My name is Pegah Nejat and I am an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Shahid Beheshti University, Iran. I also codirect the SBU Social Psychology Lab. The topics I have been interested in includes: moral psychology, intergroup perception, implicit social cognition, self and identity, gender stereotypes, and cultural psychology.
We examined the effect of pathogen and mortality salience on moral values and political orientati... more We examined the effect of pathogen and mortality salience on moral values and political orientation, testing competing hypotheses derived from three relevant perspectives. While Terror Management Theory (TMT) predicts a delayed shift toward preexisting moral values and political orientation, Pathogen Prevalence Hypothesis (PPH) anticipates a shift toward binding moral foundations, and Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition (PCMSC) posits a shift toward political Principlism. This was an experimental study with salience type (mortality, pathogen, control) and delay (immediate, delayed) as independent variables. The effect of pathogen salience on moral foundations and political orientation was consistent with TMT. Also, there was a delayed PPH-directed effect of pathogen salience on moral foundations, and a PCMSC-consistent effect of pathogen salience on political orientation. Findings are discussed in light of possible differences in the timeline of effects and provided insight to reconcile contradictory predictions of the three perspectives.
Upon the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, various conspiracy theories regarding the virus pr... more Upon the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, various conspiracy theories regarding the virus proliferated in the social media. This study focused on the sociodemographic, personality, and moral predictors of these beliefs. More specifically, we asked whether moral values predict belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories over and above sociodemographic variables and the Big Five personality traits. According to Moral Foundations Theory, five cross-cultural moral foundations are more broadly categorized under individualizing (Care & Fairness) and binding (Loyalty, Authority, & Sanctity) foundations. A sixth moral foundation was Liberty which we included along with binding and individualizing foundations. Participants were 227 Iranians (mean age = 31.43, SD = 12.61, 75.3% female) who responded to Moral Foundations Questionnaire and Liberty items, a range of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and the 10-Item Personality Measure of the Big Five. Among demographic variables, religiosity and socioeconomic status were the strongest determinants of conspiracy beliefs regarding the origin of Coronavirus. Among the Big Five, only extraversion predicted these beliefs in a positive direction. Moral foundations, most notably Authority and Sanctity, showed incremental predictive power over both demographic variables and the Big Five personality traits. Findings are discussed in light of the role of social media in dissemination of conspiracy beliefs regarding the pandemic. They point to the more relevance of moral foundations, particularly binding foundations, than the Big Five in the context of pandemic-related conspiracy beliefs, and add to the literature on the unique contribution of moral foundations to socio-political attitudes across cultures.
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, Jul 1, 2016
Recent years, air pollution phenomenon has become one of the crucial problems of Tehran, Iran. Du... more Recent years, air pollution phenomenon has become one of the crucial problems of Tehran, Iran. Due to main political and economic role of Tehran, population of this metropolis is high and increasing. Urban transportation of this highly populated city contributes more than 70% of air pollution problem in this city. Although a number of urban transport developments, policy measures and regulations have been employed, Tehran's air pollution has remained crucial thus far. Finding ways to encourage individuals to behave more sustainable can be considered as a substantial approach of tackling environmental problems such as air pollution, since it can be highly cost-effective and fast. This research attempt to evaluate the impacts of two factors of outcome framing and psychological distance of air pollution on citizen's willingness to behave environmental friendly, particularly to change the travel mode choice. Results illustrate that communicating the consequences of air pollution can provoke individuals' to act more environment friendly or in particular to change their intention for using more sustainable mode of transportation. Framing the positive consequences of mitigating air pollution take precedence over framing the negative consequences. Moreover the gains of mitigating air pollution have an impact on the willingness to use of bicycle and bus. Results also show that decreasing the psychological distance of air pollution in order to make manipulated frame more personally relevant has no significant impact on respondents.
According to the phenomenon commonly known as action effect and vastly replicated across the judg... more According to the phenomenon commonly known as action effect and vastly replicated across the judgment and decision-making literature, more regret is associated with decisions resulting from action than inaction. Action vs. inaction, however, might either refer to change vs. no change or doing something vs. not doing something. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of this variation in operationalization of action-inaction on the strength of action effect, for both positive and negative outcomes, across four different domains of employment, finance, education, and health. This was an experimental scenario-based study (N = 215) with four between-subjects conditions varying in outcome valence and the actor’s initial state as either engaged or non-engaged in a particular course of action. Action effect was found to be stronger with respect to the initially engaged than the initially non-engaged decision-maker (ηp2 = .04), indicating that action as change results in a stron...
Upon the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, various conspiracy theories regarding the virus pr... more Upon the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, various conspiracy theories regarding the virus proliferated in the social media. This study focused on the sociodemographic, personality, and moral predictors of these beliefs. More specifically, we asked whether moral values predict belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories over and above sociodemographic variables and the Big Five personality traits. According to Moral Foundations Theory, five cross-cultural moral foundations are more broadly categorized under individualizing (Care & Fairness) and binding (Loyalty, Authority, & Sanctity) foundations. A sixth moral foundation was Liberty which we included along with binding and individualizing foundations. Participants were 227 Iranians (mean age = 31.43, SD = 12.61, 75.3% female) who responded to Moral Foundations Questionnaire and Liberty items, a range of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and the 10-Item Personality Measure of the Big Five. Among demographic variables, religiosity and socioeconomic status were the strongest determinants of conspiracy beliefs regarding the origin of Coronavirus. Among the Big Five, only extraversion predicted these beliefs in a positive direction. Moral foundations, most notably Authority and Sanctity, showed incremental predictive power over both demographic variables and the Big Five personality traits. Findings are discussed in light of the role of social media in dissemination of conspiracy beliefs regarding the pandemic. They point to the more relevance of moral foundations, particularly binding foundations, than the Big Five in the context of pandemic-related conspiracy beliefs, and add to the literature on the unique contribution of moral foundations to socio-political attitudes across cultures.
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have rigid moral judgments compared to healt... more Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have rigid moral judgments compared to healthy people. They tend to prefer deontological options when they face moral dilemmas. Recent research has indicated that activating the Veil-of-Ignorance (VOI) reasoning changes moral judgment in healthy participants, leading them to favor utilitarian choices. However, the effect of VOI reasoning on OCD patients' moral judgment has not been studied. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of VOI reasoning on moral judgment and cognitive flexibility of OCD patients across two studies (N = 336). In study 1, we recruited 80 OCD participants and 80 healthy participants via convenience sampling and assigned them randomly to either the VOI or non-VOI group. Participants in the VOI group read the VOI versions of the footbridge (personal dilemma) and trolley (impersonal dilemma) dilemmas prior to answering the standard scenarios. In the control group, participants only responded t...
Objective: Implicit Association Test or IAT is a test used in the field of social cognition to im... more Objective: Implicit Association Test or IAT is a test used in the field of social cognition to implicitly assess identity, attitude and stereotype. The aim of this study was to examine the construct validity of this test from two specific aspects-i.e., between-constructs differentiation of IAT's polarity strengths, and response strategies used by subjects. Method: 229 undergraduate students responded to three IATs assessing gender identity, major identity and gender-major stereotype. Participants were subsequently interviewed on how they responded to the IATs. Repeated measures ANOVAs using IAT type as a within-subjects factor were run to compare IATs in mean reaction time and polarity strength. In addition, the method of Generalized Estimating Equations was used to predict IAT's polarity strength, using reaction time as a within-subjects covariate. Subjects' responses in the interviews were used as the basis for categorizing response strategies. Results: The polarity strength, as well as the mean reaction time belonging to the stereotype IAT was smaller compared to those of identity IATs. On the between-constructs scale, IATs' strength polarity was not independent of their reaction time. In the section dedicated to strategies, approximately half of the subjects mentioned specific cognitive-affective strategies. Strategies were categorized to visual, articulatory and memory-based. Memory-based strategies were further divided into three categories. Conclusion: The current study does not confirm the validity of IAT in differentiating cognitive constructs of stereotype and identity, because the observed difference in the polarity strength of these constructs was not independent of a subject's overall speed of responding. The fact that nearly half of the subjects used specific cognitive strategies stipulates attention and can have implications for IAT's claim to assess the strength of implicit associations. Furthermore, the study of the strategies suggests that Baddely's model of working memory (2001) can serve as an appropriate model to explain the strategies employed by subjects for responding to IAT.
Introduction: This study aimed to examine the degree of femininity or masculinity of gender stere... more Introduction: This study aimed to examine the degree of femininity or masculinity of gender stereotypes related to different academic fields, i.e. Math, Language, Humanities, Art, Life Sciences, and Medicine, in the minds of Iranian students. Method: Two hundred and twenty five male and female students of Kardani, BS and MS majoring in math and humanities from four higher educational centers in Tehran were selected according to convenience, and answered a questionnaire. One-sample t-test, as well as two-way and repeated measure ANOVAs were used in data analysis. Results: The two fields of Math and Medicine were considered masculine, while Art had a feminine stereotype. In case of Humanities, Language and Life Sciences, women regarded them as feminine, whereas men had a neutral image of them. A gender difference was observed indicating that women viewed the academic fields as being more feminine. In case of Humanities, the interaction of students’ gender and educational field was sig...
Taking Moral Foundations Theory as the morality framework, this study asked whether moral norms a... more Taking Moral Foundations Theory as the morality framework, this study asked whether moral norms are prescribed differentially for various social roles, and what mechanism can be deemed responsible for that. We tested social perception as formulated by Stereotype Content Model as one such mediating mechanism. High- and low-status roles from three social contexts varying in solidarity were presented to participants who expressed their perception of the roles’ warmth and competence, as well as moral prescriptions/proscriptions regarding them as both actor and target of acts. Perceived warmth mediated the relationship between solidarity and role-as-actor Fairness, Sanctity, and Liberty, and role-as-target Care and Sanctity, whereas competence mediated the link between perceived status and role-as-target Care and Fairness. Moreover, the interaction of warmth and competence predicted role-as-actor Authority and role-as-target Liberty. Overall, we found evidence for the role-dependency of moral norms, partially explained through perception of the social roles, thereby involving the underlying motive of protecting ingroups’ and reference groups’ position as suggested by SCM. However, given a number of unmediated links, other motives are also suspected to be involved, which remain to be explored.
Aims: Moral Foundations Theory is among the latest theories of moral judgement in social cognitio... more Aims: Moral Foundations Theory is among the latest theories of moral judgement in social cognition. This theory has specified six foundations of care, fairness, loyalty, authority, sanctity, and liberty as underlying morality concerns. The present study aimed to examine the characteristics of these foundations in Iranian moral mentality and compared them against foreign findings and predictions, particularly the recent debate between two leading theorists in this field, i.e. Graham and Janoff- Bulman. Method: Participants were 172 Iranians who were questioned about ideal society and moral and immoral behaviors. Responses were examined and categorized based on belongingness to foundations. Accordingly, foundation exemplars and their motivational weight and relational context were determined. To determine the grouping of foundations, exploratory factor analysis; to compare foundations regarding motivational weight, analysis of variance; and to compare the frequency of foundation exemp...
Major aim of current study is to examine psychometric properties of self-esteem implicit associat... more Major aim of current study is to examine psychometric properties of self-esteem implicit association test. Special goals to examine the test-retest reliability, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity. Our population was the students of Shahid Beheshti University and 300 undergraduate and graduate students were selected through purposive sampling. Also 50 students from faculty of Education and psychology were selected in order to examine test- retest reliability. Results showed that test- retest reliability and internal consistency was 0.52 and 0.63 respectively. Also convergent validity with name-letter test and discriminant validity with Rosenberg explicit self-esteem both obtained 0.06. The results of current study, consistent with previous research, indicating that self-esteem IAT has an appropriate reliability and internal consistency, impoverished convergent validity and acceptable discriminant validity. These results can be interpreted. نﺎﮔژاو
cognition studies, any given cognition ca n be measured both directly and indirectly. Implicit co... more cognition studies, any given cognition ca n be measured both directly and indirectly. Implicit cognition which is the result of indirect measureme nt is usually contrasted with explicit cognition which is the result of direct assessment. The purpose of thi s study is to test the moderating role of the two var iables of membership in social groups of gender and academic major, as well as the representational strength of cognitions (consisting of importance an d stability components) in the relationship between implicit and explicit cognition in the context of t hree cognitions of gender identity, academic major ident ity and gender-major stereotype. A total of 192 student s from two universities in Tehran (96 humanities, 96 math-engineering; 96 boys, 96 girls) participated i n this study. The three cognitions were measured both directly using Likert spectrum, and indirectly usin g Implicit Association Test. Also included were questions for assessing the components of representational...
Corresponding Author* Pegah Nejat received her Ph.D. in Psychology from Shahid Beheshti Universit... more Corresponding Author* Pegah Nejat received her Ph.D. in Psychology from Shahid Beheshti University. She is currently an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Shahid Beheshti University. Her research interests include moral psychology, self and intergroup processes, and cultural psychology. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Pegah Nejat, Department of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin Ave., Tehran, Postal Code 1983969411. ORCID: 0000-0003-1410-9720
We examined the effect of pathogen and mortality salience on moral values and political orientati... more We examined the effect of pathogen and mortality salience on moral values and political orientation, testing competing hypotheses derived from three relevant perspectives. While Terror Management Theory (TMT) predicts a delayed shift toward preexisting moral values and political orientation, Pathogen Prevalence Hypothesis (PPH) anticipates a shift toward binding moral foundations, and Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition (PCMSC) posits a shift toward political Principlism. This was an experimental study with salience type (mortality, pathogen, control) and delay (immediate, delayed) as independent variables. The effect of pathogen salience on moral foundations and political orientation was consistent with TMT. Also, there was a delayed PPH-directed effect of pathogen salience on moral foundations, and a PCMSC-consistent effect of pathogen salience on political orientation. Findings are discussed in light of possible differences in the timeline of effects and provided insight to reconcile contradictory predictions of the three perspectives.
Upon the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, various conspiracy theories regarding the virus pr... more Upon the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, various conspiracy theories regarding the virus proliferated in the social media. This study focused on the sociodemographic, personality, and moral predictors of these beliefs. More specifically, we asked whether moral values predict belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories over and above sociodemographic variables and the Big Five personality traits. According to Moral Foundations Theory, five cross-cultural moral foundations are more broadly categorized under individualizing (Care & Fairness) and binding (Loyalty, Authority, & Sanctity) foundations. A sixth moral foundation was Liberty which we included along with binding and individualizing foundations. Participants were 227 Iranians (mean age = 31.43, SD = 12.61, 75.3% female) who responded to Moral Foundations Questionnaire and Liberty items, a range of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and the 10-Item Personality Measure of the Big Five. Among demographic variables, religiosity and socioeconomic status were the strongest determinants of conspiracy beliefs regarding the origin of Coronavirus. Among the Big Five, only extraversion predicted these beliefs in a positive direction. Moral foundations, most notably Authority and Sanctity, showed incremental predictive power over both demographic variables and the Big Five personality traits. Findings are discussed in light of the role of social media in dissemination of conspiracy beliefs regarding the pandemic. They point to the more relevance of moral foundations, particularly binding foundations, than the Big Five in the context of pandemic-related conspiracy beliefs, and add to the literature on the unique contribution of moral foundations to socio-political attitudes across cultures.
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, Jul 1, 2016
Recent years, air pollution phenomenon has become one of the crucial problems of Tehran, Iran. Du... more Recent years, air pollution phenomenon has become one of the crucial problems of Tehran, Iran. Due to main political and economic role of Tehran, population of this metropolis is high and increasing. Urban transportation of this highly populated city contributes more than 70% of air pollution problem in this city. Although a number of urban transport developments, policy measures and regulations have been employed, Tehran's air pollution has remained crucial thus far. Finding ways to encourage individuals to behave more sustainable can be considered as a substantial approach of tackling environmental problems such as air pollution, since it can be highly cost-effective and fast. This research attempt to evaluate the impacts of two factors of outcome framing and psychological distance of air pollution on citizen's willingness to behave environmental friendly, particularly to change the travel mode choice. Results illustrate that communicating the consequences of air pollution can provoke individuals' to act more environment friendly or in particular to change their intention for using more sustainable mode of transportation. Framing the positive consequences of mitigating air pollution take precedence over framing the negative consequences. Moreover the gains of mitigating air pollution have an impact on the willingness to use of bicycle and bus. Results also show that decreasing the psychological distance of air pollution in order to make manipulated frame more personally relevant has no significant impact on respondents.
According to the phenomenon commonly known as action effect and vastly replicated across the judg... more According to the phenomenon commonly known as action effect and vastly replicated across the judgment and decision-making literature, more regret is associated with decisions resulting from action than inaction. Action vs. inaction, however, might either refer to change vs. no change or doing something vs. not doing something. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of this variation in operationalization of action-inaction on the strength of action effect, for both positive and negative outcomes, across four different domains of employment, finance, education, and health. This was an experimental scenario-based study (N = 215) with four between-subjects conditions varying in outcome valence and the actor’s initial state as either engaged or non-engaged in a particular course of action. Action effect was found to be stronger with respect to the initially engaged than the initially non-engaged decision-maker (ηp2 = .04), indicating that action as change results in a stron...
Upon the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, various conspiracy theories regarding the virus pr... more Upon the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, various conspiracy theories regarding the virus proliferated in the social media. This study focused on the sociodemographic, personality, and moral predictors of these beliefs. More specifically, we asked whether moral values predict belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories over and above sociodemographic variables and the Big Five personality traits. According to Moral Foundations Theory, five cross-cultural moral foundations are more broadly categorized under individualizing (Care & Fairness) and binding (Loyalty, Authority, & Sanctity) foundations. A sixth moral foundation was Liberty which we included along with binding and individualizing foundations. Participants were 227 Iranians (mean age = 31.43, SD = 12.61, 75.3% female) who responded to Moral Foundations Questionnaire and Liberty items, a range of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and the 10-Item Personality Measure of the Big Five. Among demographic variables, religiosity and socioeconomic status were the strongest determinants of conspiracy beliefs regarding the origin of Coronavirus. Among the Big Five, only extraversion predicted these beliefs in a positive direction. Moral foundations, most notably Authority and Sanctity, showed incremental predictive power over both demographic variables and the Big Five personality traits. Findings are discussed in light of the role of social media in dissemination of conspiracy beliefs regarding the pandemic. They point to the more relevance of moral foundations, particularly binding foundations, than the Big Five in the context of pandemic-related conspiracy beliefs, and add to the literature on the unique contribution of moral foundations to socio-political attitudes across cultures.
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have rigid moral judgments compared to healt... more Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have rigid moral judgments compared to healthy people. They tend to prefer deontological options when they face moral dilemmas. Recent research has indicated that activating the Veil-of-Ignorance (VOI) reasoning changes moral judgment in healthy participants, leading them to favor utilitarian choices. However, the effect of VOI reasoning on OCD patients' moral judgment has not been studied. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of VOI reasoning on moral judgment and cognitive flexibility of OCD patients across two studies (N = 336). In study 1, we recruited 80 OCD participants and 80 healthy participants via convenience sampling and assigned them randomly to either the VOI or non-VOI group. Participants in the VOI group read the VOI versions of the footbridge (personal dilemma) and trolley (impersonal dilemma) dilemmas prior to answering the standard scenarios. In the control group, participants only responded t...
Objective: Implicit Association Test or IAT is a test used in the field of social cognition to im... more Objective: Implicit Association Test or IAT is a test used in the field of social cognition to implicitly assess identity, attitude and stereotype. The aim of this study was to examine the construct validity of this test from two specific aspects-i.e., between-constructs differentiation of IAT's polarity strengths, and response strategies used by subjects. Method: 229 undergraduate students responded to three IATs assessing gender identity, major identity and gender-major stereotype. Participants were subsequently interviewed on how they responded to the IATs. Repeated measures ANOVAs using IAT type as a within-subjects factor were run to compare IATs in mean reaction time and polarity strength. In addition, the method of Generalized Estimating Equations was used to predict IAT's polarity strength, using reaction time as a within-subjects covariate. Subjects' responses in the interviews were used as the basis for categorizing response strategies. Results: The polarity strength, as well as the mean reaction time belonging to the stereotype IAT was smaller compared to those of identity IATs. On the between-constructs scale, IATs' strength polarity was not independent of their reaction time. In the section dedicated to strategies, approximately half of the subjects mentioned specific cognitive-affective strategies. Strategies were categorized to visual, articulatory and memory-based. Memory-based strategies were further divided into three categories. Conclusion: The current study does not confirm the validity of IAT in differentiating cognitive constructs of stereotype and identity, because the observed difference in the polarity strength of these constructs was not independent of a subject's overall speed of responding. The fact that nearly half of the subjects used specific cognitive strategies stipulates attention and can have implications for IAT's claim to assess the strength of implicit associations. Furthermore, the study of the strategies suggests that Baddely's model of working memory (2001) can serve as an appropriate model to explain the strategies employed by subjects for responding to IAT.
Introduction: This study aimed to examine the degree of femininity or masculinity of gender stere... more Introduction: This study aimed to examine the degree of femininity or masculinity of gender stereotypes related to different academic fields, i.e. Math, Language, Humanities, Art, Life Sciences, and Medicine, in the minds of Iranian students. Method: Two hundred and twenty five male and female students of Kardani, BS and MS majoring in math and humanities from four higher educational centers in Tehran were selected according to convenience, and answered a questionnaire. One-sample t-test, as well as two-way and repeated measure ANOVAs were used in data analysis. Results: The two fields of Math and Medicine were considered masculine, while Art had a feminine stereotype. In case of Humanities, Language and Life Sciences, women regarded them as feminine, whereas men had a neutral image of them. A gender difference was observed indicating that women viewed the academic fields as being more feminine. In case of Humanities, the interaction of students’ gender and educational field was sig...
Taking Moral Foundations Theory as the morality framework, this study asked whether moral norms a... more Taking Moral Foundations Theory as the morality framework, this study asked whether moral norms are prescribed differentially for various social roles, and what mechanism can be deemed responsible for that. We tested social perception as formulated by Stereotype Content Model as one such mediating mechanism. High- and low-status roles from three social contexts varying in solidarity were presented to participants who expressed their perception of the roles’ warmth and competence, as well as moral prescriptions/proscriptions regarding them as both actor and target of acts. Perceived warmth mediated the relationship between solidarity and role-as-actor Fairness, Sanctity, and Liberty, and role-as-target Care and Sanctity, whereas competence mediated the link between perceived status and role-as-target Care and Fairness. Moreover, the interaction of warmth and competence predicted role-as-actor Authority and role-as-target Liberty. Overall, we found evidence for the role-dependency of moral norms, partially explained through perception of the social roles, thereby involving the underlying motive of protecting ingroups’ and reference groups’ position as suggested by SCM. However, given a number of unmediated links, other motives are also suspected to be involved, which remain to be explored.
Aims: Moral Foundations Theory is among the latest theories of moral judgement in social cognitio... more Aims: Moral Foundations Theory is among the latest theories of moral judgement in social cognition. This theory has specified six foundations of care, fairness, loyalty, authority, sanctity, and liberty as underlying morality concerns. The present study aimed to examine the characteristics of these foundations in Iranian moral mentality and compared them against foreign findings and predictions, particularly the recent debate between two leading theorists in this field, i.e. Graham and Janoff- Bulman. Method: Participants were 172 Iranians who were questioned about ideal society and moral and immoral behaviors. Responses were examined and categorized based on belongingness to foundations. Accordingly, foundation exemplars and their motivational weight and relational context were determined. To determine the grouping of foundations, exploratory factor analysis; to compare foundations regarding motivational weight, analysis of variance; and to compare the frequency of foundation exemp...
Major aim of current study is to examine psychometric properties of self-esteem implicit associat... more Major aim of current study is to examine psychometric properties of self-esteem implicit association test. Special goals to examine the test-retest reliability, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity. Our population was the students of Shahid Beheshti University and 300 undergraduate and graduate students were selected through purposive sampling. Also 50 students from faculty of Education and psychology were selected in order to examine test- retest reliability. Results showed that test- retest reliability and internal consistency was 0.52 and 0.63 respectively. Also convergent validity with name-letter test and discriminant validity with Rosenberg explicit self-esteem both obtained 0.06. The results of current study, consistent with previous research, indicating that self-esteem IAT has an appropriate reliability and internal consistency, impoverished convergent validity and acceptable discriminant validity. These results can be interpreted. نﺎﮔژاو
cognition studies, any given cognition ca n be measured both directly and indirectly. Implicit co... more cognition studies, any given cognition ca n be measured both directly and indirectly. Implicit cognition which is the result of indirect measureme nt is usually contrasted with explicit cognition which is the result of direct assessment. The purpose of thi s study is to test the moderating role of the two var iables of membership in social groups of gender and academic major, as well as the representational strength of cognitions (consisting of importance an d stability components) in the relationship between implicit and explicit cognition in the context of t hree cognitions of gender identity, academic major ident ity and gender-major stereotype. A total of 192 student s from two universities in Tehran (96 humanities, 96 math-engineering; 96 boys, 96 girls) participated i n this study. The three cognitions were measured both directly using Likert spectrum, and indirectly usin g Implicit Association Test. Also included were questions for assessing the components of representational...
Corresponding Author* Pegah Nejat received her Ph.D. in Psychology from Shahid Beheshti Universit... more Corresponding Author* Pegah Nejat received her Ph.D. in Psychology from Shahid Beheshti University. She is currently an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Shahid Beheshti University. Her research interests include moral psychology, self and intergroup processes, and cultural psychology. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Pegah Nejat, Department of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin Ave., Tehran, Postal Code 1983969411. ORCID: 0000-0003-1410-9720
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