The Guangala people of ancient Ecuador were farmers and hunters who traded with fishermen of the shores and peoples from the mountains. Among the thousands of artifacts found at Guangala sites, archaeologists have unearthed limited... more
The Guangala people of ancient Ecuador were farmers and hunters who traded with fishermen of the shores and peoples from the mountains. Among the thousands of artifacts found at Guangala sites, archaeologists have unearthed limited quantities of flakes of obsidian, a volcanic ...
Literature on childhood ADHD focuses primarily on goals and interventions that support behavior modification. From this paradigm the child tends to be pathologized, rather than their behavior understood as an expression of a larger... more
Literature on childhood ADHD focuses primarily on goals and interventions that support behavior modification. From this paradigm the child tends to be pathologized, rather than their behavior understood as an expression of a larger system. This thesis utilizes hermeneutic methodology to conceptualize ADHD symptoms through the relational perspectives of self psychology and neurobiology. The research explores how a caregiving selfobject’s dysregulated response to a child’s distress is introjected as a representational model of self and other, laying the foundation for ADHD symptoms. The research finds that hyperactivity, inattentiveness, and impulsivity may be a child’s regressive attempt to elicit empathic attunement—seeking stimulation, validation, and regulation from the environment to compensate for the fragmentation of the self structure in faulty selfobject experiences. Clinical application of the research suggests the importance of the therapist as selfobject, gradually introjected by the client and reparative of the imprint of their original failed selfobject experience.
We here consider the null distribution of the maximum lod score (LOD-M) obtained upon maximizing over transmission model parameters (penetrance values, dominance , and allele frequency) as well as the recombina-tion fraction. Also... more
We here consider the null distribution of the maximum lod score (LOD-M) obtained upon maximizing over transmission model parameters (penetrance values, dominance , and allele frequency) as well as the recombina-tion fraction. Also considered is the lod score maximized over a fixed choice of genetic model parameters and recombination-fraction values set prior to the analysis (MMLS) as proposed by Hodge et al. [1]. The objective is to fit parametric distributions to MMLS and LOD-M. Our results are based on 3,600 simulations of samples of n = 100 nuclear families ascertained for having one affected member and at least one other sibling available for linkage analysis. Each null distribution is approximately a mixture p¯2 0 + (1-p)¯2 v. The values of MMLS appear to fit the mixture 0.20¯2 0 + 0.80¯2 1.6. The mixture distribution 0.13¯2 0 + 0.87¯2 2.8. appears to describe the null distribution of LOD-M. From these results we derive a simple method for obtaining critical values of LOD-M and MMLS. Introduction The lod score statistic (LOD-C) is considered the most powerful statistic for testing linkage if the mode of inheritance (MOI) is known [2, 3]. However, in most cases one does not know the MOI, and thus we cannot compute this statistic, which we will refer to as LOD-C [4]. Since LOD-C can be shown to be equivalent to the classical likelihood ratio test statistic divided by 2ln10 [5], LOD-C is distributed as 1/2¯2 0 + 1/2¯2 1 [6]. Several authors have proposed that one instead maximize the maximum lod score (LOD-M) [7-15]. That is, one finds the genetic model and the recombination fraction for which the lod score is maximized. However, the null distribution of this statistic is not known. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the null distribution of LOD-M for nuclear families based on simulation. Weeks et al. [16] investigated this approach by simulating the marker data independent of the disease status of individuals in seven pedigrees. The objective was to determine the observed significance level (P value) for a lod score that has been obtained by maximizing over several models using several definitions of the 'affected' phenotype. They concluded that, for these data, maximizing the lod score over many models leads to an inflation of the
Phenotype and/or genotype misclassification can: significantly increase type II error probabilities for genetic case/control association, causing decrease in statistical power; and produce inaccurate estimates of population frequency... more
Phenotype and/or genotype misclassification can: significantly increase type II error probabilities for genetic case/control association, causing decrease in statistical power; and produce inaccurate estimates of population frequency parameters. We present a method, the likelihood ratio test allowing for errors (LRTae) that incorporates double-sample information for phenotypes and/or genotypes on a sub-sample of cases/controls. Population frequency parameters and misclassification probabilities are determined using a double-sample procedure as implemented in the Expectation-Maximization (EM) method. We perform null simulations assuming a SNP marker or a 4-allele (multi-allele) marker locus. To compare our method with the standard method that makes no adjustment for errors (LRTstd), we perform power simulations using a 2^k factorial design with high and low settings of: case/control samples, phenotype/genotype costs, double-sampled phenotypes/genotypes costs, phenotype/genotype error...
