History of Law

There are many histories of the police as a law-enforcement institution, but no genealogy of the police as a form of power. This book provides a genealogy of the modern police by tracing the evolution of ‘police science’ and of police institutions in Europe, from the ancien régime to the early 19th century. Drawing on the theoretical path outlined by Michel Foucault at the crossroads between historical sociology, critical legal theory and critical criminology, it shows how the development of police power was an integral part of the birth of the modern state’s governmental rationalities and how police institutions were conceived as political technologies for the government and social disciplining of populations. Understanding modern police not as an institution at the service of the judiciary and the law, but as a complex political technology for governing the economic and social processes typical of modern capitalist societies, this book shows how the police have played an active role in actually shaping order, rather than merely preserving it.

The article presents an analysis of bankruptcy as an important event of the market relations during the Bulgarian National Revival period. The problems arising around bankruptcies are the main motives for the creation of modern commercial law. The many bankruptcies in Europe in the early 19 th century caused by the wars and the crises necessitated the codification of the commercial law. Then the French 'Code de commerce' appeared, promulgated in 1807. The first commercial laws of most countries in Europe and the world were created on the model of the French 'Code'. The Ottoman Commercial Law, promulgated in 1850, was also created on the basis of French 'Code de commerce'. Most of its content is aimed at bankruptcies. The article presents data on bankruptcies of Bulgarian merchants and companies in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s-how, when, and for what reasons they happen. Bankruptcies of some of the rich and well-known Bulgarian companies are also presented. At the end of the article the following main conclusions are made: 1/ On the Bulgarian market, as part of the Ottoman market, the bankruptcy was documented only in the third quarter of the 19 th century, i.e. after the promulgation of the Ottoman Commercial Law. 2/ Most bankruptcies are caused by the general economic situation in the region and in Europe-the crises in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s, uncollected debts from traders and companies, bankruptcies of partners. The reason for the bankruptcies is also the poorly kept commercial documentation of the traders and the companies. 3/ There are also intentional bankruptcies ("cunning bankruptcies" as defined by the Ottoman Commercial Law), but the data about them are incomplete and doubtful, as the real situation in most cases remains hidden from the authorities and the commercial courts. 4/ Bankruptcies directly concern the main professional and moral categories, assessed as important during the era-the honesty, locality, reputation, self-consciousness of the commercial class. A larger study is needed to show in which direction these categories are developing in the process of formation of the Bulgarian economic culture after 1878.

SUMARIO: I. CLAVES CONCEPTUALES: LAS LEGES DE TORO Y EL IUS INTERPRETANDI REGIO: 1. Promulgación, impresión y peculiaridades de su inserción en la Recopilación de 1567 [R].-II. LA LEY TERRITORIAL ESCRITA Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA COSTUMBRE Y EL IUS COMMUNE. LOS COMENTARIOS A LAS LEYES DE TORO DE LOS SIGLOS XVI Y XVII: 1. Flexibilidad interpretativa de la ley I de Toro. 2. Valoración que los juristas de esta época hacen de las Leyes de Toro.-III. REGIO Dos rasgos ponen especialmente de manifiesto el impacto que las Leyes de Toro supusieron en su época. En primer, lugar su pretensión de promulgar Derecho nuevo 1 , pero dictado en uso del tradicional ius interpretandi regio que para los juristas comunitarios tenía un efecto meramente declarativo, dirigido a evitar las contradicciones entre las sentencias que aplicaban un Derecho ya sancionado y en vigor, sin por ello crear nuevo Derecho. Y, en segundo lugar, presentar su primera ley como sede de la ordenación territorial del Derecho castellano entonces en vigor. Son sin duda estos dos aspectos -junto con la renuncia regia a volver a legislar sobre los casos dudosos que 1 De "abandono del viejo sistema de recopilación" lo califica Andrés María GUILARTE, "Principales Glosadores de las Leyes de Toro", en Estudios de Derecho Público y Privado. Ofrecidos a I. Serrano Serrano. Valladolid, Universidad, 1965, II, p. 81. Javier García Martín 2 generarían 2 -los que explican el buen número de comentarios de los que serían objeto durante todo el s. XVI -su época fundamental-, algunos hoy desconocidos 3 , y otros publicados tras algún pleito de edición, como el de Miguel de Cifuentes 4 , comentarios que volverían curiosamente a resurgir como género emancipado de los de la

Pillio si addottora nel diritto civile a Bologna probabilmente attorno al 1169-71, allievo dei maestri Odorico, Giovanni Bassiano e, soprattutto, di Piacentino. Figura di grande rilievo tra i glossatori della seconda metà del XII secolo, massimo rappresentante del nascente studio di Modena e di un metodo didattico-scientifico che rivolge lo sguardo anche alle fonti 'pratiche', la documentazione che lo riguarda è racchiusa in una silloge di 28 documenti di cui alcuni inediti (i già noti riediti secondo un'edizione critica moderna) a costituire un Chartularium Pilli medicinensis (SANTINI 1979, p. 317-417) che testimonia la sua presenza di homo novus, probabilmente di estrazione borghese, attivamente inserito nell'ambiente bolognese e modenese accanto ai vescovi dell'una e dell'altra città, come giudice sia della curia pontificia sia di quella imperiale. La prima traccia che lo riguarda è relativa a una sentenza che il vescovo di Bologna, Giovanni (IV), pronuncia il 7 agosto 1169 in qualità di giudice delegato dal pontefice Alessandro III, alla presenza di boni homines, tra cui Pillius de Medicina (SANTINI 1979, p. 321-323 doc. 1); la circostanza che in questa occasione al suo nome non venga associata la qualifica di doctor o altra espressione equivalente, ha fatto ipotizzare che a quell'epoca non avesse ancor conseguito il titolo (VICINI 1926, p. 6). Ancor giovane, dopo i primi tre anni di insegnamento a Bologna, decide di accogliere, a causa di una non florida condizione economica, l'offerta proveniente da Modena di trasferirsi in quella città per tenere i suoi corsi dietro compenso di 100 marchi d'argento. L'invito fu verosimilmente propiziato dal gruppo giudiziale formatosi nelle nascenti scuole legistiche modenesi e impegnato con la classe nobile nella vita politica cittadina: sarà infatti Mutina o l'episcopus mutinensis a retribuire Pillio, come il giurista ricorda nel proemio alla Summa Trium Librorum. Il trasferimento da Bologna a Modena dovrebbe essere avvenuto tra il 1174 ed il 1180. Il primo documento che lo attesta a Modena è del gennaio 1181, quando dominus Pileus compare tra i testes di una concessione enfiteutica posta in essere da Bonifacio abate del monastero di San Sil-

ABSTRACT: This video re-enactment draws upon preserved late Dynasty 20 papyri and other data regarding robberies of royal tombs in the West Bank of Thebes and the Valley of the Kings, including official accusations of corruption within all levels of society from the pharaoh’s tomb builders (at Deir el-Medina), to other towns persons, the police, officials, priests, and even the mayor of West Thebes.  This documentary response sheet contains a series of sequential questions drawn from the video, TLC: Ancient Egyptians, episode 2: Tomb Robbers (shown in-class; also available online via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAqXqsXcTds [50 minutes]).  These sequential questions aim to maximize both student attention to various pertinent points made throughout the documentary and greater retention of the materials covered by the documentary.  In addition, the documentary has been vetted for overall content accuracy (albeit updated and/or corrected in-class), and selected to provide supplementary visual aids (e.g., images of regions, sites, finds, and other materials; re-enactments), and other data to aid in student comprehension of the course lectures and readings from the textbooks. REVISED: Adding time marker for each question, plus value for reflection question (March 2017).

The book strives to provide a historical, comparative, and multidisciplinary introduction to the study of private law. Against the backdrop of the predominant position enjoyed by legal positivism, private law is thus understood as a complex social phenomenon, which intercats with human culture as a whole. The national jurisdictions belonging to the Western legal tradition are mainly depicted, as well as the supranational trends that point towards a global law. Particularly, the rise of a European law is accounted for not only within the framework of the Union's legislature, but also through the development of a rediscovered ius commune that emerges from comparative studies conducted by scholars and from the creative attitude of the courts. A special attention is paid to the sources of uniform law and to the development of soft law as a means of integration of legal systems. Traditional doctrines of juridical facts and duties are finally reinterpreted as devices designed to construct a jurisprudence that extends beyond national borders.

Transcendence and Power. Carl Schmitt's Political Theology

L' opera di CarI Schmitt (1888-1985) rappresenta una delle più forti provocazioni del pensiero del Novecento. La sua ricerca intellettuale e politica spazia nei diversi ambiti del diritto costituzionale e internazionale, della filosofia e della scienza della politica, della storia delle istituzioni, della letteratura e della teologia e si intreccia singolarmente con le vicende più drammatiche della storia contemporanea, in particolare
con la fine della repubblica di Weimar e con i primi anni del regime nazista, che lo vedono coinvolto in ruoli di primo piano. Il suo pensiero, riscoperto in questi ultimi anni, si trova oggi al centro di un serrato dibattito e di accese controversie.
Una delle provocazioni più significative di Schmitt è quella legata alla sua interpretazione del concetto di "teologia politica", un concetto destinato, pur con diverse interpretazioni, ad avere notevole fortuna nel pensiero teologico del '900, tanto da essere ancora oggi al centro dell'attenzione. Questo volume ricostruisce analiticamente, a partire dai primi
scritti fino alle ultime elaborazioni, la genesi, lo sviluppo e le applicazioni del concetto di "teologia politica" collocandolo sullo sfondo della sua ricerca e analizzando le reazioni e le critiche suscitate negli ambienti filosofici e teologici. Dall'angolo visuale della "teologia politica" l'intera opera schmittiana riceve una nuova e suggestiva luce e assume in certo senso valore di simbolo dell'itinerario della riflessione contemporanea sul politico, sul potere e sul suo ineliminabile riferimento alla trascendenza.

Invited talk - University of Vienna (18 January 2022)
From the Adriatic Sea to the mountainous borders with Iran and from the Black Sea to the scorched shores of the Red Sea, the Ottoman domains were home to myriad locations of archaeological importance. The multitude of prehistoric, ancient and medieval civilisations that had left their imprint on Ottoman lands was bound to attract the interest of Europeans. Ottoman subjects were not in themselves left uninterested. Visits, digs, illicit traffic, museums and many more activities attest to this.
As the 19th century was progressing with the number of manifestations of an interest in ancient finds rising, the Ottoman state decided to take it upon itself to regulate this area of human activity. This presentation discusses the legal responses of the Ottoman state to this rising interest and, more specifically, the laws on antiquities of 1869, 1874, 1884 and 1906. It traces their origins, such as the incidents or other factors that motivated the state to promulgate the laws. It aims to shed light on the topics these laws covered, such as definitions on antiquities, the ownership of finds, stipulations on the import and, significantly, export of antiquities, any protective measures, and the regulation of excavations. It also provides a comparison between Ottoman archaeological legislation and that of the Greek kingdom in an attempt to identify points of convergence and divergence. To what extent was Ottoman policy inspired by Greece’s treatment of antiquities? Finally, this presentation does not fail to investigate the reasons for replacing one law with another. In this, a discussion of how each law was implemented in the vast domains of the empire remains crucial.
In all, this presentation aims to provide a comprehensive picture as to the Ottoman legal approaches to antiquities that, together with the development of Ottoman museums, encapsulate Ottoman archaeological policy. In discussing the laws, we shall see how the Ottoman state evolved from being largely a bystander into a guardian of antiquities in its lands.

The author tackles the matter of the legal foundations of three salient aspects of late medieval criminal procedure: the procedure per inquisitionem, which was based on the judge's initiative; the repression of heresy, the gravity of which was elevated by the Church to a crimen laesae maiestatis; finally, the practice of torture, which was common to both secular and anti-heretical procedure. As for the latter, the author provides an in-depth analysis by commenting the points of view of the jurists Bartolus de Saxoferrato (1313/14-1357/58) and Baldus de Ubaldis (1327-1400) by analysing, respectively, the commentaries on the corpus iuris civilis and two consilia. Special attention is given to the second consilium where Baldus provides a report of the torture inflicted in 1387 to the Queen of Aragon. By doing this, the author shows how there was a gap between the judicial practice, including a fairly common application of torture, and the ‘guarantism’ involved by the doctrine.

Collection of contributions on the phenomenon of Piracy in the ancient Mediterranean World, with special reference to its development in the Roman Period as well as to some aspects of its evolution from the Middle Ages to the Present, in order to ascertain its impact on the political agendas and the legal systems of different periods.

The Relationship of Law to Society in Deuteronomy:
“The Draft Constitution” (Deut 16:18–18:22) as an “Ideal Type”

This article demonstrates the overlooked contribution of the ancient Near East to the development of constitutional law.  The legal corpus of Deuteronomy provides a utopian model for the organization of the state, one that enshrines separation of powers and their systematic subordination to a public legal text—the “Torah”—that delineates their jurisdiction while also ensuring their autonomy.  This legislation establishes an independent judiciary while bringing even the monarch under the full authority of the law.  This legislation departs from all previous models, whether those extant in the legislation of the ancient Near East or ancient Israel itself.  Two of its cornerstones are fundamental to the modern idea of a constitution: (1) clear division of state powers into separate spheres of authority; and (2) the subordination of each branch to the authority of the law.  This legislation was so utopian that it seems never to have been implemented; instead, idealism rapidly yielded to political pragmatism.  Nonetheless, Deuteronomy’s draft constitution makes a powerful statement about the broader function of law within society, while also providing a corrective to the secular and Graeco-Roman bias of more standard models of constitutional legal history.

As Ordenações Afonsinas constituem a primeira compilação de direito pátrio. Destinavam-se essencialmente a carrear para o seu articulado as leis régias dispersas na Chancelaria Real. Relativamente ao povo hebraico esta compilação legislativa não contém nenhuma norma inovadora. Na sua maioria as normas recolhidas são provenientes de diversas fontes legislativas, nomeadamente do direito anónico e do direito romano. A presente exposição tem como objectivo dar a conhecer a legislação pátria contida nas Ordenações Afonsinas,
relativamente à comunidade judaica, sobretudo os seus privilégios e limitações de direitos.

The “Ordenações Afonsinas”, the first compilation of Portuguese Law,
was intended essentially to compile the scattered royal laws, in the Royal
Chancellery. For the Hebrew people, this legislative compilation does not
contain any innovative norms regarding them. Most of the rules collected
are from various legislative sources, in particular from Canon and Roman
Law. This small article aims to make known the legislation contained in the “Ordenações Afonsinas” regarding the Jewish community, namely its privileges and limitations of rights.

Immediately after the constitution of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939 – 1945), the Nazis began with interventions in the labor law. Labor law was one of branches of law, which were influenced very much during the German occupation (compared, the civil law remained practically unaffected). This article involves following sections: introduction, labor law according to the Nazi ideology, creating of the forced and controlled labor system, regulations in labor relations and situations of Jewish employees.

В диссертационном исследовании раскрыто понятие юридической догматики и определены функции, выполняемые ею в рамках правовой системы; выявлены социокультурные основания традиции романо-германской юридической догматики; произведена историческая реконструкция генезиса догматической юриспруденции в романо-германском правовом семействе; установлены факторы, способствовавшие ее воспроизводству и развитию; рассмотрено значение романо-германской юридической догматики для общей теории права.

This article reveals legislative history of Civil Code of Lower Canada 1866, which is legal base of civil rights of this Canadian province. Article also analyses backgrounds of the work, characterizes a development process and reception of Code. It also gives us structure and textual base of this document.

Il saggio intende dimostrare che, subito dopo la pubblicazione, da parte di Alberico Gentili, dei De iuris interpretibus Dialogi sex (1582) e delle Lectiones et Epistolae (1583-1584) i rapporti fra Jean Hotman e il giurista di San Ginesio divennero molto difficili e burrascosi. Lo dimostrano alcune epistole scritte da Hotman ad autorevoli giuristi (ad es. Bodin), e ad alcuni umanisti (Bergmann, Payne, Cuffe, Th. Savile) contenenti critiche molto dure e severe ai Dialogi gentiliani. Malgrado ciò, e malgrado le opposizioni dei puritani, Gentili riuscirà ad ottenere la cattedra di Civil Law a Oxford.Il saggio contiene anche notizie circa il tentativo compiuto, dal Gentili, di ottenere un insegnamento a Tubinga nel 1580.

The graphical representation of a social and cultural asymmetry: gender in matrimonial dispensations, between the Middle Ages and the early modern period /

La représentation graphique d’une asymétrie sociale et culturelle : du genre dans les dispenses matrimoniales, entre Moyen Âge et époque moderne

Lo studio della giustizia criminale ha conosciuto nel corso degli ultimi decenni una sensibile revisione sotto i profili dell’oggetto della ricerca e della selezione delle fonti . Il campo d’indagine si è infatti spostato dalle istituzioni giudiziarie ufficiali al ruolo pubblico della giustizia penale, intesa come funzione, permettendo così di cogliere la pluralità di metodi e di sedi di risoluzione delle controversie . Per quanto concerne l’età moderna, uno dei fenomeni criminali più studiati è indubbiamente il banditismo, che tra la fine del Rinascimento e il XVIII° secolo interessò l’Italia e l’Europa con periodici picchi di violenze diffuse. Il persistente operare delle bande sul territorio condusse molti Stati a creare organi giudiziari capaci di agire rapidamente e con minori formalità legali contro la criminalità organizzata. Questo saggio vuole illustrare sinteticamente la politica di repressione del banditismo intrapresa dalla Repubblica di Genova tra Cinque e Settecento. In particolare s’intende far luce sul funzionamento della Giunta contro banditi, organo poco studiato al quale fu affidata la gestione dell’ordine pubblico statale, descrivendone gli antecedenti istituzionali e linee d’azione giudiziaria e amministrativa.

Prosopographical Apparatus, in:
Robert Gramsch, Erfurter Juristen im Spätmittelalter. Die Karrieremuster und Tätigkeitsfelder einer gelehrten Elite des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts (Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 17), Leiden / Boston 2003, Personenkatalog auf CD-Rom, Nr. 649.

G. Cazals, « "Le voilà dans l’Éthiopie" De l’ailleurs dans les plaidoyers de la Renaissance », dans Les recueils de Plaidoyez à la Renaissance entre droit et littérature. Actes du colloque organisé à Avignon, 5-6 juin 2014, Genève, Librairie Droz, dir. Géraldine Cazals et Stéphan Geonget, Genève, Librairie Droz, 2018, p. 187-219

The author addresses the most relevant historical aspects
of copyright law, discussing the end of privileges in England
and the emergence of the copyright system in 1710, upon the
coming into force of the Statute of Anne.
He looks into the literary, scientific and artistic property, whose
foundation dates back to the French revolutionary decrees of 1791
and 1793, highlighting the rise of the modern copyright system.

RESUMO
Aborda os aspectos históricos mais relevantes do Direito de Autor,
tratando do fim dos privilégios na Inglaterra e do surgimento
do sistema de copyright em 1710, com a entrada em vigor do
Estatuto da Rainha Ana.
Examina a propriedade literária, artística e científica, cujo fundamento
remonta aos decretos revolucionários franceses de 1791 e 1793
e marca a aparição do moderno sistema de Direito de Autor.

Artkuł prezentuje zagadnienia z zakresu historii prawa karnego i tzw.
archeologii prawnej oraz przedstawia ich źródła oraz wpływ na kształtowanie się
i rozwój kultury prawnej w wiekach średnich na ziemiach polskich. Zagadnieniem
kluczowym jest ewolucja kary i pojawienie się systemu kompozycji, w ramach
której dochodziło do zawarcia ugody między sprawcą zabójstwa i rodziną (krewnymi) zabitego. Elementem zawieranej ugody był nakładany na sprawcę zabójstwa obowiązek wystawienia kamiennego krzyża lub kapliczki. Te elementy: krzyże i kapliczki, miały charakter ekspiacyjny, dlatego też powszechnie używa się nazwy krzyże i kapliczki pokutne. Tych kamiennych świadków średniowiecznego
wymiaru sprawiedliwości karnej jest w Polsce kilkaset

Elek Dósa, Doctor of Law, was teacher of the Reformed College in Marosvasarhely, chiefwarden of the Foundation School In Makfalva and the Maros Reformed Dioceseas well as the vice president of the House of Representatives, the president of the Codification Committee of the Parliament, and the Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Being a powerful jurist of Transylvanian Reformed Church, one of his most important quests was to unite the Hungarian and Transylvanian Reformed Churches. He dedicated his life to education and science. He was one of those who first educated Calvinist canon law. His unique book, The Transylvanian Home Evangelico-Reformed Church Law was an outstanding work which was praised by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

В периода 1956-1971 г. в България тече конституционен дебат. След 1960 г. един от основните дискусионни въпроси в дебата е този за официалното наименование на държавата. Едната възможност е да се запази старото име - Народна република България; другата - под някаква форма в името да се включи определението "социалистическа". В хода на спора ясно се очертават две групи в политическия и държавен елит на страната - първата, чийто лидер е акад. Тодор Павлов е "за" промяната; другата, начело на която се оказва партийния и държавен ръководител Тодор Живков, е "за" запазване на старото наименование, което и се реализира. Макар на пръв поглед спорът да изглежда формален, зад него се крият съществени разлики в политическите и идеологически позиции на спорещите, за които авторът на статията е предложил свое обяснение.

На примере "Метафизики нравов" Иммануила Канта выдвигается тезис о сходстве в развитии института права собственности на недвижимое имущество в Германии XVIII века и в современной России. В качестве главного признака указывается на отсутствие представления о земельном участке как о составной вещи. Выдвигается гипотеза, что образование отдельной отрасли земельного права в рамках частного права обуславливается признанием в качестве первоначального титула — права собственности на земельный участок без связи с находящимися на нём объектами недвижимости.

Il s'agit de comprendre la naissance d'une discipline scientifique et académique : le droit pénal. Prenant appui sur la chaire de droit criminel de Toulouse et son premier occupant, Victor Molinier, cette recherche entend démontrer qu'une science est d'abord le fruit d'un contexte académique et scientifique spécifique.

De tous les « socialismes utopiques », le fouriérisme est celui qui a bénéficié du plus grand retentissement en Amérique. Importé par Albert Brisbane, disciple américain de Charles Fourier, il entraîne la formation d’une trentaine de Phalanxes 1 sur le sol nord-américain entre 1842 et 1845. Parmi celles-ci : Brook Farm. Cette communauté créée en 1841 par George et Sophia Ripley afin d’appliquer les principes de la spiritualité transcendantaliste se convertit au fouriérisme en 1844 et devient rapidement l’un de ses représentants les plus importants 2 . Rencontre du fouriérisme et de l’héritage communaliste américain 3 , Brook Farm constitue une grille de lecture idéale afin d’étudier l’importation de la pensée de Fourier aux États-Unis. Dans cette communication, nous exposerons à travers l’étude de Brook Farm le processus d’ « américanisation » du fouriérisme, rendu conforme au mœurs étasuniennes. Cela nous permettra également d’illustrer l’application de cette doctrine « utopique » au sein d’une communauté intentionnelle, caractéristique du mouvement fouriériste américain et expliquant le rapide succès de celui-ci.

Code civil is the result of a monumental legal activity in France initiated by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 and realized in the following years by a commission of experts led by Cambacérès. Among them there were other renowned lawyers, such as Tronchet, Portalis, and Malevill. The Napoleonic Civil Code, adopted on 21 March 1804 after much debate and intensive work, confirmed some of the principles of 1789: the freedom of the individual, equality before the law, laicization of the state, and unlimited and non-forfeitable (forever-enduring) property rights. The Code also enabled the constitution of the bourgeois family by strengthening the father and husband's authority and introducing limited divorce rules. Nevertheless, it still considered the married woman, in relation to her husband, as inferior. Under the new civil law, the woman was fully submitted to her husband´s paternalistic protection: she could not dispose freely of her property or plead in her own name before a court of law without the consent of her husband. The Code civil, called by Napoleon “My Code", which was published in 1807 again under the name of the French Emperor as the Code Napoléon, is still considered to be the most important legacy of the Napoleonic government not only in France but also in countries occupied by the French. During the 19th and 20th centuries, it served as a model for many other civil-law texts adopted in various states across continents.

Эта книга – очередное издание известного труда историка советской и пост-советской правовой системы, профессора университета Торонто Питера Соломона. Впервые на русском языке эта работа была опубликована в 1998 году, на английском книга вышла в 1996. В середине 1990-х годов исследование Соломона внесло вклад в дискуссию о советском правосудии сталинского периода, участниками которой были Габор Риттершпорн, Йорам Горлицкий, Олег Хлевнюк, Харольд Берман, Юджин Каменка и другие. С тех пор дискуссия на Западе значительно продвинулась, однако далеко не все исследования, посвященные этой проблеме, известны в России. Между тем, в последние годы активно развиваются эмпирические социо-правовые исследования, которые нуждаются в теоретико-
методологической базе. При общем дефиците русскоязычной научной литературы по практике правоприменения, истории и социологии права хотелось бы, чтобы труд Питера Соломона не остался незамеченным.