Zsolt Fegyveresi

The share capital is the investment made by company members, the amount of which must be set out in the articles of association. The company capital is not the same as the total assets of the company, but it is an integral part of the company. Until November 2020, the Romanian Company Law maintained a mandatory minimum capital requirement for limited liability companies, but later the provision was simply deleted from the law with the amendment of the Companies Act. As we will see, this does not mean that a limited liability company can be created with zero share capital.

Since 11 October 2020, Regulation (EU) 2019/452 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investment into the EU has been applied in the Member States of the European Union. Although the Regulation is automatically and uniformly applicable in all EU countries upon its entry into force – thus, no transposition into national law is required –, Romania is preparing to adopt legislation to regulate FDI due diligence at national level in line with Regulation (EU) 2019/452, in the absence of an adequate legal framework and for the purpose of implementing the Regulation. In this study, we intend to examine the current legal framework in Romania on FDI and the draft legislation mentioned above, which aims to establish a workable screening mechanism for FDI into Romania.

A részvénytársaság a gazdasági társaságok legösszetettebb vállalkozási formája. A részvénytársaság tőkeegyesítő társaság, amelyben a társult tagok (részvényesek) személyes tulajdonságai kevésbé fontosak és a nagyobb hangsúly az általuk rendelkezésre bocsátott erőforrásokon, a tőkén van. A részvénytársaságról az is elmondható, hogy olyan tőkeegyesülés, amely a részvényesektől függetlenül is képes működni. A részvénytársaság szervezeti működésében a demokratikus igazgatás elve érvényesül, ahol főszabály szerint a társaság közgyűlésein a részvényesek többsége hozhat érvényes határozatot, a vezető tisztségviselők feladata a társaság irányítása, a felügyelőbizottság a társasági érdekek megóvásának céljából az ügyvezetést ellenőrzi és a könyvvizsgáló a társaság törvényes működésének egyik biztosítéka. Részvényesi szempontból a vagyoni jogok fontosabbnak tűnhetnek, mind a nem vagyoni/szervezeti jogok, hiszen a „befektető” elsődleges célja a nyereség megvalósítása, ami osztalék kifizetés va...

On 20 November 2018, the Hungarian Museum Association of Transylvania and Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania organized a round table discussion on the legal history of Transylvania. The event took place as part of a series of events on the Hungarian Science Day in Transylvania, at the Sapientia building on Calea Turzii Cluj-Napoca. The participants were Dr Gyula Fábián (minority law), Dr Zsolt Fegyveresi (constitutional history), Dr László Nánási (history of criminal law), Dr Zsolt Kokoly (history of legal education), Dr János Székely (history of civil procedure law), and Dr Emőd Veress (history of civil law). The event was moderated by Előd Pál. The participants presented their research studies related to the legal history of Transylvania and explored the legal and social situations of the past hundred years.

Romania’s new Civil Code came into force on October 1, 2011, having been adopted by the Romanian Parliament with Law no. 287 of 2009. The new Civil Code did not only replace the old Civil Code of 1864, but also the Commercial Code of 1887 and the Family Code of 1954. Thus the dualistic or even pluralistic system of private law was replaced by a “monist” law system and the separate regulation of civil and commercial law legal relationships ceased.

"This study examines one of the basic rights of shareholders, the right to information in Hungarian and Romanian company law. The right to information is a non-property, organizational right originating from the shareholder’s membership right, which is related to the convening of the general meeting of the company limited by shares and the voting right that can be exercised there. The right to information is the individual right of the shareholder and the individual obligation of the company. The right to information belongs to all shareholders, regardless of the extent of their fi nancial contribution. The exercise of the right to information is a fundamental principle and serves the protection of the shareholder, but, in addition to its protective nature, it stands at the basis of the preparation of the decisions of the company’s shareholders."