Hsien Shang
Academia Sinica, Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Faculty Member
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We report the structural and chemical investigation of nine presolar silicate grains from the CH3/CBb3 chondrite Isheyevo and CR2 chondrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 801. Five of these grains belong to group 1, likely condensed in low- to... more
We report the structural and chemical investigation of nine presolar silicate grains from the CH3/CBb3 chondrite Isheyevo and CR2 chondrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 801. Five of these grains belong to group 1, likely condensed in low- to intermediate-mass asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, super-AGB stars, or core-collapse supernovae, while the remaining four grains belong to group 4 and have a supernova origin. The advanced transmission electron microscopy and associated electron spectroscopy analyses show a diverse range of chemical and structural compositions for presolar silicates. Two GEMS (glass with embedded metal and sulfide)-like silicates, each from different groups, condensed under nonequilibrium conditions in stellar outflows. Two nonstoichiometric silicates from group 1 have dissimilar formation and alteration histories. An amorphous silicate from group 1 with olivine-like [(Mg,Fe)2SiO4] composition likely formed as a crystalline olivine that subsequently amorphized in ...
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Research Interests: Physics and Astrophysics
Modern astronomy has finally been able to observe protoplanetary disks in reasonable resolution and detail, unveiling the processes happening during planet formation. These observed processes are understood under the framework of... more
Modern astronomy has finally been able to observe protoplanetary disks in reasonable resolution and detail, unveiling the processes happening during planet formation. These observed processes are understood under the framework of disk-planet interaction, a process studied analytically and modeled numerically for over 40 years. Long a theoreticians' game, the wealth of observational data has been allowing for increasingly stringent tests of the theoretical models. Modeling efforts are crucial to support the interpretation of direct imaging analyses, not just for potential detections but also to put meaningful upper limits on mass accretion rates and other physical quantities in current and future large-scale surveys. This white paper addresses the questions of what efforts on the computational side are required in the next decade to advance our theoretical understanding, explain the observational data, and guide new observations. We identified the nature of accretion, ab initio p...
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We report on the discovery of 33 oxygen-anomalous grains from the CH3/CBb3 chondrite Isheyevo and the CR2 chondrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 801. Oxygen isotopic compositions indicate the origin of the majority grains in stellar outflows of... more
We report on the discovery of 33 oxygen-anomalous grains from the CH3/CBb3 chondrite Isheyevo and the CR2 chondrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 801. Oxygen isotopic compositions indicate the origin of the majority grains in stellar outflows of low-mass (∼1.2 to ∼2.2 M ⊙), solar-metallicity red giant or asymptotic giant branch stars, while highly 17O-enriched grains probably have nova origins. Isotopic compositions of the eight 18O-rich grains, including an extremely 18O-rich grain (∼16 times solar 18O/16O ratio), are reproduced by zone mixing of SNe II ejecta. Close-to-normal silicon, magnesium, and calcium isotopic compositions of grains are consistent with the isotope exchange in the interstellar medium or the meteorite parent body, while two grains with Si isotopic anomalies and one grain with Mg isotopic anomalies reflect the Galactic chemical evolution. An Isheyevo clast showed several hot spots with moderate to high 15N enrichments, including a hot spot with an extreme 15N excess o...
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Using the irradiation model developed by Gounelle et al. (2001), we can reproduce the abundance of ^7Be measured by Chaussidon,et al. (2004, this conference). We also provide a tentative explanation for the hibonite grains that show a... more
Using the irradiation model developed by Gounelle et al. (2001), we can reproduce the abundance of ^7Be measured by Chaussidon,et al. (2004, this conference). We also provide a tentative explanation for the hibonite grains that show a decoupling betwen ^26Al and ^10Be (Marhas et al. 2002).
Research Interests: Radionuclide and LPI
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Misalignment between rotation and magnetic field has been suggested to be one type of physical mechanisms which can easen the effects of magnetic braking during collapse of cloud cores leading to formation of protostellar disks. However,... more
Misalignment between rotation and magnetic field has been suggested to be one type of physical mechanisms which can easen the effects of magnetic braking during collapse of cloud cores leading to formation of protostellar disks. However, its essential factors are poorly understood. Therefore, we perform a more detailed analysis of the physics involved. We analyze existing simulation data to measure the system torques, mass accretion rates and Toomre Q parameters. We also examine the presence of shocks in the system. While advective torques are generally the strongest, we find that magnetic and gravitational torques can play substantial roles in how angular momentum is transferred during the disk formation process. Magnetic torques can shape the accretion flows, creating two-armed magnetized inflow spirals aligned with the magnetic field. We find evidence of an accretion shock that is aligned according to the spiral structure of the system. Inclusion of ambipolar diffusion as explore...
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In order to compare the x-wind with observations, one needs to be able to calculate its thermal and ionization properties. We formulate the physical basis for the streamline-by-streamline integration of the ionization and heat equations... more
In order to compare the x-wind with observations, one needs to be able to calculate its thermal and ionization properties. We formulate the physical basis for the streamline-by-streamline integration of the ionization and heat equations of the steady x-wind. In addition to the well-known processes associated with the interaction of stellar and accretion-funnel hot-spot radiation with the wind, we include X-ray heating and ionization, mechanical heating, and a revised calculation of ambipolar diffusion heating. The mechanical heating arises from fluctuations produced by star-disk interactions of the time dependent x-wind that are carried by the wind to large distances where they are dissipated in shocks, MHD waves, and turbulent cascades. We model the time-averaged heating by the scale-free volumetric heating rate, Γ_ mech = αρ v^3 s^-1, where ρ and v are the local mass density and wind speed, respectively, s is the distance from the origin, and α is a phenomenological constant. When...
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Protostars emit more x-rays, hard and soft, than young sunlike stars in more advanced stages of formation. The x-ray emission becomes harder and stronger during flares. The excess x-rays may arise as a result of the time-dependent... more
Protostars emit more x-rays, hard and soft, than young sunlike stars in more advanced stages of formation. The x-ray emission becomes harder and stronger during flares. The excess x-rays may arise as a result of the time-dependent interaction of an accretion disk with the magnetosphere of the central star. Flares produced by such fluctuations have important implications for the x-wind model of protostellar jets, for the flash-heating of the chondrules found in chondritic meteorites, and for the production of short-lived radioactivities through the bombardment of primitive rocks by solar cosmic rays. Copious x-ray emission provides one of the strongest pieces of evidence for enhanced magnetic activity on the surfaces of young sunlike stars (1). Much of the early infor-mation derived from measurements at rela-tively soft energies (;0.4 to 4 keV) by the focusing x-ray telescope borne into space on the Einstein satellite (2). The majority of
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Jets and outflows trace the accretion history of protostars. High-velocity molecular jets have been observed from several protostars in the early Class 0 phase of star formation, detected with the highdensity tracer SiO. Until now, no... more
Jets and outflows trace the accretion history of protostars. High-velocity molecular jets have been observed from several protostars in the early Class 0 phase of star formation, detected with the highdensity tracer SiO. Until now, no clear jet has been detected with SiO emission from isolated evolved Class I protostellar systems. We report a prominent dense SiO jet from a Class I source G205S3 (HOPS 315: Tbol ∼ 180 K, spectral index ∼ 0.417), with a moderately high mass-loss rate (∼ 0.59 × 10−6 M yr−1) estimated from CO emission. Together, these features suggest that G205S3 is still in a high accretion phase, similar to that expected of Class 0 objects. We compare G205S3 to a representative Class 0 system G206W2 (HOPS 399) and literature Class 0/I sources to explore the possible explanations behind the SiO emission seen at the later phase. We estimate a high inclination angle (∼ 40◦) for G205S3 from CO emission, which may expose the infrared emission from the central core and misle...
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Recent observations have revealed that young stellar objects are associated with jet-like structures and Herbig-Haro objects emitting at wavelengths ranging from optical lines to radio continua. These phenomena are similar in... more
Recent observations have revealed that young stellar objects are associated with jet-like structures and Herbig-Haro objects emitting at wavelengths ranging from optical lines to radio continua. These phenomena are similar in morphologies, and have mostly comparable energetics, dynamics, and kinematics. Probing such phenomena observed at various wavelengths with self-consistent physical and radiative processes arising within an inner disk-wind driven magnetocentrifugally from the circumstellar accretion disk is a challenge for confronting theory and observation of outflows. How such early outflow phase may play a role in forming planetary materials may help solve puzzles posed by meteorites. We will discuss the relevant observations, theoretical foundations for modelling approaches, magnetic structures and dynamical effects, and the connection to the early solar system.
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Stellar magnetosphere and accretion disk interact, and a result should be outflow launched from the innermost vicinity of a protostellar object. We simulated physical conditions in this region by resistive MHD simulations. Outflows... more
Stellar magnetosphere and accretion disk interact, and a result should be outflow launched from the innermost vicinity of a protostellar object. We simulated physical conditions in this region by resistive MHD simulations. Outflows resembling the observed ones do not happen in the closest vicinity, except for quasi-stationary funnel flows onto the star, but could occur at few tens of stellar radii above the star. Numerical simulations we performed using our resistive version of ZEUS-3D code, ZEUS347. Comment: Proceedings paper of EAMA7 Symposium, October 2007, Fukuoka, Japan
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(Abridged) In this review we focus on the observations and theory of the formation of early disks and outflows, and their connections with the first phases of planet formation. Large rotationally supported circumstellar disks, although... more
(Abridged) In this review we focus on the observations and theory of the formation of early disks and outflows, and their connections with the first phases of planet formation. Large rotationally supported circumstellar disks, although common around more evolved young stellar objects, are rarely detected during the earliest, "Class 0" phase; however, a few excellent candidates have been discovered recently around both low and high mass protostars. In this early phase, prominent outflows are ubiquitously observed; they are expected to be associated with at least small magnetized disks. Disk formation - once thought to be a simple consequence of the conservation of angular momentum during hydrodynamic core collapse - is far more subtle in magnetized gas. In this case, the rotation can be strongly magnetically braked. Indeed, both analytic arguments and numerical simulations have shown that disk formation is suppressed in the strict ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) limit for t...
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We have mapped the SiO J=5-4 line at 217GHz from the HH211 molecular outflow with the Submillimeter Array (SMA). The high resolution map (1.6''x0.9'') shows that the SiO J=5-4 emission comes from the central narrow jet along the outflow... more
We have mapped the SiO J=5-4 line at 217GHz from the HH211 molecular outflow with the Submillimeter Array (SMA). The high resolution map (1.6''x0.9'') shows that the SiO J=5-4 emission comes from the central narrow jet along the outflow axis with a width of ~0.8'' (~250 AU) FWHM. The SiO jet consists of a chain of knots separated by 3-4'' (~1000 AU) and most of the SiO knots have counterparts in shocked H_2 emission seen in a new, deep VLT near-infrared image of the outflow. A new, innermost pair of knots are discovered at just +/-2'' from the central star. The line ratio between the SiO J=5-4 data and upper limits from the SiO J=1-0 data of Chandler & Richer (2001) suggests that these knots have a temperature in excess of 300-500 K and a density of (0.5-1) x10^7 cm^{-3}. The radial velocity measured for these knots is ~30 km/s, comparable to the maximum velocity seen in the entire jet. The high temperature, high density, and velocity structure observed in this pair of SiO knots suggest that they are closely related to the primary jet launched close to the protostar.