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  • Professor of behavior analysis, Department of Behavioral Science, Oslo Metropolitan Universityedit
The effectiveness and sustainability of behavioral insights, which characterize contemporary evidence-based public policymaking and social regulations, are dependent on the establishment of a functional relationship between a desired... more
The effectiveness and sustainability of behavioral insights, which characterize contemporary evidence-based public policymaking and social regulations, are dependent on the establishment of a functional relationship between a desired behavior and its beneficial consequences. We address two fundamental concepts in the science of behavior analysis, namely contingencies of reinforcement and schedules of reinforcement, in order to contribute to the multidisciplinary discussion on tackling large-scale behavior change. As for many other disciplines, different conceptual frameworks may define the same phenomena. The behavioral perspective unites several disciplines. The focus of the paper is to contribute to the growing field of behavioral solutions by focusing on the consequences of behavior. Behavioral economics has contributed largely by offering the design of choice architecture: deliberately manipulating the antecedents for appropriate behaviors. This is accomplished by changing the d...
Tagging is a kind of graffiti that involves writing one’s name using markers or spray paints. In Brazil, the tagging behavior has spread all over the country and especially in the big cities. Aspects of the culture deserve careful... more
Tagging is a kind of graffiti that involves writing one’s name using markers or spray paints. In Brazil, the tagging behavior has spread all over the country and especially in the big cities. Aspects of the culture deserve careful attention by behavioral scientists. This article describes possible variables controlling the behavior of members of tagging cultures of Brazil, based on a behavior analytic framework. We performed an ethnographic study in which the researcher accompanied the taggers in all their normal activities as a participant observer of their culture; in addition, he conducted interviews. Our findings identified at least four different properties of the cultural practices: (i) The transmission of symbolic communication characterizing the cultural unit as distinguished from the rest of society. (ii) The shaping of increasingly sophisticated expression and artistic proficiency. (iii) The high visibility-high risk-high impact paradox. (iv) The hierarchical organization ...
Hogskolen i Akershus Adferdsanalyse er et forskningsfelt som bestar av eksperimentell adferdsanalyse, kon-septuell adferdsanalyse, og anvendt adferdsanalyse. Hvert av feltene byr pa varierte og interessante forskningssporsmal og... more
Hogskolen i Akershus Adferdsanalyse er et forskningsfelt som bestar av eksperimentell adferdsanalyse, kon-septuell adferdsanalyse, og anvendt adferdsanalyse. Hvert av feltene byr pa varierte og interessante forskningssporsmal og videnskapelige mal. Hovedmalene er a avdekke prinsipper og lovmessigheter som styrer adferd, a vise at prinsippene er gyldige pa tvers av arter, og a utvikle en anvendelig teknologi. Artikkelen beskriver adferdsanalyse som forskningsfelt, med henvisning til begrepene presisjon, bredde, og dybde. Forfatteren beskriver hva som skiller adferdsanalyse fra andre tilnaerminger til a forsta og forandre adferd, og gir en oversikt over omrader for forskning og anvendelse. Eksperimentell, anvendt og konseptuell adferdsanalyse diskuteres som separate men tett forbundne felter, og det legges vekt pa den praktiske nytten og samfunnsmessige betydningen av a ha en paviselig effektiv teknologi for a fremme adferdsendring. Dette utdypes gjennom eksempler pa fagomrader der ad...
This study explores the effects of feedback on cooperation in the iterated prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG). Four sources of feedback were identified: peer, buyer, market and cultural feedback. Peer and buyer feedback were intrinsic to the... more
This study explores the effects of feedback on cooperation in the iterated prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG). Four sources of feedback were identified: peer, buyer, market and cultural feedback. Peer and buyer feedback were intrinsic to the PDG, for they were analyzed, but not manipulated. Market and cultural feedback comprised independent variables and their effects were measured on players’ and group cooperation (dependent variables). Twenty-seven participants played a PDG, divided in 9 groups of 3 players each. Cooperation was measured as rates of individual players’ cooperative X choices, and as aggregate products within groups. At the molecular (moment-to-moment) level, there was a significant within-subjects main effect of the market feedback F(1, 28) = 6.50, p = .02, ?p2 = .19. At the molar level, there was no significant effect of the market feedback, nor of the cultural feedback. It was not possible to establish a metacontingency between recurrent group cooperation and positive...
Tagging is a kind of graffiti that involves writing one's name using markers or spray paints. In Brazil, the tagging behavior has spread all over the country and especially in the big cities. Aspects of the culture deserve careful... more
Tagging is a kind of graffiti that involves writing one's name using markers or spray paints. In Brazil, the tagging behavior has spread all over the country and especially in the big cities. Aspects of the culture deserve careful attention by behavioral scientists. This article describes possible variables controlling the behavior of members of tagging cultures of Brazil, based on a behavior analytic framework. We performed an ethnographic study in which the researcher accompanied the taggers in all their normal activities as a participant observer of their culture; in addition, he conducted interviews. Our findings identified at least four different properties of the cultural practices: (i) The transmission of symbolic communication characterizing the cultural unit as distinguished from the rest of society. (ii) The shaping of increasingly sophisticated expression and artistic proficiency. (iii) The high visibility-high risk-high impact paradox. (iv) The hierarchical organization and status distribution. Having identified these cultural properties and the related behaviors, we discuss the contribution of a behavior analytic conceptual framework both for the purpose of tracing the possible contingencies of reinforcement and to suggest possible strategies for intervention that could result in alternative prosocial behaviors to replace tagging.
Corruption is illegal and universally shameful. Persons who engage in corrupt practices tend to be discreet. This study offers an analysis of metaphors in corruption language based on positive and avoidance contingencies of reinforcement.... more
Corruption is illegal and universally shameful. Persons who engage in corrupt practices tend to be discreet. This study offers an analysis of metaphors in corruption language based on positive and avoidance contingencies of reinforcement. Our data show that parties to corrupt practices use expressions that accentuate this discreet behavior, whether demanding or offering bribes. Our findings indicate that corruption language can be topographically similar to other verbal utterances, but functionally different when understood in context. Both officials and clients use metaphors to avoid prosecution and social embarrassment. The verbal behavior of the public servant is positively reinforced because he gets a bribe, and the verbal behavior of the client is positively reinforced because he/she receives service or favorable answer to application promptly. However, the payment of money denotes punishment.
Takk til to anonyme konsulenter for verdifulle kommentarer på en tidligere versjon av dette manuskriptet. Link til oversikt over tidsskrifter: http://www.abainternational.org/journals.asp Adferdsanalyse er et forskningsfelt som består av... more
Takk til to anonyme konsulenter for verdifulle kommentarer på en tidligere versjon av dette manuskriptet. Link til oversikt over tidsskrifter: http://www.abainternational.org/journals.asp Adferdsanalyse er et forskningsfelt som består av eksperimentell adferdsanalyse, kon-septuell adferdsanalyse, og anvendt adferdsanalyse. Hvert av feltene byr på varierte og interessante forskningsspørsmål og videnskapelige mål. Hovedmålene er å avdekke prinsipper og lovmessigheter som styrer adferd, å vise at prinsippene er gyldige på tvers av arter, og å utvikle en anvendelig teknologi. Artikkelen beskriver adferdsanalyse som forskningsfelt, med henvisning til begrepene presisjon, bredde, og dybde. Forfatteren beskriver hva som skiller adferdsanalyse fra andre tilnaerminger til å forstå og forandre adferd, og gir en oversikt over områder for forskning og anvendelse. Eksperimentell, anvendt og konseptuell adferdsanalyse diskuteres som separate men tett forbundne felter, og det legges vekt på den praktiske nytten og samfunnsmessige betydningen av å ha en påviselig effektiv teknologi for å fremme adferdsendring. Dette utdypes gjennom eksempler på fagområder der adferdsanalyse er eller kan bli en viktig forskningsdisiplin. Stikkord: Eksperimentell adferdsanalyse, anvendt adferdsanalyse, konseptuell adferds-analyse, seleksjon. Adferdsanalyse som forskningsdisiplin Adferdsanalyse er en naturvidenskapelig, seleksjonsbasert tilnaerming til å forstå lovmessighe-tene i relasjoner mellom miljøbetingelser og individuell adferd hos levende organismer. Pierce og Cheney (2004) s. 3 sier det omtrent slik: Adferdsanalyse er en heldekkende tilnaerming til studiet av adferden til organismer. Hva som ligger i naturvidenskapelig kan diskuteres (se f. eks. Marr, 2009), men enhver alment akseptabel avgrensing av begrepet vil innebaere at det stilles opp kriterier for hva som kan kalles kunnskap og for hvordan denne kunnskapen innhentes (Johnston & Pennypacker, 2009). Edward O. Wilson (1998) setter opp en serie slike kriterier: gjentagbarhet, målbarhet, økonomi i beskrivelse, heuristisk verdi, og sammenfall med annen kunnskap som utvikles efter de samme kriteriene; det han kaller consilience. Adferdsanalysens kunnskapsbase er under kontinuerlig utvikling, og finner anvendelse på stadig flere felter. Adferdsanalytikere skal kunne måle adferd, sette i gang, følge opp og evalu-ere intervensjoner, vise og fortolke adferdsdata, og tilrettelegge for at systembetingelser støtter ønskede adferdsendringer. Kunnskapen er generell og ikke knyttet til spesifikke målgrupper. Adferdsanalytisk metodikk har likevel vist seg spesielt nyttig i arbeid med populasjoner som ikke responderer bra på tradisjonelle metodiske grep, som mennesker med gjennomgripende utviklingsforstyrrelser (Lovaas, 2003).