Dr. Nitin Agarwal

In the past few years, children get trapped into the bore well hole which is left uncovered. The rescue process to save the child from bore well is long and complicated. To avoid this, there have been several rescue system designs available currently. Even now the existing systems are not satisfactorily used to rescue the child from bore hole. The proposed design is to rescue trapped child from bore well within short period and with safely. An additional component like adjustable arms, digital integrated camera, audio communication, rope and pulley drive are added to the design to improve rescue operation. CCTV camera is used to continuously monitor the child’s condition. This system has a high power LED which acts as a light source since light intensity inside the hole will be less. The advancement in the field of automation along with the mechanical design has a great impact on the society.. The modern equipments are implemented for various parts of the system, since the system pe...

In low noise amplifier (LNA) design, achieving minimum noise figure (NF) and enhanced gain is equally important in the field of communication. The major aim of this design with previous methods are those having implemented in the topology of design like metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor at common source connection topology, pole-based transformer boosting, and dual feedback technique. However, these methods fail to reach the desired performance due to their low NF and low gain. In order to overcome these failures and their causes, this article presented a topology in LNA design using a transformer as boosting component to improve the performance of NF and gain for millimeter-wave applications. It has three common gate stages connected in cascode form, and three transformers are acquired to link the drain to the input signal. Transformers permit radio frequency feeding signal from drain to source, and output from the previous stage is connected to the input of the next stage. This connection increases the gain of the circuit and an enlarged coupling coefficient of value “1,” which minimizes noise. The unilateral coefficient remains to be 1, to make the circuit stable throughout execution. NF value can be minimized by properly selecting conductance coefficient and S-parameter values. Since the transformer is used to provide feedback in this circuit, stability condition has to be analyzed carefully. Output load value is selected optimum as it creates an impact on the stability of LNA. This topology implemented in LNA design helps to increase the gain by boosting the signal input, and hence, in turn, it increases overall gain performance. Similarly, while executing this optimal LNA design using transformer boosting technique in CADENCE software, this LNA exhibits a minimum NF of 3 dB at 30 GHz and power gain of 12.2 dB at 50 GHz in measurement. Comparatively, the proposed LNA design overruns conventional methods and consumes a power supply of 1.1 V.

Low Noise Amplifier with low Noise Figure and high-Power Gain are
among the most complex and important components in Radio Frequency wave and
millimeter-wave integrated circuits design. Common Source and Common Gate techniques are mostly used in Low Noise Amplifier in many GHz frequency range, especially mmWave applications. The first has good impedance matching and linearity,
but low noise figure compared to the other. Hence, we have intended to review the
design and analysis of the novel topology for Cascaded Transformer Boosting Low
Noise Amplifier to reduce noise and increase gain in millimeter-wave applications.
Increasing the gain and reduction of noise in Low Noise Amplifier will be achieved
by a new design with control topology. The cascaded transformer boosting (CTB)
method will be introduced in Low Noise Amplifier design which increases the gain
and reduces the noise figure. The different proposed Low Noise Amplifier based
cascaded transformer boosting designs may be used to increas the bandwidth in the
amplifier’s multistage functions. The normal Low Noise Amplifier designs may be
affected by gain reduction with increases of noise in the mmWave applications due to
parasitic capacitance. The cascaded transformer boosting (CTB) method reduces the
noise by adding inductance with Low Noise Amplifier which improves the power
gain of circuit design. The best design will be analyzed for finding the minimum
overall noise figure and best results. The main aim is to evaluate the best design
for a cascaded transformer boosting (CTB) Low Noise Amplifier that produces both
low noise figure and high-power gain in every stage while keeping the overall noise
figure of the three stages Low Noise Amplifier to a minimal.

Design of a receiver includes a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) for astronomical radio applications. Conventionally radio telescopes are used as receivers, and antennas like a yagi antenna and orthomode transducer antenna are used to observe signals. The main aspect of LNA is to achieve sufficient Noise Figure (NF) and maximum gain at real-time applications. Previous LNA such as folded cascode LNA, Multigain LNA and multimode LNA are introduced to perform low noise amplification at the receiver side of antenna array systems. Narrowband inducer degenerated cascaded LNA design is presented in this paper. This design initially analyzed a high gain of up to 20 dB, and input matching values are found to be up to − 25db and a high reverse isolation coefficient was measured. After performing S-parameter analysis, the values are plotted in a smith chart to find the system's stability and gain circles are plotted. The noise figure was measured and was minimized due to its inductor degeneration topology adopted in this LNA design that limits noise performance and increases gain. Proposed LNA was then evaluated with a voltage gain, power gain, and noise figure and output impedance. Evaluated values are then compared with previous methods so as to show that the proposed design has overwhelmed conventional techniques. Output load value is selected optimum as it creates an impact on the stability of LNA. The induced degeneration technique implemented in LNA design helps to increase the gain by boosting the signal input, and hence in turn, it increases overall gain performance. Similarly, while executing Narrowband inducer degenerated cascaded LNA design in CADENCE software, this LNA exhibits a minimum NF of 2 dB at 90 GHz and power gain of 16 dB at 90 GHz in measurement. Thus proposed LNA design performs well for radio receiver applications.

Laboratory for Intelligent Systems Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 271 Marshall W. Alworth Hall University of Minnesota Duluth Duluth, MN 55812 USA Phone: (218) 726-6147 Fax: (218) 726-7267 ... Published by Minnesota Department of Transportation Office of ...

Design of a receiver includes a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) for astronomical radio applications. Conventionally radio telescopes are used as receivers, and antennas like a yagi antenna and orthomode transducer antenna are used to observe signals. The main aspect of LNA is to achieve sufficient Noise Figure (NF) and maximum gain at real-time applications. Previous LNA such as folded cascode LNA, Multigain LNA and multimode LNA are introduced to perform low noise amplification at the receiver side of antenna array systems. Narrowband inducer degenerated cascaded LNA design is presented in this paper. This design initially analyzed a high gain of up to 20 dB, and input matching values are found to be up to − 25db and a high reverse isolation coefficient was measured. After performing S-parameter analysis, the values are plotted in a smith chart to find the system's stability and gain circles are plotted. The noise figure was measured and was minimized due to its inductor degeneration topology adopted in this LNA design that limits noise performance and increases gain. Proposed LNA was then evaluated with a voltage gain, power gain, and noise figure and output impedance. Evaluated values are then compared with previous methods so as to show that the proposed design has overwhelmed conventional techniques. Output load value is selected optimum as it creates an impact on the stability of LNA. The induced degeneration technique implemented in LNA design helps to increase the gain by boosting the signal input, and hence in turn, it increases overall gain performance. Similarly, while executing Narrowband inducer degenerated cascaded LNA design in CADENCE software, this LNA exhibits a minimum NF of 2 dB at 90 GHz and power gain of 16 dB at 90 GHz in measurement. Thus proposed LNA design performs well for radio receiver applications.

In low noise amplifier (LNA) design, achieving minimum noise figure (NF) and enhanced gain is equally important in the field of communication. The major aim of this design with previous methods are those having implemented in the topology of design like metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor at common source connection topology, pole-based transformer boosting, and dual feedback technique. However, these methods fail to reach the desired perfor

In today’s world, radio receiver system is a prevailing wireless technology in that the major part is Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) which widely used to improve weak signals in many applications with millimeter and radio frequency waves such as optical communication, multimode transceivers and measurement instrumentations. The real drawbacks of LNA is that it fails to maintain specific properties in critical conditions like as minimum power consumption, provide low noise figure, input matching and linearity. Additionally, promoted by various application demands, design methods and control methods must require to improve performance of LNA. The performance of LNA can be improved by adding extra components in basic circuit by proper arrangement for millimeter and radio frequency waves. The review paper provides information about design methodology, optimization techniques and control techniques. The different design of LNA is reviewed and analyzed such as 3-stage near-mm Wave LNA, 5-stage...

In today's world, radio receiver system is a prevailing wireless technology in that the major part is Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) which widely used to improve weak signals in many applications with millimeter and radio frequency waves such as optical communication, multimode transceivers and measurement instrumentations. The real drawbacks of LNA is that it fails to maintain specific properties in critical conditions like as minimum power consumption, provide low noise figure, input matching and linearity. Additionally, promoted by various application demands, design methods and control methods must require to improve performance of LNA. The performance of LNA can be improved by adding extra components in basic circuit by proper arrangement for millimeter and radio frequency waves. The review paper provides information about design methodology, optimization techniques and control techniques. The different design of LNA is reviewed and analyzed such as 3-stage near-mm Wave LNA, 5-stage near-mm Wave LNA, common-gate amplifier, shunt-feedback amplifier, Resistor-terminated common-source amplifier, Traditional inductor-less amplifiers, cascode connection and double common source. This review paper also provides the information about design circuit diagram. The performance improvement of LNA can be achieved with the help of different techniques and our review based on optimization and control techniques with parameter tuning. Finally, the direction for the future study is presented based on review analysis of LNA.

Low Noise Amplifier with low Noise Figure and high-Power Gain are
among the most complex and important components in Radio Frequency wave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits design. Common Source and Common Gate techniques are mostly used in Low Noise Amplifier in many GHz frequency range, especially mmWave applications. The first has good impedance matching and linearity, but low noise figure compared to the other. Hence, we have intended to review the design and analysis of the novel topology for Cascaded Transformer Boosting Low Noise Amplifier to reduce noise and increase gain in millimeter-wave applications.
Increasing the gain and reduction of noise in Low Noise Amplifier will be achieved by a new design with control topology. The cascaded transformer boosting (CTB) method will be introduced in Low Noise Amplifier design which increases the gain and reduces the noise figure. The different proposed Low Noise Amplifier based cascaded transformer boosting designs may be used to increas the bandwidth in the
amplifier’s multistage functions. The normal Low Noise Amplifier designs may be affected by gain reduction with increases of noise in the mmWave applications due to parasitic capacitance. The cascaded transformer boosting (CTB) method reduces the noise by adding inductance with Low Noise Amplifier which improves the power gain of circuit design. The best design will be analyzed for finding the minimum overall noise figure and best results. The main aim is to evaluate the best design for a cascaded transformer boosting (CTB) Low Noise Amplifier that produces both low noise figure and high-power gain in every stage while keeping the overall noise figure of the three stages Low Noise Amplifier to a minimal.

Design of a receiver includes a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) for astronomical radio applications. Conventionally radio telescopes are used as receivers, and antennas like a yagi antenna and orthomode transducer antenna are used to observe signals. The main aspect of LNA is to achieve sufficient Noise Figure (NF) and maximum gain at real-time applications. Previous LNA such as folded cascode LNA, Multigain LNA and multimode LNA are introduced to perform low noise amplification at the receiver side of antenna array systems. Narrowband inducer degenerated cascaded LNA design is presented in this paper. This design initially analyzed a high gain of up to 20 dB, and input matching values are found to be up to − 25db and a high reverse isolation coefficient was measured. After performing S-parameter analysis, the values are plotted in a smith chart to find the system's stability and gain circles are plotted. The noise figure was measured and was minimized due to its inductor degeneration topology adopted in this LNA design that limits noise performance and increases gain. Proposed LNA was then evaluated with a voltage gain, power gain, and noise figure and output impedance. Evaluated values are then compared with previous methods so as to show that the proposed design has overwhelmed conventional techniques. Output load value is selected optimum as it creates an impact on the stability of LNA. The induced degeneration technique implemented in LNA design helps to increase the gain by boosting the signal input, and hence in turn, it increases overall gain performance. Similarly, while executing Narrowband inducer degenerated cascaded LNA design in CADENCE software, this LNA exhibits a minimum NF of 2 dB at 90 GHz and power gain of 16 dB at 90 GHz in measurement. Thus proposed LNA design performs well for radio receiver applications.

Abstract The kinetics of polymerization of ϵ-caprolactone (CL) in bulk was studied by irradiating with microwave of 350 W and frequency of 2.45 GHz with different cycle-heating periods (30–50 s). The molecular weight distributions were determined as a function of reaction time by gel permeation chromatography. Because the temperature of the system continuously varied with reaction time, a model based on continuous distribution kinetics with time/temperature-dependent rate coefficients was proposed. To quantify the effect of ...

Abstract The kinetics of the oxidative degradation of polystyrene in dichlorobenzene in the presence of benzoyl peroxide was studied in a microwave reactor. Solutions with peroxide concentration ranging from 15 to 40 kg/m 3 were irradiated by microwave of 700 W and frequency of 2.45 MHz with a different cycle heating period ranging from 20 to 45 s. The molecular-weight distributions were measured as a function of reaction time by gel permeation chromatography. Because the temperature of the system continuously varies ...

In low noise amplifier (LNA) design, achieving minimum noise figure (NF) and enhanced gain is equally important in the field of communication. The major aim of this design with previous methods are those having implemented in the topology of design like metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor at common source connection topology, pole-based transformer boosting, and dual feedback technique. However, these methods fail to reach the desired performance due to their low NF and low gain. In order to overcome these failures and their causes, this article presented a topology in LNA design using a transformer as boosting component to improve the performance of NF and gain for millimeter-wave applications. It has three common gate stages connected in cascode form, and three transformers are acquired to link the drain to the input signal. Transformers permit radio frequency feeding signal from drain to source, and output from the previous stage is connected to the input of the next stage. This connection increases the gain of the circuit and an enlarged coupling coefficient of value “1,” which minimizes noise. The unilateral coefficient remains to be 1, to make the circuit stable throughout execution. NF value can be minimized by properly selecting conductance coefficient and S-parameter values. Since the transformer is used to provide feedback in this circuit, stability condition has to be analyzed carefully. Output load value is selected optimum as it creates an impact on the stability of LNA. This topology implemented in LNA design helps to increase the gain by boosting the signal input, and hence, in turn, it increases overall gain performance. Similarly, while executing this optimal LNA design using transformer boosting technique in CADENCE software, this LNA exhibits a minimum NF of 3 dB at 30 GHz and power gain of 12.2 dB at 50 GHz in measurement. Comparatively, the proposed LNA design overruns conventional methods and consumes a power supply of 1.1 V.