Taiwo K Ojediran

The growth indices, production economics, and organoleptic assessment of weaned pigs offered fermented high-quality cassava peel (HQCP) meal in place of maize were examined in an eight-week feeding trial. Thirty male pigs (Large white crossed with Landrace, average weight of 6.47±0.26kg) were divided into five dietary treatment groups, each with six replicates. Five experimental diets were formulated. A palm kernel cake-maize-soybean meal-based diet was the control (1). The maize was replaced with fermented HQCP meal at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively in diets 2, 3, 4, and 5. The meal had 7.85% crude protein, 4.46% ether extract, 7.10% crude fibre, 6.80% ash, 64.09% nitrogen-free extract, 90.30% dry matter content and 2895.31 kcal/kg metabolizable energy. The feed conversion ratio differs (p<0.05) among the groups. Feed cost (FC) and FC per kg per weight gain were reduced with increasing fermented HQCP while the economic efficiency of gain increased (p<0.05). Organoleptic...

Seven weeks old weaned pigs (Yorkshire x Landrace, n = 32, mean weight = 12.32 ± 0.59 kg) were allotted to 4 treatments (diets) consisting of 8 replicates each: diet A − basal diet; diet B − basal + ascorbic acid at 1 g.kg-1 diet; diet C − basal + ascorbic acid at 2 g.kg-1 diet; and diet D − basal + ascorbic acid at 3 g.kg-1 diet. Growth performance, economic indices, haematological parameters, serum biochemistry and carcass characteristics were measured. After 49 days, the pigs on diet with ascorbic acid at 2 g.kg-1 had significantly higher daily feed intake (1.54 kg per pig) (p < 0.05). The feed cost per kg increased significantly (p < 0.05) across the diets from the control (Nigerian naira, ₦ 97.60) to basal + ascorbic acid at 3 g.kg-1diet (₦ 103.50). Significantly higher (p < 0.05) red blood cell, haemoglobin, haematocrit and mean corpuscular volume values were recorded in pigs fed ascorbic acid at 2 g.kg-1 diet, while pigs fed ascorbic acid at 3 g.kg-1 diet had the hig...

This study was conducted to determine the growth performance of broiler chicks fed differently processed (Raw Defatted Meal RDM, Toasted Defatted Meal TDM, Cooked Defatted Meal CDM, Lye Defatted Meal LDM and Sand Roasted Defatted Meal ZRDM) Jatropha curcas kernel meals. The feeding trial lasted for 21 days. 180 day-old Marshal strain unsexed broiler chicks were used for this experiment. There were 6 dietary treatments of 30 birds per treatment and 3 replicate of 10 birds each in a complete randomized design. Each differently processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals were used to replace one-third of the soybean meal in the control diet. Data on average daily feed intake (ADFI) of birds fed control (D1) was significantly (P 0.05). Birds fed the D6 diet had the highest total mortality rate (P<0.05) from others except for those fed with the D5 diet which had a similar mortality rate. The result suggests that the processing methods improves the nutrients, however, heat treatments reduced the antinutrients with minimal effect on the saponin and phorbol esters present in the Jatropha curcas kernel meals, which resulted in low feed intake in the diets 2-6. ADFI, ADWG, FGR and total mortality were adversely affected by the dietary treatments as observed by the depressed growth rate and high mortality in birds fed Jatropha curcas meals. However, further experiment should be carried out to examine the performance of broiler chicks on bio-treated samples of the processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals.

A 21-days feeding trial was conducted to investigate the toxicity of feeding broiler chicks with differently processed (Raw Defatted Meal RDM, Toasted Defatted Meal TDM, Cooked Defatted Meal CDM, Lye Defatted Meal LDM and Sand Roasted Defatted Meal ZRDM) Jatropha curcas kernel meals. A total of 180 day-old Marshal strain unsexed broiler chicks were used for this experiment. There were six dietary treatments of 30 birds per treatment and 3 replicate of 10 birds each in a complete randomized design. Each differently processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals were used to replace one-third of the soybean meal in the control diet. The results suggest that Heat treatment showed superior impact in reduction of atinutritional factors, however, with minimal effect on the saponin and phorbol esters present in the Jatropha curcas kernel meals. Varying levels of villi erosion, loss of mucosal glands and infiltration by inflammatory cells was observed in the small intestine while the nephro-histopathology showed varying levels of necrosis, disruption and degeneration of kidney cells. It can be concluded that broiler chicks cannot tolerate 10.33% inclusion level of differently processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals However, further experiment should be carried out to examine the performance of broiler chicks on bio-treated samples of the processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals.

This study evaluates the performance characteristics of Marshal strain broiler chicks (n = 180) fed Aspergillus niger treated Jatropha curcas kernel meals. Jatropha curcas kernels were subjected to five different processing methods, namely: Raw Defatted Fermented Meal (RDFM), Toasted Defatted Fermented Meal (TDFM), Cooked Defatted Fermented Meal (CDFM), Lye treated Defatted Fermented Meal (LDFM) and Sand roasted Defatted Fermented Meal (ZRFM) for a 21 day period in a completely randomized design model. Six (6) dietary treatments were formulated such that Diet 1 contained 0% Jatropha curcas kernel Meal while diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 contained 10.33% (one-third replacement of soybean meal) inclusion level of RDFM, TDFM, CDFM, LDFM and ZDFM. It was observed that Fermentation had little effect on the CP though there was an increase in RDFM, meanwhile the antinutrients increased except for phorbol esters. The improved average daily feed intake, average daily gain and mortality in birds fed...

activities and livestock sub-sector: A case of Southwest, Nigeria a b c a c Ojediran, J. T., *Ojediran, T. K., Fanifosi, G. E., Adeola, R. G., Ajao, O. A., d d e e b b Babarinde, S. A., Ajiboye, O., Shittu, M. D., Olayeni, T. B., Odunsi, A. A., Emiola, I. f f g A., Olabode, S. O., Akanbi, W. B. and Ajayi. A. F. a Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, b Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, c Department of Agricultural Economics, d Department of Crop and Environmental Protection, e Department of Animal Production and Health, f Department of Crop Production and Soil Science, g Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. *Corresponding author: tkojediran@lautech.edu.ng

Livestock farmers (n=253) from five local government areas of Ogbomoso, Southwest Nigeria were interviewed through a well-constructed questionnaire. This study assessed the demographic characteristics of the livestock farmers, type of livestock kept, type of feed used, energy and plant protein feedstuffs used in feed compounding, level of awareness of pigeon pea seed utilization as livestock feedstuff and constraints to the use of pigeon pea seed as livestock feedstuff. The survey results revealed that the respondents were mostly part time livestock farmers, married-middle aged men (?̅?=40 years) with an average 5 years farming experience, who kept majorly poultry and pigs (55-80%) amongst other livestock. Compounded rations (53-83%) were commonly used with maize (66-100%) as the main energy feedstuff while soybean meal (87-90%), groundnut cake (77-100%) and palm kernel cake (8692%) were the major plant protein ingredients. Majority of the respondents (70-82%) were unaware of the po...

African Yam Bean (AYB) and Pigeon Pea (PP) seeds are rich in crude protein, nitrogen free extract and mineral components, which were marginally enhanced post-fermentation with reduced anti-nutrients. These substrates were fed to a total of 120 1-d old broiler chicks at 50 and 100% replacement for soybean. Five experimental diets were formulated with maize-soybean based diet as the control in a Completely Randomized Design in a 42-day feeding trial. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates, with 8 birds per replicate. The results showed that there were significant (p<0.05) differences among treatments in average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The ADFI and ADG were depressed in birds fed 100% FAYB compared with those fed 50% of either of the two legumes while the FCR of those fed 50% of the substrates compared favourably with the control. Birds fed diets containing 100% FPP had higher digestibilities of Ether Extract and ash comp...

Two hundred (200) 1-d old (Hubbard strain) broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effect of condensed tannin in different sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) varieties on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. The birds were randomly assigned to five (5) experimental diets of four (4) replicates each at ten (10) birds per replicate in a completely randomized design in a forty-two day feeding trial. Diet D1 contained 100% maize; D2 and D3 contained 50% and 100% red sorghum variety (RSV) while D4 and D5 contained 50% and 100% white sorghum variety (WSV) respectively as replacement for maize. The RSV had higher tannin content than WSV. Birds fed WSV based diets had higher (P≤0.05) weight gain with better feed conversion ratio than those fed RSV based diets.  The sorghum based diets had a more digestible ether extract and nitrogen free extract (P≤0.05) than those fed D1. Conclusively, WSV could completely replace maize because of the lower (condensed) tannin le...

A well-constructed questionnaire was used to obtain data from livestock farmers through an interview schedule (n = 220) in five local government areas in Ogbomoso, Southwest Nigeria. This study assesses the characteristics of the livestock farmers, type of livestock kept, type of feed used, energy feedstuffs used in feed compounding, quantity of feed used daily, level of awareness of cassava peel utilization as livestock feedstuff, factors affecting the utilization of the identified potential energy feedstuff and constraints to the use of cassava peel as livestock feedstuffs. The survey results revealed that the respondents were mostly part time livestock farmers, middle aged men with less than 10 years farming experience, who kept majorly poultry and pigs amongst other livestock such as goat, sheep and mini-livestock. Compounded rations were commonly used with maize as the main energy feedstuff and the quantity of feed used daily indicated that they were small-scale farmers. Majori...

This study was conducted for fifty-two days to investigate the effect of graded levels of biscuit dough (BD) on growth performance, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics of broilers. A total of 144 day old broilers (Arbor-acre strain) were used for this study. They were completely randomized and divided into four treatment groups. Each group had three replicates of twelve birds per replicate. Four experimental diets were formulated such that control had maize and treatment 2, 3, and 4 had 5, 10, 15% inclusion of BD respectively at both starter and finisher phases. The responses of the broilers to dietary treatments were measured by feed intake (kg/bird), final weight (kg/bird), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass and organ characteristics and nutrients utilization. There were significant differences (p<0.05) across the treatments with treatment 3 and 4 (10 and 15%BD) having the highest values of 104.01 g/bird and 104.63 g/bird daily feed intake and treatment 1(T1) having the least value of 98.17 g/bird/day. For the final live weight, treatments 4, 5 had similar (p>0.05) weight gain (2.55 kg/bird) while treatment 1 had the least (2.25kg/bird). Addition of BD reduced the cost per kg weight gain by approximately 10% at 15% inclusion level. The nutrient digestibility were not significantly affected (p>0.05) across the treatments except the dry matter and nitrogen free extract digestibilities. The carcass weights expressed as a percentages of live weight (LW) were not significantly (p>0.05) affected except neck, wings and thigh. The relative organs weights showed that there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the liver, gizzard, heart and spleen except kidney weights. It was concluded that biscuit dough can be used to replace 15% maize in broiler diets at both starter and finisher phases without negative effect on performance characteristics of broiler chickens.

A four weeks study was conducted to evaluate the effects of including varying
level of Jatropha seed cake (JSC) fermented for different number of days in broiler
starter diets on the production performance in order to recycle this by-product and
prevent pollution. Diet 1 (Control diet) contained no JSC. Diets 2, 3, and 4
contained 4% JSC fermented for 7, 11 and 15 days respectively while diets 5, 6
and 7 contained 6% JSC fermented also for 7, 11 and 15 days respectively. The
diets were fed to seven groups of forty birds each in a completely randomized
design with four replicates per treatment. Data were collected on production
performance, nutrient utilization, carcass characteristics, blood profile and
production economy. Data collected were analyzed by ANOVA. The results
revealed that birds that received JSC containing diets had lower (P<0.05) weight
gain, live weight, dressed weight, carcass yield and nutrient digestibility than the
control irrespective of the level and length of fermentation. Feed cost decreased
with increase level of JSC in the diets while production cost was higher in birds
that received JSC. Feed conversion by the birds that received JSC was poor
compared to that of the control while feed intakes, mortality, gizzard weight, blood
components except ALT were unaffected. Birds that received diets that contained
JSC had smaller (P<0.05) liver and pancreas but higher ALT value than the control.
It was concluded that broilers cannot tolerate 4% nor 6% JSC fermented for 15
days or less.

This study was designed to investigate the implications of feeding broiler chickens with mucuna beans processed by simple domestic methods on the performance, haematological and biochemical parameters. Differently processed bean meals namely dehulling (DUMM), dehulling and cooked (DCMM), soaked and cooked (SCMMI) prolonged soaking and cooking (SCMMII) and toasting (TMM) mucuna meals were fed to two hundred and seventy 1 – day old broiler chicks of Anak strain. The birds were divided into six groups of 45 birds per group. Each group was further sub divided to 3 replicates of 15 birds and allocated to six dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Maize – soybean meal served as control diet. Processed mucuna meal was added to the diet 200g/kg of feed at the expense of soybean meal in the control diet. All diets formulated were isocaloric and iso-nitrogenous. Feed intake was not influenced by the dietary treatments (P>0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Growth was depressed in birds fed dehulled mucuna meal compared to other dietary treatments. Compared with DUMM, there was significant improvement in ADG in bird fed heat treated mucuna meal. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly improved (P<0.05) in birds fed aqueous heated meals (DCMM, SCMMI and SCMMII) compared with those that received DUMM and TMM diets. Dietary treatments significantly (P<0.05) affect blood cellular components. The PCV, Hb, and RBC of broilers chickens fed DUMM were reduced with increased MCV and MCH values compared to other treatments. Serum total protein and globulin were affected by the dietary treatments (P<0.05). Values obtained in birds fed SCMMI, SCMMII, DCMM and TMM were similar and significantly lower than those that received the control and DUMM diets. The result of this study revealed that aqueous heat treatment (cooking) was more effective in improving the nutritive values of mucuna bean meals compared to dehulling and toasting.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid profile of differently processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals. A portion of the kernel was milled and subjected to oil extraction using hydraulic press and was referred to as Raw Defatted Meal (RDM). Raw milled kernel was roasted for 20 minutes until the kernel become crispy to the touch and turn brown, as this was referred to as Toasted Defatted Meal (TDM). A portion of the raw kernel was cooked at 120OC for 30 minutes, dried and then defatted using the hydraulic press as this was referred to as Cooked Defatted Meal (CDM). The Fatty acid analysis is carried out with a split injection onto an analytical column with a polar stationary phase and an FID detector. Major fatty acids present in the oils were influenced by various treatment methods. The most abundant fatty acid in RDM (Raw defatted meal) is linoleic acid (26.00%), oleic (22.62%), stearic (21.94%) and palmitic acid (16.39%) respectively, while in TDM (Toasted defatted meal): linoleic acid (29.68%), oleic (22.52%), stearic (20.40%) and palmitic acid (14.91%) respectively, but in CDM (Cooked defatted meal): oleic (36.85%), linoleic (25.37%), palmitic (17.34) and linolenic (12.68%) respectively.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid profile of differently processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals. A portion of the kernel was milled and subjected to oil extraction using hydraulic press and was referred to as Raw Defatted Meal (RDM). Raw milled kernel was roasted for 20 minutes until the kernel become crispy to the touch and turn brown, as this was referred to as Toasted Defatted Meal (TDM). A portion of the raw kernel was cooked at 120OC for 30 minutes, dried and then defatted using the hydraulic press as this was referred to as Cooked Defatted Meal (CDM). The Fatty acid analysis is carried out with a split injection onto an analytical column with a polar stationary phase and an FID detector. Major fatty acids present in the oils were influenced by various treatment methods. The most abundant fatty acid in RDM (Raw defatted meal) is linoleic acid (26.00%), oleic (22.62%), stearic (21.94%) and palmitic acid (16.39%) respectively, while in TDM (Toasted defatted meal): linoleic acid (29.68%), oleic (22.52%), stearic (20.40%) and palmitic acid (14.91%) respectively, but in CDM (Cooked defatted meal): oleic (36.85%), linoleic (25.37%), palmitic (17.34) and linolenic (12.68%) respectively.

This preliminary feeding trial examined the effects of replacing full-fat soybean meal with undefatted cashew reject kernel meal on the growth response, blood parameters, organ weight and abdominal fat of broiler chicks. Three hundred 1-day-old unsexed Arbor-acre strain broiler chicks stochastically assigned in a completely randomized design to five dietary class of sixty birds each replicated six times in a 21-day feeding trial. The control diet (T1) was a maize- full-fat soybean meal (SBM) based diet. Undefatted cashew reject kernel meal (UCRKM) was used to replace 12.50 %, 25.00 %, 37.50 % and 50.00 % full-fat SBM in the control diet, and were referred to as diets T2, T3, T4 and T5 correspondingly. The chemical composition revealed that UCRKM contained 26.56 % crude protein, 3.30 % crude fibre, 2.99 % ash, 35.05 % ether extract, 23.07 % nitrogen-free extract and 4285.76 kcal kg-1 metabolizable energy. Significant disparities (P ≤ 0.05) were noticed in growth parameters with feed ...

This study was designed to examine the growth properties, nutrient retention, blood components and carcass cuts of broiler chicken fed cassava distillers’ waste meal (CDWM) in place of maize. A total of three hundred (300) day old Abor-Acre strain chicks were stochastically assigned to five groups using completely randomized design at 60 birds each replicated thrice. The CDWM was included in the diets at 25, 50, 75, and 100% at the expense of maize in the control diet. Cassava distillers’ waste meal had a high protein and fibre content compared to maize. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were observed in the growth parameters, nutrient digestibility, packed cell volume and breast weight. The final weight and daily gain reduced as CDWM increased in the diet while average daily feed consumed and conversion ratio increased linearly; birds offered control diet had the lowest and best feed conversion ratio while those fed the 100% replacement had the highest feed conversion ratio. Thus...

This study was conducted for fifty-two days to investigate the effect of graded levels of biscuit dough (BD) on growth performance, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics of broilers. A total of 144 day old broilers (Arbor-acre strain) were used for this study. They were completely randomized and divided into four treatment groups. Each group had three replicates of twelve birds per replicate. Four experimental diets were formulated such that control had maize and treatment 2, 3, and 4 had 5, 10, 15% inclusion of BD respectively at both starter and finisher phases. The responses of the broilers to dietary treatments were measured by feed intake (kg/bird), final weight (kg/bird), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass and organ characteristics and nutrients utilization. There were significant differences (p&lt;0.05) across the treatments with treatment 3 and 4 (10 and 15%BD) having the highest values of 104.01 g/bird and 104.63 g/bird daily feed intake and treatment 1(T1) hav...

This study was designed to investigate the implications of feeding broiler chickens with mucuna beans processed by simple domestic methods on the performance, haematological and biochemical parameters. Differently processed bean meals namely dehulling (DUMM), dehulling and cooked (DCMM), soaked and cooked (SCMM I ) prolonged soaking and cooking (SCMM II ) and toasting (TMM) mucuna meals were fed to two hundred and seventy 1 – day old broiler chicks of Anak strain. The birds were divided into six groups of 45 birds per group. Each group was further sub divided to 3 replicates of 15 birds and allocated to six dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Maize – soybean meal served as control diet. Processed mucuna meal was added to the diet 200g/kg of feed at the expense of soybean meal in the control diet. All diets formulated were isocaloric and iso-nitrogenous. Feed intake was not influenced by the dietary treatments (P&gt;0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly ...

The feeding trial aimed to evaluate the egg production, quality parameters and economic benefits of using palm kernel cake, a byproduct of palm oil production in the diets of laying Japanese quails. Two hundred (200) nine-week-old laying Japanese quails were randomized into 5 groups replicated 4 times of 10 birds each in a six weeks trial. Palm kernel cake (PKC) was incorporated at 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40 % in formulating feed for the quails. The form of oil removal affected the PKC such that it had 91.51% dry matter, 15.70 % crude protein, 21.43 % crude fibre, 12.30 % ether extract, 1.44 % ash, 40.78 % nitrogen-free extract and 12.67MJkg-1 metabolizable energy. All egg production parameters were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05). The results in this study showed that feed cost/ kg, feed cost per crate, profit per crate and egg-feed-price ratio were significantly influenced (P ≤ 0.05) as well as the shell percentage, yolk-albumen weight, albumen weight, yolk height, colour and...

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of feed contamination with battery waste on the performance, organs weights as well as the histology of some internal organs of broiler chicks. A total of 120 1- d old broiler chicks were allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The experiment lasted 21 days. The dietary treatments include a control diet with no battery waste (D1). Battery waste was included at 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%, in diets 2, 3, and 4, respectively. There were four treatments with three replicates per treatment of 10 birds per replicate. Data collected were used to evaluate feed intake, weight gain, and efficiency of feed utilization. The weights of liver, pancreas, kidney, heart, and lungs were also recorded and tissue samples of each collected for histological examination. Average daily food intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were not influenced by the dietary treatments (P &gt...

One of the major obstacles to the development of livestock industries in most countries of the world is high cost of feed which often account for 6080 percent of the total cost of production (Lawrence et al., 2008). This is usually due to high cost of protein and energy feedstuff such as cereals and legume seed cakes which usually constitute the bulk of compound feeds. A pragmatic approach that is been explored by animal scientists to solve this problem is the use of cheap and readily available but less utilized waste products of agro-industries to replace the conventional feedstuff in order to reduce feed formulation cost.

Two hundred (200) 1-d old (Hubbard strain) broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effect of condensed tannin in different sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. The birds were randomly assigned to five (5) experimental diets of four (4) replicates each at ten (10) birds per replicate in a completely randomized design in a forty-two day feeding trial. Diet D1 contained 100% maize; D2 and D3 contained 50% and 100% red sorghum variety (RSV) while D4 and D5 contained 50% and 100% white sorghum variety (WSV) respectively as replacement for maize. The RSV had higher tannin content than WSV. Birds fed WSV based diets had higher (P≤0.05) weight gain with better feed conversion ratio than those fed RSV based diets.  The sorghum based diets had a more digestible ether extract and nitrogen free extract (P≤0.05) than those fed D1. Conclusively, WSV could completely replace maize because of the lower (condensed) tannin leve...

This study was focused on the effect of wattle trait on body sizes and scrotal dimensions of traditionally reared WAD bucks in the derived savannah environment. Data were collected from 153 bucks ranging from 4 months to 2 years of age and this included, scrotal length, scrotal circumference, body weight, height at withers, body length and chest girth. Parameters for wattle traits included, wattle incidence (presence or absence), wattle shape (oval or cylindrical) and wattle position (under or beside neck). Data obtained were adjusted for age effect and subjected to Analysis of variance. There were significant effects (P&lt;0.05) of wattle incidence, wattle shape and wattle location on body weight, body length, chest girth and scrotal length of WAD bucks. In addition, height at wither  was only affected (P&lt;0.05) by wattle shape. Cylindrically shaped wattled bucks whose wattles were located under the neck had more of body weight, body length, chest girth and scrotal length. Meanwh...