Kirsten Mogensen

The three social phenomena — norms, trust, and crisis — are in this paper combined into one model that illustrates their function and relationship. Crisis is seen as a reaction to serious violations of expectations that leave people disoriented, insecure about situational norms, and unable to judge whom to trust. One logical solution to a crisis is to rebuild a shared understanding of the norms involved in any given context. Banking is used as a case. Central concepts are borrowed from Niklas Luhmann Trust (1968), Alf Ross Directives and Norms (1967), and Arthur G. Neal National Trauma & Collective Memory (1998).

National leaders struggle to communicate in ways that are perceived as trustworthy by citizens of other nations because trust is linked to efficiency, business opportunities, and political influence. In this article, four recent public diplomacy activities are analyzed from a trust-building perspective: Iranian President Hassan Rouhani's letter in The Washington Post, The British Council's strategy for trust building in China, Russian President Vladimir V. Putin's letter in The New York Times, and the USA's trust-building effort in Turkey. The analyses are based on already publicized descriptions of public diplomacy activities, public polls, and scholarly literature. Public diplomacy ideas discussed include lightshow, hand-on cooperation, win-win projects, and the creation of frameworks for self-expression. A central concept is international trust as described by Brewer, Gross, Aday, and Willnat. Based on the analysis it is suggested to amend the concept, to distingu...

Noget af det, der kendetegner en profession i sociologisk forstand, er, at den har etiske regler, og selv om journalistik ikke er en profession i klassisk forstand,1 så har faget tre typer af etiske regelsæt. Den ene type er de fælles etiske retningslinjer, som gælder for ...

Researchers have shown that journalists want a higher degree of journalistic autonomy. This study argues economic interests of media owners are enhanced by supporting the journalistic call for freedom, particularly through improvements in the productivity, creativity and reliability of media products. Building on existing research and theory from different academic traditions, the author analyzes the basic conflict between journalistic values and business goals.

Corporate public diplomacy is a business approach to collaborate, solve problems, and build longterm relationships with people living in foreign communities where transnational corporations invest. It is a supplement to other forms of corporate diplomacy, such as those with governments, international organizations, NGOs, and other businesses. Corporate diplomacy is an umbrella concept that draws on literature from many fields, including political CSR and international relations. The thesis takes seriously the current anger expressed by people who do not belong to the welleducated elite and insist on being taken seriously. States invented diplomacy, partly to avoid costly wars, and in a global world, where the largest transnational corporations are as powerful in terms of economic resources and as influential as most states, this thesis argues that corporations can learn from state diplomacy when they strive to create reliable working environments and avoid costly (violent) conflicts with local host communities. The idea is discussed in the light of two cases: Exxon-Mobile in Aceh and China Power Investment Corporation in Kachin. Corporate public diplomacy is an alternative approach to firms dealing with local host communities. The more traditional methods are to use hard power and the legal system to enforce corporate rights and/or to apply pity-based CSR. The thesis contributes to current research with the idea of corporate public diplomacy and how it differs from state public diplomacy. Using an international relations framework as an organizing tool, it points to two approaches to state public diplomacy and three approaches to corporate public diplomacy. There are many legitimacy issues related to corporate diplomacy, and some of them are discussed in one of the five published articles included. Three other articles relate to trust research. The thesis contributes with a suggestion as to how state public diplomacy can be linked to international trust; how trust relates to norms and crisis; how forms of trust develop over time during a conflict, and how some people – including leaders – may seek advice from an inner knowing that I have termed spiritual trust. Finally, for the scholars wanting to engage in corporate public diplomacy research, a list of ideas is included as inspiration.

11. september startede som en helt almindelig tirsdag på Louisiana State University i USA. På journalistisk mødte de første studerende kl. 7.40 for at høre professor Louis A. Day forklare sin fremragende teori om, hvordan journalister ideelt set bør tage stilling til etiske dilemmaer. ...

"This paper introduces a framework for further studies in the role of mediated trust in the innovation ecosystems. Combining insight from scholars like Etzkowitz, Russel and Nordfors, the concept of innovation ecosystem is described as an extended Triple Helix where media is seen as a fourth strand besides industry, state and academia. In this paper, the concept mediated trust refers to the process in which an independent institution produces a form of mass medium. As is the case with any message, the content of the mass media is coded so that it signals to what degree information and/or opinions should be considered trustworthy. When receiving the message, the audience will decode the signals. Trust is considered fundamental for mass media if these are to fulfill their normative functions in the innovation ecosystem. However, the concept of trust is not clearly defined in the literature and we lack empirically grounded studies of the role of trust in extended Triple Helix. The paper is based on cross disciplinary literature review and it is a work in progress. Key words: Trust, Innovation Ecosystem, Extended Triple Helix, Journalism, Mediated Trust"

This is a research protocol for a case study of the coverage of the events on September 11 2001 in the major American television networks. This report is in Danish, however it contains quotes from interviews with 37 American Journalists and the quotes are in English. A number of publish articles are based on the research, please see my publication list. Most of them are in English.

... For Press Freedom By Kirsten Mogensen, Roskilde University, Denmark ... RUC, for their suggestions.Kirsten Mogensen, RUC, Denmark: The Liberal Struggle for Press Freedom, Oxford Round Table, March 2005. http://www.ruc.dk/jour/ansatte/Interne_/kirsten_Mogensen/ 2 ...

A content analysis of coverage of 9/11 incident during the first eight hours examined how five television networks framed the news coverage as events unfolded. Media performed their function in a crisis basically as they were expected and coverage and issues do not vary significantly among the networks. This study found that a variety of sources was used, and the influence of government officials was not as great as in the coverage of a crisis with less involvement of U.S. national interest. Media primarily serve as the sources of accurate information instead of guidance and consolation in the crisis. Human interest was not found to be a dominant frame in the coverage, even though the crisis involved human casualties. Dominant frames were associated with the dominant theme of the incident. The stage of a crisis was an important factor determining the coverage frames. Coverage frames changed over different stages as the unfolding event brought attention to new issues. Introduction On...

Global Literary Journalism: Exploring the Journalistic Imagination. Vol. 2. Richard Lance Keeble and John Tulloch, eds. New York, New York: Peter Lang, 2014. 306 pp. $169.95 hbk.Literary journalism is often characterized by its narrative techniques, such as scenes, dialogues, and first-person perspective, but the narrative techniques are used for a purpose, and that purpose may well be "to uncover the human significance of experience in all its intricate complexity and detail," according to John Tulloch, former Head of the Department of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Westminster, UK.Writing about British reporter Geoffrey Moorhouse (1931-2009), Tulloch also stresses that what he means by literary journalism is not the so-called human interest story that is easily created and replaced. Instead, it is characterized by a slow, observant, patient, considered search for an "understanding of the meaning of human experience, in time," with a sensibility to the "individuality of place and culture" and a sense for rootedness and interconnectedness.This second volume about global literary journalism is markedly different from the first (2012), whose front cover pictured a senior citizen scanning a morning newspaper on a busy street in New Delhi. In the second volume, we have metaphorically left the busy Main Street and taken refuge in a quiet university archive. Most of the 18 analyses of literary journalism from various continents focus on the life of interesting journalists who entertained newspaper and magazine readers from 1800 to 2000, where newspapers played a more important role than they do today. Because each chapter is well researched, it is primarily a book for nerdish journalism professors interested in times gone by.Amusing is the description of Indian writer R. K. Narayan's visit to the University of Missouri in the spring of 1969 because it recalls the naivete about other cultures that existed before the Internet. As a visiting writer at campus, Narayan (1906-2001) soon realized that the students expected all Indians to be "spiritually preoccupied" and demanded "Indian mysticism" from him. He played along for a while, but he eventually told students, "the young person in my country would sooner learn how to organize a business or manufacture an atom bomb or an automobile than how to stand on one's head." With a few paragraphs, Narayan's biographer N. Ram revives my own memories of similar intercultural experiences in the 1960s and 1970s when many intellectuals were driven by a desire for international understanding and globalization that was still in its infancy. Narayan published the account of his visit in "Reluctant Guru" (1974).Comparisons between past and present are interesting, and Lisbon professor Isabel Soares makes an attempt in her chapter about Portuguese journalist Eca de Queiros (1845-1900). The British government seemingly managed to convince the public that military intervention in Egypt in 1882 was needed on humanitarian ground, whereas in reality the reason was economic; they wanted to ensure the Suez route to India. …

Journaliststuderende er videbegærlige, og de har mødt medieforskernes kritik af pressen i løbet af deres skolegang 2 . De vil kunne se sig selv i spejlet som journalister, og derfor spørger de: Hvorfor pressen altid hænger de rige ud ? Hvorfor pressen opdigter konflikter ? ...

Transnational corporations negotiate with stakeholders in host countries to build long-term, trustworthy relationships. Such corporate diplomacy activities aim at creating economically and socially sustainable business solutions. The sub concept, corporate public diplomacy, refers to collaborations and negotiations directly with civic society. Based on a review of scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles, where the authors use the term “corporate diplomacy,” this article identifies four topics of special interest for discussions on legitimacy in diplomatic processes involving civic society: (1) Who can be perceived as legitimate representatives of civic society? (2) To what extent is it legitimate for corporations to seek political power and fill government gaps in host countries as well as in international politics, considering that the public has not elected the CEOs? (3) How do transnational corporations, from an ethical perspective, handle legitimacy issues related to the many different ideologies expressed by people in the countries where they operate? and (4) How do corporations deal with disparities in power and expertise so that representatives from civic society, who generally do not have as much technical expertise and economic power, perceive the processes as well as the solutions as legitimate? Much of the literature on corporate diplomacy is either conceptual papers or macrolevel analyses of corporate behaviors in relation to world politics. So far, few case studies have been published. More case studies would be helpful in creating insight into the processes of transnational corporations’ long-term negotiations and collaboration with civic society and in locating legitimacy issues related to practice.

Keywords
Transnational corporations Civic society Power disparities Public protests Anti-corporate activism

This paper illustrates several factors that make corporate public diplomacy a fundamentally
different approach to activities that aim at legitimacy alone. A case study of a suspended Chinese
hydropower project (i.e., the Myitsone Dam) in northern Myanmar is presented to address the
functional differences and their implications for corporate practice. In particular, it illustrates how
public resistance can prevent the success of direct foreign investments despite favorable agreements
with host governments; also, it shows that corporate public diplomacy can be used to develop
sustainable win-win solutions supported by the general public. While existing research suggests that
an important function of public relations is to create a perception of legitimacy and that the hope of
economic and commercial public diplomacy is to create a perception of attractiveness among the
public in foreign countries, this paper suggests that the concept of corporate public diplomacy – that
is, collaboration with the general public in a host country through negotiations directly with civic
society – should be considered a supplement to other forms of corporate diplomacy.

At the end of every violent conflict, leaders must help citizens make sense of the human suffering endured and thereby help create a foundation for reconciliation. In Aceh, Indonesia, representatives of the two conflicting groups chose to tell stories in which life was perceived as better after the war than it had been before, because new institutions would secure the dignity of people. This explorative study contributes to research in trust as a process with analyses of seven episodes. They demonstrate that — in retrospect — trust and risk assessment has been an ongoing intersubjective process in which trust repertoires were continually adapted, first throughout decades of war and later during peace negotiations and decommission. Analyses of their stories also give us indications of what bases of trust people rely on in high-risk situations. For example, there are indications that perceptions of the divine can provide an alternative framework

National leaders struggle to communicate in ways that are perceived as trustworthy by citizens of other nations because trust is linked to efficiency, business opportunities, and political influence. In this article, four recent public diplomacy activities are analyzed from a trust-building perspective: Iranian President Hassan Rouhani’s letter in The Washington Post; The British Council’s strategy for trust-building in China; Russian President Vladimir V. Putin’s letter in The New York Times; and the USA’s trust-building effort in Turkey.  The analyses are based on already publicized descriptions of public diplomacy activities, public polls, and scholarly literature. Public diplomacy ideas discussed include lightshow, hand-on cooperation, win-win projects, and the creation of frameworks for self-expression.  A central concept is international trust as described by Brewer, Gross, Aday and Willnat. Based on the analysis it is suggested to amend the concept, to distinguish between trust in foreign people and trust in foreign governments.

This chapter presents two mental models for justification of business legitimacy. One is the public arena, and the other is the corporate public diamond. As presented in this chapter, the imagination of a public arena with an agenda for societal debates is linked to developments in the modern era, including the idea of individual freedom, the acknowledgment of reason as important for building knowledge, steam-powered printing presses, and national autonomous mass media. The model makes most sense in societies, where fundamental norms and values are shared and business practices can be tested in relation to them. Mass media reports on fraud, unsanitary, and inhumane working conditions in the meat-packing industry in the twentieth century are mentioned as an example of how the public arena best works. The corporate legitimacy diamond reflects contemporary thinking. Using the public arena as a point of departure, it adds a corporate public diplomacy level. The model takes into consideration the post-millennium quest for human dignity and localized trust. When transnational corporations invest in many parts of the world, they are faced with many different perspectives on what constitute legitimate business behavior. They need to balance local norms and values around the globe, because social media allow a transnational audience to discuss their legitimacy. Using diplomatic practices, corporations can build long-term relationships, share information, and make compromises with local civic society representatives. Human resource management and plans for constructions are mentioned as examples of topics to be negotiated between corporations and civic society.

Corporate public diplomacy is a business approach to collaborate, solve problems, and build longterm relationships with people living in foreign communities where transnational corporations invest. It is a supplement to other forms of corporate diplomacy, such as those with governments, international organizations, NGOs, and other businesses. Corporate diplomacy is an umbrella concept that draws on literature from many fields, including political CSR and international relations. 
The thesis takes seriously the current anger expressed by people who do not belong to the welleducated elite and insist on being taken seriously. States invented diplomacy, partly to avoid costly wars, and in a global world, where the largest transnational corporations are as powerful in terms of economic resources and as influential as most states, this thesis argues that corporations can learn from state diplomacy when they strive to create reliable working environments and avoid costly (violent) conflicts with local host communities. The idea is discussed in the light of two cases: Exxon-Mobile in Aceh and China Power Investment Corporation in Kachin. 
Corporate public diplomacy is an alternative approach to firms dealing with local host communities. The more traditional methods are to use hard power and the legal system to enforce corporate rights and/or to apply pity-based CSR. 
The thesis contributes to current research with the idea of corporate public diplomacy and how it differs from state public diplomacy. Using an international relations framework as an organizing tool, it points to two approaches to state public diplomacy and three approaches to corporate public diplomacy. There are many legitimacy issues related to corporate diplomacy, and some of them are discussed in one of the five published articles included.
Three other articles relate to trust research. The thesis contributes with a suggestion as to how state public diplomacy can be linked to international trust; how trust relates to norms and crisis; how forms of trust develop over time during a conflict, and how some people – including leaders – may seek advice from an inner knowing that I have termed spiritual trust. 
Finally, for the scholars wanting to engage in corporate public diplomacy research, a list of ideas is included as inspiration.