- Galloway, NJ
Brent Arnold
Stockton University, School of Health Sciences, Department Member
Research Interests: Human, Movement disorders, ACL, Humans, Female, and 15 moreMale, Homme, Jump, Body Movement, Adult, Leg, Joint, Hop, Ankle, Articulation, Lower Extremity, Hombre, Motor Behavior, Biomechanical Phenomena, and Articulación
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Separately, both physical activity and virtual reality can attenuate pain sensitivity in healthy adults. What is unknown is whether virtual reality combined with physical activity (active virtual reality) could have a greater hypoalgesic... more
Separately, both physical activity and virtual reality can attenuate pain sensitivity in healthy adults. What is unknown is whether virtual reality combined with physical activity (active virtual reality) could have a greater hypoalgesic effect compared to non-active virtual reality distraction (passive virtual reality engagement). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether playing physically active virtual reality games exert a greater hypoalgesic effect than a non-active virtual reality game. Methods: Participants (n = 36) played three different active virtual reality games (Beat Saber, Holopoint, and Hot Squat) and one non-active virtual reality game (Relax Walk) for 15 min on four different visits. During gameplay, participants wore accelerometers on the thigh, wrist, and waist to measure movement intensity and quantity. Pressure pain thresholds were measured on the forearm and thigh immediately prior to gameplay (pretest) and immediately following each gaming...
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the following: (1) the level of physical activity (PA) achieved during commercial active virtual reality (VR) games, and (2) which active VR games elicit higher enjoyment levels in... more
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the following: (1) the level of physical activity (PA) achieved during commercial active virtual reality (VR) games, and (2) which active VR games elicit higher enjoyment levels in young, healthy adults. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six participants completed four study sessions, each devoted to playing one of the following head-mounted display VR games for 15 minutes: Beat Saber (BS), Holopoint (HP), Hot Squat (HS), and Relax Walk VR. PA intensity measures included percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and accelerometry. Enjoyment was measured with the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) following each gaming session. Mixed-model analysis of variances were used to analyze the outcome measures. Results: The analyses showed that HS elicited significantly higher %HRR and RPE than BS, HP, and Relax Walk. HS was the only game to reach moderate intensity via %HRR. Accelerometer data showed that time in whole-body moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for HS was significantly greater than HP, which was greater than BS and Relax Walk. Also, males exhibited significantly more whole-body and upper limb MVPA compared with females during gameplay. BS and HP were rated significantly more enjoyable than HS and Relax Walk. Conclusions: Results from this study suggest that active VR games can elicit varying degrees of PA intensity levels in young healthy adults, with HS eliciting moderate intensity activity. The games rated highest in enjoyment required mostly arm movement and a perceived light exertion. ClinicalTrials: NCT04221139.
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Our purpose was to establish normal patterns and relationships of stability using the Biodex Stability System. The design of this study used both nonexperimental and quasi-experimental methods. All testing was performed in a university... more
Our purpose was to establish normal patterns and relationships of stability using the Biodex Stability System. The design of this study used both nonexperimental and quasi-experimental methods. All testing was performed in a university sports medicine laboratory. Nineteen healthy subjects (8 males, 11 females, age = 24.4 +/- 4.2 years; wt = 70.5 +/- 20 kg; ht = 171.2 +/- 11.7 cm) with no history of lower extremity injury participated in this study. For data analysis, the medial/lateral stability index (MLSI), anterior/posterior stability index (APSI), overall stability index (OSI), and time-in-balance scores were recorded. Multiple regression revealed that APSI and MLSI significantly contributed to the OSI, with the APSI accounting for 95% of the OSI variance. Additionally, the percentage of time spent between 0 degrees and 5 degrees from level was significantly greater than the time spent between 6 degrees and 10 degrees , 11 degrees and 15 degrees , and 16 degrees and 20 degrees ....
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Facemask removal is an emergency skill to gain airway access in football athletes with potential cervical injury. While facemask removal performance has been reported in experienced athletic trainers, initial skill acquisition is... more
Facemask removal is an emergency skill to gain airway access in football athletes with potential cervical injury. While facemask removal performance has been reported in experienced athletic trainers, initial skill acquisition is undocumented. Therefore, the purpose was to document skill development in novice athletic training students. After instruction, student performance was documented during six consecutive facemask removal trials. From first to last trials, there were significant improvements in time, confidence, and rating of perceived exertion. Induced head motion did not improve. While overall skill performance began to approximate previously reported norms, improvements in success rate, consistency, and motion are needed.
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This study evaluated the effectiveness of ibuprofen in treating delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the elbow flexors when taken prior to and following exercise. Twenty subjects received either 2,400 mg/day ibuprofen or a placebo four... more
This study evaluated the effectiveness of ibuprofen in treating delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the elbow flexors when taken prior to and following exercise. Twenty subjects received either 2,400 mg/day ibuprofen or a placebo four times per day. Subjects performed intense eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors to elicit DOMS. Concentric and eccentric peak torque production against an isokinetic resistance of 0.52 radls, range of motion at the elbow, and subjective soreness of the elbow flexors were measured. ANOVA indicated no significant group-by-time interaction for concentric peak torque, eccentric peak torque, or pain. A significant interaction was revealed for range of motion. There was a significant difference within each group's ROM but no interaction between groups. It was concluded that the use of 2,400 mg/day ibuprofen prior to and following intense eccentric exercise was no more effective than a placebo in treating DOMS of the elbow flexors.
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Research Interests: Medicine and Head injury
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Research Interests: Statistics and Medicine
Research Interests: Medicine and Instability
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We examined employer importance ratings of 35 employee characteristics in the collegiate, sports medicine clinic, and high school settings and made comparisons among these settings. All prospective employers were sent a survey. Of the 472... more
We examined employer importance ratings of 35 employee characteristics in the collegiate, sports medicine clinic, and high school settings and made comparisons among these settings. All prospective employers were sent a survey. Of the 472 surveys mailed, 282 (60%) were returned, with a sample error rate of 1.9%. All prospective employers listed on the NATA position vacancy notices from January 1, 1994 to October 1, 1994. Employers were asked to rate 35 employee characteristics as "not important" " minimally important," " important." or "very important." Additionally, employers chose 1 of 15 job descriptors that best identified their position vacancy. These 15 descriptors were then categorized into collegiate, sports medicine clinic, and high school settings. Discriminant analysis and analysis of variance procedures were used to determine if the 35 employee characteristics differed across the 3 settings. The discriminant analysis produced 2 sig...
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THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE: 1) demographics and professional credentials of recently hired athletic trainers, 2) the association between these characteristics and the high school, clinical, and collegiate setting, and 3)... more
THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE: 1) demographics and professional credentials of recently hired athletic trainers, 2) the association between these characteristics and the high school, clinical, and collegiate setting, and 3) which of these factors best predicted salary. A survey was sent to all prospective employers. Of the 472 surveys sent, 282 (60%) were returned. Prospective employers who were listed on the NATA job vacancy notices from January 1, 1994 to October 1, 1994. Employers selected a job description for their position opening and indicated the characteristics of the people they hired. The job descriptions were placed into three categories. A chi-square analysis was used to determine the degree of association between applicant characteristics and job descriptions. Employee characteristics were coded and a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determined which of the characteristics best predicted salary. Analyses of variance were performed to ...
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Context: To our knowledge, no authors have assessed health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in participants with functional ankle instability (FAI). Furthermore, the relationships between measures of ankle functional limitation and HR-QOL... more
Context: To our knowledge, no authors have assessed health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in participants with functional ankle instability (FAI). Furthermore, the relationships between measures of ankle functional limitation and HR-QOL are unknown. Objective: To use the Short Form–36v2 Health Survey (SF-36) to compare HR-QOL in participants with or without FAI and to determine whether HR-QOL was related to functional limitation. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Sports medicine research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Sixty-eight participants with FAI (defined as at least 1 lateral ankle sprain and 1 episode of giveway per month) or without FAI were recruited (FAI group: n = 34, age = 25 ± 5 years, height = 1.71 ± 0.08 m, mass = 74.39 ± 12.78 kg, Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score = 19.3 ± 4; uninjured [UI] group: n = 34, age = 23 ± 4 years, height = 1.69 ± 0.08 m, mass = 67.94 ± 11.27 kg, Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score = 29.4 ± 1). Main Outcome Me...
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Context:Agility training has been proposed as an important tool in rehabilitation. However, it is unclear which types of agility training are most useful.Objective:To assess the effects of agility training on balance in individuals with... more
Context:Agility training has been proposed as an important tool in rehabilitation. However, it is unclear which types of agility training are most useful.Objective:To assess the effects of agility training on balance in individuals with functionally unstable ankles.Design:A 2-group experimental design with repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Patients:Twenty college-aged volunteers, each with 1 functionally unstable ankle, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups.Interventions:Subjects in the experimental group performed agility training 3 times per week for 4 weeks.Main Outcome Measures:Subjects were tested for static single-leg balance before and after the training period. Anterior/posterior sway amplitude, medial/lateral sway amplitude, and sway index were assessed using the Chattex Balance System.Results:No significant differences in balance were found after the agility training.Conclusions:Agility training did not improve static single-leg balance in subjects with functionally u...
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We determined the effects of coupling medium temperature on the rate of intramuscular temperature rise (RTR) during continuous ultrasound. Ultrasound was applied in a continuous mode at a frequency of 1 MHz and intensity of 1.5 W/cm(2).... more
We determined the effects of coupling medium temperature on the rate of intramuscular temperature rise (RTR) during continuous ultrasound. Ultrasound was applied in a continuous mode at a frequency of 1 MHz and intensity of 1.5 W/cm(2). Each subject received 3 treatments, using water-based coupling gel at temperatures of 18 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 39 degrees C. All treatments were performed in an athletic training room under controlled environmental conditions. Eighteen healthy male subjects (mean age = 23.6 +/- 3.5 years; height = 177.8 +/- 6.9 cm; weight = 76.6 +/- 8.2 kg; calf size = 37.6 +/- 2.4 cm) participated in this study. A thermistor was inserted into the left medial triceps surae at a depth of 5 cm, and baseline tissue temperatures were recorded before treatment. Intramuscular temperature was recorded every 30 seconds until the temperature rose 4 degrees C above baseline or until discomfort was felt. RTR was calculated by dividing the absolute temperature change by t...
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Objective: To determine whether concentric evertor muscle weakness was associated with functional ankle instability (FAI). Data Sources: We conducted an electronic search through November 2007, limited to English, and using PubMed,... more
Objective: To determine whether concentric evertor muscle weakness was associated with functional ankle instability (FAI). Data Sources: We conducted an electronic search through November 2007, limited to English, and using PubMed, Pre-CINAHL, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus. A forward search was conducted using the Science Citation Index on studies from the electronic search. Finally, we conducted a hand search of all selected studies and contacted the respective authors to identify additional studies. We included peer-reviewed manuscripts, dissertations, and theses. Study Selection: We evaluated the titles and abstracts of studies identified by the electronic searches. Studies were selected by consensus and reviewed only if they included participants with FAI or chronic ankle instability and strength outcomes. Studies were included in the analysis if means and SDs (or other relevant statistical information, such as P values or t values and group n's) were reported for FAI and stable g...
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THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE: 1) demographics and professional credentials of recently hired athletic trainers, 2) the association between these characteristics and the high school, clinical, and collegiate setting, and 3)... more
THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE: 1) demographics and professional credentials of recently hired athletic trainers, 2) the association between these characteristics and the high school, clinical, and collegiate setting, and 3) which of these factors best predicted salary. A survey was sent to all prospective employers. Of the 472 surveys sent, 282 (60%) were returned. Prospective employers who were listed on the NATA job vacancy notices from January 1, 1994 to October 1, 1994. Employers selected a job description for their position opening and indicated the characteristics of the people they hired. The job descriptions were placed into three categories. A chi-square analysis was used to determine the degree of association between applicant characteristics and job descriptions. Employee characteristics were coded and a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determined which of the characteristics best predicted salary. Analyses of variance were performed to ...
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CONTEXT Fatigue appears to influence musculoskeletal injury rates during athletic activities, but whether males and females respond differently to fatigue is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of fatigue on vertical leg... more
CONTEXT Fatigue appears to influence musculoskeletal injury rates during athletic activities, but whether males and females respond differently to fatigue is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of fatigue on vertical leg stiffness (K (VERT)) and muscle activation and joint movement strategies and whether healthy males and females respond similarly to fatigue. DESIGN Repeated-measures design with all data collected during a single laboratory session. SETTING Laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Physically active males (n = 11) and females (n = 10). INTERVENTION(S) Subjects performed hopping protocols at 2 frequencies before and after fatigue, which was induced by repeated squatting at submaximal loads. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We measured K (VERT) with a forceplate and peak muscle activity of the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus, and anterior tibialis muscles with surface electromyography. Sagittal-plane kinematics at the knee and ankle were recorded with ...
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Functional ankle instability has been attributed to proprioceptive loss. However, in previous studies of proprioception,authors have not investigated the ability to sense force at the ankle. Additionally, previous investigators have... more
Functional ankle instability has been attributed to proprioceptive loss. However, in previous studies of proprioception,authors have not investigated the ability to sense force at the ankle. Additionally, previous investigators have viewed functional ankle instability as either a present or absent condition,rather than a continuum. To determine the relationship of ankle giving-way frequency and perceived ankle instability to ankle eversion force sense. Cohort design. Sports medicine research laboratory. Twenty individuals (5 men,15 women) with a history of unilateral ankle instability. We tested subjects with 2 loads: 10% and 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction. We measured eversion force sense by calculating absolute, constant, and variable errors from a 3-trial force-matching procedure. Furthermore, subjects reported their frequency of giving way in units of times per day,week, or month, and these data were extrapolated to estimate annual giving-way frequency. Finally, ...
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether different rest intervals affect performance on the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) associated with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and whether foot-tibia coordination can be associated... more
The purpose of this study was to determine whether different rest intervals affect performance on the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) associated with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and whether foot-tibia coordination can be associated factors that may help discriminate between individuals with and without CAI during the SEBT. Participants included forty-eight individuals with (n = 24) and without CAI (n = 24). Subjects completed 3 trials in each of the 3 reach directions (anteromedial, medial, posteromedial) in random order. A total of three visits were required to complete the 3 rest interval conditions (10, 20, 40 s). Coupling angles (CA) of tibial internal rotation/dorsiflexion (TIR/DF) and tibial internal rotation/eversion (TIR/EV) were calculated and compared between groups in each direction for each rest interval. Individuals with CAI showed greater CAs of TIR/DF in the M direction (p = 0.01) and of TIR/EV in the P direction (p = 0.04) than healthy individuals in 20 s rest...
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Evaluating balance can be an important part of the rehabilitation protocol of an athletic injury. One purpose of this study was to determine the intertester and intratester reliability scores of single-leg stability on a platform of... more
Evaluating balance can be an important part of the rehabilitation protocol of an athletic injury. One purpose of this study was to determine the intertester and intratester reliability scores of single-leg stability on a platform of gradually decreasing stability using the Biodex Stability System (BSS). The second purpose was to determine intertester and intratester reliability scores of subject foot placement on the BSS. Subjects (N = 19) underwent a familiarization session on Day 1 that included five 30-s balance tests on the BSS. In each of the five tests, platform stability gradually decreased over the 30 s. Subjects were tested without footwear at all times. On the second day, each subject was tested twice by the same investigator and once by a second investigator using the same 30-s test. Investigator tests were counterbalanced to eliminate order effects. Intertester intraclass correlations (ICCs) ranged from .70 to .42 for stability index and from .93 to .54 for foot placemen...
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It has been proposed that altered dynamic-control strategies during functional activity such as jump landing may partially explain recurrent instability in individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI). To capture jump-landing... more
It has been proposed that altered dynamic-control strategies during functional activity such as jump landing may partially explain recurrent instability in individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI). To capture jump-landing time to stabilization (TTS) and ankle motion using a multisegment foot model among FAI, copers, and healthy control individuals. Cross-sectional study. Laboratory. Participants were 23 individuals with a history of at least 1 ankle sprain and at least 2 episodes of giving way in the past year (FAI), 23 individuals with a history of a single ankle sprain and no subsequent episodes of instability (copers), and 23 individuals with no history of ankle sprain or instability in their lifetime (controls). Participants were matched for age, height, and weight (age = 23.3 ± 3.8 years, height = 1.71 ± 0.09 m, weight = 69.0 ± 13.7 kg). Ten single-legged drop jumps were recorded using a 12-camera Vicon MX motion-capture system and a strain-gauge force pl...