Túnel NATM
Túnel NATM
Túnel NATM
1 - Definio
O Novo Mtodo Austraco para Abertura de Tneis (NATM, New Austrian Tunne- lling Method)
uma maneira segura e muito eficiente de construir tneis. Basicamente,
logo aps a escavao parcial do macio instalada a estrutura de suporte.
Esta estrutura feita com concreto projetado e complementada, quando necessrio, por
tirantes e cambotas. Nesta metodologia, que primeira vista parece simples, esto
embutidos conceitos fundamentais. O NATM, desenvolvido por Ladislau Rabcewicz, teve
evoluo significativa na Europa entre o final da dcada de 1950 e a primeira metade da
dcada seguinte.
Este desenvolvimento fruto da experincia com trabalhos de execuo de tneis em minas
de carvo. poca, observou-se que os escoramentos de madeira colocados nas galerias das
minas, aps as rupturas dos primeiros suportes provisrios, causadas pelos esforos do
macio, podiam ser mais leves que os instalados inicialmente, em consequncia do alvio de
tenses ocorridas.
O sucesso na utilizao do NATM para escavao de tneis depende da compreenso e
aplicao de alguns conceitos, bem como da experincia dos profissionais envolvidos na sua
construo. Neste texto esto os principais conceitos que definem a tecnologia para a
aplicao do NATM.
2 - Norma
No existe norma especfica da ABNT.
3 - Conceitos do NATM
3.1 Mobilizao das tenses de resistncia do macio
O macio que circunda o tnel, que inicialmente atua como elemento de carga, passa a se
constituir em elemento de escoramento. Isto se deve mobilizao de suas tenses de
resistncia. o princpio da estabilizao pelo alvio das tenses por deformaes
controladas. (Figura 2)
Perspectiva
Marcos
de
superfcie
para
controle
de
recalques.
Tassmetro para controle de recalques logo acima da calota do tnel.
Pinos
para
controle
de
recalques
nas
edificaes
vizinhas.
Nivelamento
interno
do
tnel.
Sees de convergncia para controle de deslocamentos internos no revestimento do tnel.
Piezmetro
para
controle
da
presso
hidrulica
no
macio.
Indicadores
de
nvel
dgua
para
controle
do
nvel
fretico.
Inclinmetros.
No NATM, dados oriundos das instrumentaes de campo tm papel muito importante, pois
eles permitem medir o desenvolvimento das deformaes, o alvio das tenses e,
consequentemente, a interao entre suporte e macio circundante, e alm disso:
Alertam para situaes imprevistas, possibilitando tomar decises rpidas.
Fornecem subsdios para aferir as hipteses iniciais do projeto, permitindo adaptaes e
correes do mtodo construtivo, ajustando o espaamento entre as cambotas e os
tratamentos
previstos.
Promovem condies para melhorar o desempenho da obra quanto produtividade
No NATM, dados oriundos das instrumentaes de campo tm papel muito importante, pois
eles permitem medir o desenvolvimento das deformaes, o alvio das tenses e,
consequentemente, a interao entre suporte e macio circundante, e alm disso:
Alertam para situaes imprevistas, possibilitando tomar decises rpidas.
Fornecem subsdios para aferir as hipteses iniciais do projeto, permitindo adaptaes e
correes do mtodo construtivo, ajustando o espaamento entre as cambotas e os
tratamentos
previstos.
Promovem condies para melhorar o desempenho da obra quanto produtividade,
segurana, economia e qualidade, atravs da interpretao das leituras dos instrumentos
associada aos eventos observados na obra.
Execuo
previamente
a)
Enfilagens
constitudas
por
tubos
b)
Jetgrouting
c) Grampeamento da frente de trabalho.
a
com
escavao
vlvulas
de:
manchete;
horizontal.
Veja tambm
rebaixamento se d por ponteiras a vcuo ou por poos com injetores (para saber mais
detalhes consulte o captulo Rebaixamento do Lenol Fretico).
Dimetros e profundidades dos componentes do rebaixamento so definidos no projeto. Em
qualquer sistema devem estar disponveis na obra bombas sobressalentes para imediata
substituio daquelas com avarias. A operao dos sistemas deve ter assistncia
permanente, 24 horas por dia. A necessidade de um gerador na obra, para manter a
operao em eventuais faltas de energia na rede pblica, deve ser analisada.
5.6 Precauo
6 - Equipe de trabalho
6.1 Encarregado geral de servios
a) Verifica: condies para entrada e movimentao de equipamentos no canteiro da obra;
descarregamento de equipamentos, utenslios e ferramentas; instalao da central de
trabalho
e
implantao
geral
da
obra.
b) Verifica a programao de execuo (sequncia executiva) de acordo com caractersticas
da
obra
e
necessidades
do
cliente.
c) Coordena o DDS (dilogo dirio de segurana) antes do incio das atividades dirias e
instrui os demais trabalhadores em relao segurana durante a execuo dos servios.
d)
Coordena
o
direcionamento
do
tnel
atravs
da
topografia
expedita.
e) Orienta em relao aos procedimentos de escavao, da aplicao do revestimento
provisrio, da drenagem na frente de escavao, da montagem da rede eltrica e dos dutos
de
ventilao.
f) Decide pela execuo de servios complementares de segurana: enfilagens, drenos etc.
g) Obtm do responsvel pela obra a liberao formal no tocante geometria e locao do
tnel (cotas e direo), medida que os trabalhos so desenvolvidos.
6.2 Feitor
a) Distribui e fiscaliza atividades da frente de escavao, dos servios de apoio para a
retirada de material, do preparo e da projeo do concreto, da instalao de ferragens,
enfilagens,
drenos
etc.
b) Acompanha passo-a-passo a escavao (geometria e avano) com especial ateno s
condies
de
estabilidade
do
macio.
c) Discute com o encarregado geral da obra as velocidades de avano e o ciclo de operao
(escavao e revestimento do tnel), operacionaliza o direcionamento do tnel (topografia
expedita) e a execuo de servios complementares de segurana: enfilagens, drenos etc.
6.3 Frentista
a)
Executa
a
escavao
conforme
o
gabarito
do
projeto
(geometria).
b) Aplica ferragens, cambotas, enfilagens, drenos ou outros elementos que sejam
necessrios.
c) Opera o mangote de projeo (como mangoteiro) ou controla a bomba de projetado
(operador
de
bomba).
d) Ajuda o feitor na execuo da topografia expedita.
Figura 9 - Tnel sob via pblica para interligao entre prdios hospitalares, com
3,64m de dimetro
Fonte:
Solotrat Engenharia
http://www.metalica.com.br/tunel-natm
NEW AUSTRIAN TUNNELLING METHOD (NATM)
The New Austrian Tunneling method (NATM) was developed between 1957 and 1965 in Austria. It was given its na
1962 to distinguish it from old Austrian tunnelling approach. The main contributors to the development of NATM w
Rabcewicz, Leopold Mller and Franz Pacher. The main idea is to use the geological stress of the surrounding rock m
tunnel
Twin
Tubes
Principles
The NATM integrates the principles of the behaviour of rock masses under load and monitoring the performanc
construction during construction. The NATM is not a set of specific excavation and support techniques and has often be
"design as you go" approach to tunnelling providing an optimized support based on observed ground conditions but mo
"design as you monitor" approach based on observed convergence and divergence in the lining as well as prevailin
There
are
seven
features
on
which
NATM
i
1- Mobilization of the strength of rock mass - The method relies on the inherent strength of the surrounding rock mass b
the main component of tunnel support. Primary support is directed to enable the rock to
2- Shotcrete protection - Loosening and excessive rock deformation must be minimised. This is achieved by applyi
shotcrete
immediately
after
face
advance.
3- Measurements - Every deformation of the excavation must be measured. NATM requires installation of sophistic
instrumentation.
It
is
embedded
in
lining,
ground,
and
4- Flexible support - The primary lining is thin and reflects recent strata conditions. Active rather than passive suppo
tunnel is strengthened not by a thicker concrete lining but by a flexible combination of rock bolts, wire mesh
5- Closing of invert - Quickly closing the invert and creating a load-bearing ring is important. It is crucial in soft ground
section
of
the
tunnel
should
be
left
open
even
te
6- Contractual arrangements - Since the NATM is based on monitoring measurements, changes in support and constr
possible.
This
is
possible
only
if
the
contractual
system
enables
those
7- Rock mass classification determines support measures - There are several main rock classes for tunnels and corr
systems
for
each.
These
serve
as
the
guidelines
for
tunnel
rei
8- Based on the computation of the optimal cross section, just a thin shotcrete protection is necessary. It is applied imme
Tunnel boring machine, to create a natural load-bearing ring and therefore to minimize the rock's deformation. Additio
instruments are installed to measure the later deformation of excavation. Therefore a monitoring of the stress distributi
is possible.
Full face
Re Profilling
Partial excavation
Top heading
Rockbolts
Jet Grouting
Face Grouting
Pipe Umbrella
This monitoring makes the method very flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency du
work, e.g. by crevices or pit water. Such (usual) problems are not solved by thicker shotcrete, but the reinforcement
concrete
which
can
be
combined
with
steel
ribs
or
The measured rock properties lead to the appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. Therefore in the last decade NATM
to soft ground excavations and to tunnels in porous sediments. The flexible NATM technique enables immediate a
construction
details,
but
this
requires
a
flexible
contractual
s
Philosophy
and
controversial
When tunneling engineers talk on NATM, they often mean different things because some of them define it as a spec
others as a sort of philosophy. Recently the scene has been complicated by new terms and even alternative names, when
aspects of NATM. This is partly caused by an increased use of the method in the USA, particularly in soft ground condi
links).
Besides the official name New Austrian Tunneling Method other designations are used in the last years, e.g. Sequ
Method (SEM), or Sprayed Concrete Lining (SCL). In Japan sometimes other names were used, e.g. Centre Dividin
Cross Diaphragm Method (both abbreviated as CDM), and even Upper Half Vertical Subdivision method (UHV
scientists
and
the
tunneling
industry
cannot
find
a
unified
name
for
this
widely
As defined by the Austrian Society of Engineers and Architects, the NATM constitutes a method where the surrou
formations of a tunnel are integrated into an overall ring-like support structure. Thus the supporting formations will the
this
supporting
But many engineers already refer to as NATM, when shotcrete is proposed for initial ground support of an open-face
with reference to soft ground, the term NATM can be misleading. As noted by Emit Brown, NATM can refer to both a
and
a
construction
Key
According
to
E.Brown
(Weblink
2),
the
key
features
of
the
design
philosoph
1- The strength of the ground around a tunnel is deliberately mobilized to the maximum ex
2- Mobilization of ground strength is achieved by allowing controlled deformation of
3- Initial primary support is installed having load-deformation characteristics appropriate to the ground conditions,
timed
with
respect
to
ground
deformation
4- Instrumentation is installed to monitor deformations in the initial support system, as well as to form the basis of
support
design
and
the
sequence
of
excava
When
NATM
is
seen
as
a
construction
method,
the
key
The tunnel is sequentially excavated and supported, and the excavation sequences can
The initial ground support is provided by shotcrete in combination with fibre or welded-wire fabric reinforcement, ste
lattice
girders),
and
sometimes
ground
reinforcement
(e.g.
soil
nails,
The
permanent
support
is
usually
(but
not
always)
a
cast-in-place
concre
Some experts note that many of these construction methods were used in the US and elsewhere in soft-ground applicati
was
described
in
the
In an article of 2002 Romero states the major difference between the viewpoints of design and of construction: The d
soil (rem.: at soft-ground tunnels) is not easily controlled. Therefore it can be concluded that the excavation and su
sequentially excavated, shotcrete-lined tunnels .. utilizes NATM construction methods but not necessarily NATM desi
details
are
less
essential
at
tunnels
in
solid
or
Sprayed
Advantages
1Eliminates
the
2Suitable
for
a
tunnels
need
wide
for
using
range
of
with
Disadvantages
1Its
suitability
diminishes
in
2Not
suitable
below
some
expensive
geometry
(shafts,
softer
water
ground,
table
Main
1Tunnel
Lining
2Typical
Performance
1m
to
3m
per
depend
on
ground
conditions
3- Typical Costs USD 9,700 to USD 88,525 per metre
day.
TBM
equipment
duri
junctions,
non-circular
variable
which
in
Actual
and
can
subside
highly
wh
perme
Sprayed
performance
and
tunnel