemia, diarrhoea, malabsorption and other damage to the hosts (Buchini et al., 2007). It is estimated that as much as 60% of the World's population is infected with intestinal parasites which may play a significant role in morbidity due to intestinal infections (WHO, 1987). The rate of infection is also remarkably high in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) /Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) cases are concentrated where factors including poverty and

Palm wine is a popular traditional alcoholic beverage consumed by more than 10 million people in West Africa. It is a sweet, effervescent drink obtained from the sap of the oil palm, Elaeis guineense and raphia palm, Raphia hookeri. The aim of this study is to evaluate the microbial load of palm wine sold in Ekpoma, Edo State. Identification of yeasts, Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) was employed. The yeasts isolated were evaluated at different times of the day (Morning, Afternoon and Evening) by determining their pattern of fermentation and assimilation of several sugars and also the usage of various carbohydrates. The LAB and AAB were examined by Gram staining, catalase test, microscopic morphology, gas production, and growth in different selective culture medium. The yeasts identification in palm wine was also carried out using standard morphological and physiological tests. These tests include morphology, surface characteristic, and presence of pseudohyphae, ascospore formation and vegetative reproduction; as well as, fermentative test of several sugars. It was shown that the physical properties were significantly different among samples, except for the taste which all have sweet taste. The pH of the palm wine samples also ranged from 4.49 in sample PWB to 5.23 in sample PWD and temperature ranged from 31.8 in sample PWC to 34.1 in sample PWE. In the chemical analysis, the total alkalinity of the sample ranged from 0.03% in sample PWA, PWD and PWE to 0.06 in sample PWB. The total solids ranged from 10.670 Brix in sample PWA to 16.57 in sample PWC. Total reducing sugar shows that sample PWD has the lowest value of 0.88% and the value ranged from 10.81% in sample PWA to 18.94% in sample PWC while the protein ranged from 0.31mg/l in sample PWE to 0.34mg/l in sample PWB and PWC. According to the microbiological safety of the palm-wine observed in this research work, the palm-wine samples were not up to the standard required. Consumption of palm-wine in unhygienic environment is therefore not safe, as contaminants have been observed in the drinks and these contaminants are dangerous as they can cause diseases. When consumed e.g Salmonellosis / typhoid fever caused by Salmonella spp, Listeriosis caused by Listeria spp. It is therefore safer not to consume palm wine if it is observed by the consumer that the premises where the beverages were being prepared or sold is not hygenic and if the handlers are of poor personal hygiene.

Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops and is characterized by significant changes in metabolism, fluid balance, organ function and blood circulation. This study was set to evaluate the Lipid Profile of Human Immuno Deficiency Virus and Tuberculosis positive pregnant Women. A total of four hundred (400) subjects were recruited for this study which comprised of 150 HIV positive pregnant women, 150 TB positive pregnant women and 100 apparently healthy women which served as the control. Fasting Blood samples (4mls) were collected using standard aseptic technique into plain tubes for lipid profile estimation. The results revealed that the mean cholesterol values of HIV (197.45±38.56 mg/dl) and TB (185.65±18.88 mg/dl) positive pregnant women were not statistically significant (p>0.05) as compared to the controls (193.90±53.68 mg/dl). The mean values of Triglyceride (mg/dl) of the HIV positive pregnant women (181.53±26.31 mg/dl) was significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared with the control (148.32±49.98 mg/dl) and the TB positive pregnant women (128.55±22.64 mg/dl). High Density Lipoprotein was significantly higher (p<0.05) for HIV (47.75±7.53 mg/dl), but it was significantly lower for TB (37.95±3.60 mg/dl) when compared with the control (41.53±6.42 mg/dl). The mean values for low Density Lipoprotein for HIV (129.85±26.27 mg/dl) and TB (127.10±18.16 mg/dl) positive pregnant subjects was not statistically significant (p>0.782) when compared with the control (124.30±47.59mg/dl). There was no statistical significance (p<0.05) in the BMI (kg/m2) values of the HIV (25.35±2.21 kg/m2) and TB (24.30±2.36 kg/m2) positive pregnant women when compared with the control group, (25.35±2.21 kg/m2). However, this study revealed significant alterations in the lipid profile of HIV and TB positive pregnant women and hence could serve as a pointer in diagnosing and monitoring the progress of such patients.

This study determined urinary tract infection (UTI) among male and female students in AAU. One hundred apparently healthy students comprising of 50 males and 50 females within the age range of 18-30 years were enrolled for this study. The samples used were early morning mid-stream urine. The samples were subjected to microscopic examination and also cultured on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED), Blood agar and MacConkey agar. The isolates were subjected to biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility. Results showed that out of the 100 students, only 10 students had UTI. Out of 50 males, only 2 had UTI and out of 50 females only 8 students had UTI. Results showed that age group 21-25years was found to be mostly infected (with a value) accounting for 8% of the total isolates with 1 male and 7 females while age group 26-30years was the second most infected accounting for 2% of the total isolated with 1 male and 1 females. Antibiotic susceptibility showed that, of all the antibiotics used

This study was designed to assess the renal function status in the elderly. A total number of One Hundred (100) Subjects were recruited for this study which consists of 50 elderly subjects between 65-100 years old and 50 young adults between 18-30 years which served as the control. Five (5) milliliters of venous blood samples were taken from all the subjects to estimate the levels of creatinine, urea, bicarbonate, chloride, potassium and sodium. There was significant difference (P< 0.05) in the serum creatinine levels when the elderly subjects (0.41 ± 0.29 mg/dl) were compared with the control (0.54 ± 0.21 mg/dl). Similarly, there was significant difference (P< 0.05) when the levels of serum urea in the elderly (25.22 ± 11.11 mg/dl) were compared with that of the control (33.15 ± 6.72 mg/dl). Similarly, there was significant difference (P< 0.05) when the levels of serum bicarbonate in the elderly (22.23 ± 2.39 mmol/L) were compared with that of the control (23.12 ± 1.82 mmol/L). Also, there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) when the levels of serum chloride in the elderly (98.60 ± 3.43 mmol/L) were compared with that of the control (97.11 ± 4.12 mmol/L). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) when the levels of serum potassium in the elderly (4.72 ± 3.59 mmol/l) were compared with that of the control (4.30 ± 0.53 mmol/l). Also, there was significant difference (P< 0.05) when the levels of serum sodium in the elderly (137.22 ± 11.34 mmol/l) were compared with that of the control (142.44 ± 3.01 mmol/l). The result of this study showed that serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes in the elderly were altered and hence supports the fact that renal function status

This study was carried out to assess the nutritional indices of children infected with malaria at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua, Edo State. A total of 200 children comprising one hundred and twenty (120) children infected with malaria and a control group consisting of eighty (80) apparently healthy children was used for this study. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the values of packed cell volume when compared with the controls. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the values of glucose in malaria infected children when compared with the controls. There was a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in the value of total protein in malaria infected children when compared with the controls. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the value of albumin in malaria infected children when compared with the controls. There was a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in the value of cholesterol in malaria infected children when compared with the controls. The results of this study revealed that malaria parasite infection is associated with anaemia and depletion in some nutritional indices and it is significantly proportional to the malaria density in malaria infected children in the study area.

This study was designed to evaluate the serum levels of creatinine, urea and activities of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), Creatine kinase (CK) and Lactate dehydydrogenase (LDH) among cigarette smokers in Ekpoma, Edo State. This study employed a total of 80 subjects consisting of 50 cigarette smokers and 30 non cigarette smokers which served as the control. All laboratory analysis was carried out using Randox kit assay system. Creatinine values among cigarette smokers (0.81 ± 0.11mg/dl) were significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared with the control (0.73 ± 0.10 mg/dl). Similarly, serum urea levels among cigarette smokers (20.60 ± 1.58mg/dl) were also found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control (17.82 ± 0.49 mg/dl). Comparatively, activities of both ALP (23.80 ± 2.70U/L) and GGT (32.43 ± 2.46U/L) in cigarette smokers were significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared with their respective controls (19.54 ± 1.30 U/L and 23.50 ± 1.60U/L). It was also observed in this study that the levels of these parameters were significantly higher as age increases. Also, activities of CK was significantly higher (p<0.05) among cigarette smokers (173.03±47.31 U/L) when compared with the control (149.10±59.98 U/L). The activities of LDH were significantly higher among cigarette smokers (337.55 ± 119.11 U/L) when compared with the control (302.62 ± 93.80 U/L). Similarly there was a significant alteration when ALP, GGT, CK, LDH, creatinine, Urea were compared with exposure to cigarette smoking. Therefore, this study showed that the serum biochemical parameters investigated were significantly affected by smoking.

A total of 200 swabs from clinical samples and fomites which comprised of 105 swabs from the skin, 56 swabs from nasal and 38 swabs from fomites i.e laboratory coats, each were collected and examined. From this study, 30(15.0%) were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, and 170(85.5%) showed no growth or other species of bacteria and analysis show that it was statistically significant P<0.05, the prevalence of Methicillin/ Oxacillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA/ORSA) was 13(6.5%) with skin having the highest occurrences of 9(4.5%) and nasal passage and fomites having 4(2.0%) and 0(0.0%) respectively and the Methicillin/ Oxacillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA/OSSA) having prevalence of 15(7.5%), 2(1.0%) and 0(0.0%) for isolates from the skin, nasal passage and formites respectively and when the number of MRSA isolated was compare with MSSA statistically it was found not to be statistically significant p-value=0.193, p>0.05. When mean diameter of Oxacillin was used to compared the mean diameter of Vacomycin it was 5.3±2.83 vs 17.4±18.47; t cal =2.072,p-val=0.068, and df=9, respectively, it was not statistically significant i.e P>=0.05, at α=95% or 0.05, the mean, standard deviation, F-value calculated, degree of freedom, p-values of the diameters of zones of inhibitions of Oxacillin, Vacomycin, and sulbatam, when mean diameter of Oxacillin was used to compared the mean diameter of Vacomycin and Sulbatam is was 5.3±2.83 vs 17.4±18.47 and 1.11±0.281; F cal Between groups=6.1.47, p-val=0.06, and df=29 respectively, it was not statistically significant i.e P>=0.05, at α=95% or 0.05. However, there seems to be a steady rise of MRSA isolates

This study determined the prevalence of malaria infection among 146 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Ekpoma and its environs, in relation to blood groups and haemoglobin genotypes. They comprised 62, 40 and 44 pregnant women in their first, second and third trimesters respectively. Venous blood for the determination of haemoglobin genotypes and microscopic examination of malaria parasites, was collected via the median cubital vein. Malaria parasites were examined using both thin and thick blood films stained via the Giemsa method. Blood group 'ABO' was determined using commercially prepared anti sera, while their genotypes were determined using standard Haemoglobin Electrophoretic method. The results showed that 64 (44%) of the pregnant women were positive to malaria parasites, while 82 (56%) were negative to malaria parasites. Those in categories A Rhesus 'D' (26; 54%), B Rhesus D (11; 39%) and O Rhesus D (27; 42%), were infected with malaria parasite, while no prevalence of malaria parasites was recorded in the AB blood group category. Pregnant women with Hb-AA genotype had a higher malaria prevalence of 39 (42%), while those with Hb-AS genotype had malaria prevalence of 46% (n=25). These results revealed a varying relationship between malaria infection and blood group/genotype polymorphism.

The study, which seek to ascertain factors affecting immunization in Aduwawa Community in Ikpoba-Okha, Edo State involved data collection from 100 Aduwawa Community women which formed the research sample size, 100 questionnaires were administered, which were fully retrieved, and responses were tabulated in the project work and analyzed using percentage distributions and the research questions and hypothesis tested using Chi-Square testing. The results showed: That there is significant relationship between the educational qualification of parents and the Immunisation of Children, that majority of them are aware of the importance of Immunisation, that proximity of the health centres is essential and 62% of them say cultural beliefs may hinder the decision to immunize a child. Conclusively, negligence of duty and irresponsibility on the part of some parents maybe among some of the many factors still affecting childhood immunisation in the Ugo Community of Orhionmwon Local Government Area of Edo State, since not all religious and cultural believes impedes immunisation of children; Health Centres proximity is not much of an issue as many Health Centres are located at close proximity to the community people; Majority are aware of the benefits of Immunization; and educational qualification of parents is also not much of an issue as all mothers who participated in the survey have one form of education or the other.

There are several causes of infertility in males, including bacterial and other pathogenic infections. Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent isolated pathogen of the reproductive tract. In this work, a total of 431 males were enrolled for the study, with semen samples taken from all of them. Staphylococcus aureus with a total of 105(47.73%) isolates had the highest prevalence of organisms isolated. Others were Escherichia coli 74(33.64%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus 32(14.55%), Proteus mirabilis 4(1.82%), Klebsiella species 3(1.36%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis 2(0.91%). The isolates were inoculated on Manitol Agar Salt (MSA) and Nutrient Agar. Isolates with opaque golden yellow colour with diameter 3-5mm were presumably identified as Staphylococcus aureus while, colonies with white to cream colours on Nutrient Agar were tested for coagulase activity, catalase test, staphyloslide test, hemolysis test, sensitivity to Novobiocin and Deferrioxamine to differentiate them. Using the single disc diffusion method, the antibiogram typing of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were done with 21 different antibiotics of various chemotherapeutic groups, following the Ajumali's mnemonic typing. This revealed strain 40 (Ajumali's mnemonic code: 0000000) to be completely resistant to the 21 test antibiotics. The auto-agglutinating strains of Staphylococcus aureus are strongly associated with infertility with a statistical significance (X 2 =10.83; P<0.001