Arun Negemiya

The main aim of our project is to achieve accurate tyre pressure. This is achieved by introducing an automated system for tyre inflation. This system checks the tyre pressure regularly and inflates automatically to the correct tyre pressure. Proper tyre inflation pressure improves fuel economy, reduces braking distance, improves handling, and increases tyre life, while underinflation creates overheating and can lead to accidents. Approximately 3/4 of all automobiles operate with at least one underinflated tyre. The main causes of underinflation are natural leakage, temperature changes, and road hazards. Drivers typically do not check tyre pressure unless they notice unusual vehicle performance. Visual checks are often insufficient to determine under-inflation. In 2000, the U.S. Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation Act (TREAD) requested that the National Highway Transport Safety Authority (NHTSA) investigate the implementation of a pressure drop warning system on vehicles. Beginning with 2006 models, all passenger cars and trucks in the United States are required to have tyre-pressure inflation systems (TPMSs). A TPMS is a driver-assist system that warns the driver when the tyre pressure is below or above the prescribed limits.

The dissimilar welding of Inconel 718 (IN-718) alloy and AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel (MSS-410) is crucial in advanced gas turbines, and ultra-supercritical power plants to meet the demands of different operating conditions and lower the cost. However, the dissimilar fusion welding of IN-718/MSS-410 is challenging due to the differences in thermal expansion coefficient, physical and mechanical properties of base metals. In this study, the solid-state vacuum diffusion bonding (VDB) technology is employed to develop the dissimilar IN-718/MSS-410
joints. The aim of this study is to find the optimal combination of VDB parameters such as diffusion bonding pressure-DBP (MPa), diffusion bonding temperature-DBT (◦C) and diffusion bonding time-DBt (min) for
enhancing the strength of IN-718/MSS-410 joints. The response surface methodology (RSM) was integrated for designing the experimental matrix. The strength performance of VDB joints was evaluated by conducting the lap shear strength (LSS) and bonding strength (BS) tests. The mathematical LSS and BS predicting models were established using regression analysis and verified employing the variance analysis. The microstructural features were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was employed to identify the phases evolution in the joint interface. The experimental results revealed that the IN- 718/MSS-410 joints diffusion bonded using the DBP of 14 MPa, DBT of 960 ◦C and DBt of 90 min exhibited the greater LSS of 280 MPa and BS of 373 MPa. The prediction models accurately predicted the LSS and BS of IN- 718/MSS-410 joints within 2 % error at 95 % confidence. It is primarily concerned with developing the optimal bonding width with the fewest possible embrittlement implications and better joining interface coalescence. According to variance analysis, the DBt was the most significant parameter influencing the LSS and BS of joints followed by the DBP and DBT.

The primary objective of the project is to design a feasible yet highly adaptable E-bike. As the number of motor vehicles on the roads throughout the world increases at a staggering rate each year, the dependence on oil-based fuel grows almost unchecked. The increased use of non-renewable fossil fuels brings with its environmental problems such as the "greenhouse effect", health problems for city deliveries, and concern over the stability of fuel supply. To move away from this dependence on oil, a vast amount of money is being spent on the development of electrical vehicles (EVs) that may be produced.

The primary aim of this study is to analyze the influence of inter-pulse tungsten inert gas (IP-TIG) welding parameters (peak current, inter-pulse current, and inter-pulse frequency) on weld bead geometry, tensile properties, and microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloy joints for gas turbine applications. IP-TIG welding principally featured by magnetic arc constriction and pulsing was employed to overcome the high heat input problems in TIG welding of thin Ti6Al4V alloy sheets such as wider bead and HAZ, coarsening of beta grains, inferior ductility, distortion of joints, and atmospheric contamination which significantly deteriorates the mechanical performance of welded sheets. The tensile properties and microhardness of IP-TIG joints were evaluated and correlated to the microstructural features. The microstructural features were analyzed using optical microscopy. The fractured surfaces of tensile specimens were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the Ti6Al4V alloy joints developed using peak current of 50 A, interpulse current of 30 A, and inter-pulse frequency of 20 kHz exhibited greater strength, hardness and elongation. It showed greater tensile strength of 1030 MPa, yield strength of 981 MPa, and elongation of 10 % and FZ microhardness of 391 HV 0.2. It is mainly due to the development of refined grains in fusion zone (FZ).

The joining of Ti–6Al–4V (Ti64) alloy and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel (ASS 304) carries significant importance in aeroengines for turbine blade applications. However, it is difficult to join using fusion welding. The fusion welding of Ti64 alloy and ASS 304 steel promotes the evolution of various Fe–Cr–Ti and Fe–Ti intermetallics in weld zone owing to limited solid solubility of Fe, Cr, Ti, and Ni with each other. The evolution of these intermetallics deteriorates the strength performance of joints. Hence for joining Ti64 alloy and ASS 304 steel, vacuum diffusion bonding (VDB) method is employed with thin copper (Cu) foil as an interlayer. The DB pressure extends significant influence on microstructural evolution and strength of joints. So, for the feasibility of joining Ti64 alloy and ASS 304 steel, the effect of DB pressure on microstructure and strength of joints is investigated. Results showed that the dissimilar joints of Ti64 alloy and ASS 304 steel developed using the DB pressure of 14 MPa exhibited greater lap shear strength (LSS) and bonding strength (BS) of 180 MPa and 268 MPa, respectively. It is attributed to the improved coalescence of joining interface and the development of ideal bonding width with the least amount of embrittlement consequences. An increase in DB pressure increases the width of the diffusion region which promotes the development of detrimental intermetallics of Ti–Fe and deteriorates the strength of dissimilar joints.

Solid state diffusion bonding (DB) of austenitic grade AISI 304 to Ti–6Al–4V alloy plates has been done in vacuum and bonding temperature was diverse from 750 °C to 950 °C in stages of 50 °C, 75 min as holding time and bonding pressure of 14 MPa were used. Optical and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) examinations were done to recognize the integrity of the joint. XRD analysis was likewise completed to affirm development of intermetallic compounds. The mechanical properties at room-temperature of the DB joints were measured by microhardness, ram tensile test, and lap shear testing. The maximum BS (bonding strength) of 244 MPa and LSS (lap shear strength) of 151 MPa were attained for the DB joint handled at a bonding temperature of 900 °C. A diffusion layer thickness (DLT) of 10.54 μm yielded higher mechanical properties compared to other DLT.

High-temperature dissimilar connections built of Inconel 718 and AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel (MSS) are widely used in a range of industries, including boiler construction, the chemical industry, aerospace, and nuclear. When compared to other materials, Inconel 718 and AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel ofer superior strength and corrosion resistance under a variety of environmental conditions. Te rotational speed was adjusted between 1100 and 1500 RPM, while the friction pressure, friction time, forging pressure, and forging duration were all kept constant during the testing. Five sets of testing were performed, with the resultant tensile strength (both room temperature and hot tensile) and Vickers Hardness being recorded for each set of trials. To assess the structural integrity of the joints, a detailed microstructural investigation, SEM-EDS, and XRD were performed at their interfaces. Mechanical properties were revealed to be high at 1300 RPM due to the small grain size at the interface region; ultimate tensile strength and hardness were determined to be 571 MPa and 423 HV, respectively, due to the small grain size at the interface region. Additionally, a pitting corrosion study has been conducted on dissimilar welded joints at optimum conditions, and their results were discussed and compared with base metals.

Diffusion bonding (DB) was accomplished between Ti-6Al-4V alloy and AISI 304 ASS (austenitic stainless steel) utilizing copper as an interlayer in the holding time variety of 45 to 105 minutes for 900 °C under 14 MPa load in a vacuum. After bonding, the microstructural study including metallographic examination and EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), microhardness survey, lap shear strength test, and ram tensile test were accomplished. From the results, holding time is a major influence to develop the microstructural characteristics and improve the joints quality. The occasion of various intermetallic compounds, for example, CuTi, Cu 3 Ti 2 , FeTi, Fe 2 Ti, Cr 2 Ti has been expected from the ternary phase diagrams of Fe-Cu-Ti and Fe-Cr-Ti. These reaction items were insisted on the XRD (X-ray diffraction) method. The highest bond strength (BS) of 266 MPa was attained for the pair bonded at 90 min holding time. This is a direct result of the better combination of the mating surface. With the expansion in holding time to 105 min, the quality was reduced due to bright of the expanded volume fraction of discontinuities.

Material Handling is an important activity within the larger system by which material is moved, stored, and tracked in commercial infrastructure. The primary goal of this project is to optimize material transportation systems in laboratories and small-scale industries by using Automated Guided Vehicle. An Automated Guided Vehicle is the emerging trend in this field that uses independently operated, selfpropelled vehicles guided along the defined route in the facility for easy and durable operations. The most common application of such a system is to move materials around a manufacturing facility or warehouse. An Automated Guided Vehicle for transporting material from the storage area to the required work areas is designed and fabricated. Here the Automated Guided Vehicle is navigated by RFID tags which is the current trend for navigating the AGV system. Implementing this technique would reduce the time, and also the transportation will be fully automated which would be a new and advanced environment to work in. It can almost carry weights up to 50 kg in single transportation to the workstation. It is designed in such a way that it can be used in both industrial and commercial areas. The main objective is to fabricate a simple and cost-efficient AGV which was later achieved.

Solid state diffusion bonding (DB) of Ti-6Al-4V and AISI 304 were studied in the temperature range of 600-1000 °C with a constant pressure of 12 MPa and holding time of 60 minutes. Micro hardness measurements and the lap shear test were carried out to determine the hardness and strength of the joints respectively. Maximum lap shear strength of 138 MPa was attained in the joint that was diffusion bonded using a temperature of 900 °C, holding time of 60 min and a bonding pressure of 12 MPa. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the grain growth and the fine details of the interface structure.

: A new wind turbine design has been developed by merging the lift-based Darrieus and drag-based Savonius designs. The Darrieus design is highly efficient but has uneven torque distribution, while the Savonius design has a self-starting mechanism but lower efficiency. The new design uses helically twisted Darrieus blades for even torque distribution and halfdrum Savonius blades for self-starting. The turbine was tested for various wind speeds and found to perform better than the individual designs. This increased efficiency allows for more power generation with the same amount of wind energy, and the elimination of the need for external motors reduces production and maintenance costs. This innovative design has the potential to revolutionize the wind turbine industry and provide a sustainable source of energy for the future.

: This project is designed with Driver circuit with relay, BLUETOOTH APP (remote), Dc motor and jack model. Either the battery power or direct power supply is used to control the jack motor. The Bluetooth keypad is used to control the direction of the motor which is coupled with the spur gear. Relay is directly connected with the DC motor. When the start key is pressed the motor is operated in forward direction and the when the stop key is pressed the motor is stops automatically. The forward and reverse button in the remote is used to operate the motor is required directions. Bluetooth app Using To Control All Operation Using Wireless Communication.

The main objective of this investigation is to study the effect of diffusion bonding time on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel joints. The dissimilar joints of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and AISI 304 steel were developed using the different levels of bonding time (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min) in a vacuum chamber at a bonding temperature of 900 °C and compressive pressure of 14 MPa. The microstructure of joints was analyzed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental analysis of joint interface was studied using the SEM energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The evolution of intermetallic compounds at the joint interface was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The ram tensile tests and lap shear tests were performed to assess the bonding strength and lap shear strength of dissimilar joints. Results showed that the dissimilar joints of Ti6Al4V alloy–AISI 304 steel d...

In this investigation, the effect of holding time on the microstructure of joint interface and bonding strength of vacuum diffusion bonded dissimilar austenitic stainless (ASS) – titanium (Ti) alloy joints were investigated. The dissimilar joints of ASS - Ti alloy were developed using the holding time of 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes in a vacuum chamber at a temperature of 900⁰C and pressure of 14 MPa. The bonding strength of ASS – Ti alloy joints was evaluated using the ram tensile test. The microhardness survey was done perpendicular to the joint interface. The microstructure of the joint interface was analyzed using optical microscopy (OM). The evolution of intermetallic compounds at the joint interface was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure of the joint interface was correlated to the bonding strength of joints.

Aeroelastic wind energy generator which produces the high power in low air velocity using one of the aeroelasticity dynamic instability phenomenon called flutter (self-exciting oscillation). The proper controlled aerodynamic flutter phenomenon is used positively in this project for produce the power (generating the electricity). A model of an aeroelastic wind energy generator machine is developed and its performance under various conditions is discussed. The idea of utilizing wind power to extract energy is not new. However, there is a recent interest in the energy extraction from the torsional flutter of a rigid airfoil with near stalling angle of attack. The restoring force is generated by the use of a torsional spring. The mathematical analyses are used to predict the model optimum geometry, flutter speed, and frequency. Damping oscillation, practical resonance, and transient oscillation solution are developed. Numerical treatment has been carried out to the prediction of the parameters influence in design. The solutions were validated with reference and significant influencing parameters were found.

The diffusion bonding (DB) method is used in this investigation to connect high-temperature dissimilar materials. The existence of difficult-to-remove oxide coatings on the titanium surfaces, as well as the arrangement of breakable metallic interlayers and oxide enclosures inside the bond region, provides the most significant challenges during the transition from AISI304 to Ti-6Al-4V alloying. In addition, an effort was made to advance DB processing maps for the operational connection of Ti-6Al-4V to AISI304 alloys to improve their performance. Joints had been created by combining several process factors, such as bonding temperature (T), bonding pressure (P), and holding time (t), to create diverse designs. Based on the findings, database processing maps were created. This set of processing maps may be used as a rough guideline for selecting appropriate DB process parameters for generating virtuous excellent bonds between Ti-6Al-4V and AISI304 alloys. The maximum lap shear strength ...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an empirical relationship for predicting the strength of titanium to austenitic stainless steel fabricated by diffusion bonding (DB) process. Process parameters such as bonding pressure, bonding temperature and holding time play the main role in deciding the joint strength. Design/methodology/approach In this study, three-factors, five-level central composite rotatable design was used to conduct the minimum number of experiments involving all the combinations of parameters. Findings An empirical relationship was developed to predict the lap shear strength (LSS) of the joints incorporating DB process parameters. The developed empirical relationship was optimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The optimized value discovered through PSO was compared with the response surface methodology (RSM). The joints produced using bonding pressure of 14 MPa, bonding temperature of 900°C and holding time of 70 min exhibited a maximum LSS of ...

The present book includes seven chapters that express the following briefly
Chapter 1 is introductory and gives a brief introduction about Titanium and Austenitic
stainless steels and its classification. This chapter discusses the available welding
methods to join dissimilar metals and their associated problems. Chapter 2 presents
the basic definition; background concepts and principle involved in the DB process.
Chapter 3 explain the experimental methods and procedure used in this research
procedure for the fabrication of the joints, specimen preparation and testing and
experimental. The experimental procedure to carryout microstructure of the bonded
joints. The construction of processing maps is presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 deals
with the development of empirical relationships to predict joint strength properties
incorporating process parameters. Optimization of process parameters to attain
maximum strength with optimum interlayer thickness is presented in Chapter 6. The
important findings derived from this investigation are presented in Chapter 7.