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Los estudios de extracción nutrimental permiten establecer las bases para ajustar la fertilización al ciclo de cultivo, optimizándose los insumos a utilizar. En el presente estudio se modeló la extracción de macronutrimentos en... more
Los estudios de extracción nutrimental permiten establecer las bases para ajustar la fertilización al ciclo de cultivo, optimizándose los insumos a utilizar. En el presente estudio se modeló la extracción de macronutrimentos en crisantemo. La acumulación de biomasa aumentó desde el inicio de los días cortos, con un patrón similar en la extracción de N, P, K, Ca y Mg; sin embargo, este fue mucho mayor en la etapa de f loración. Al inicio de los días cortos, se presentó una mayor extracción de N y K que de P, Ca y Mg, mientras que en la etapa de f loración la extracción de P, Ca y Mg aumentaron. La mayor acumulación de N y K fue en los últimos 30 días del ciclo, pero para P, Ca y Mg esta fue en los últimos 15 días. La mayor parte de los nutrimentos absorbidos se acumularon en tallos y hojas, seguido por la inflorescencia y la raíz. Los requerimientos nutrimentales al inicio de los días cortos fue: K ≈ N ˃ P > Ca ≈ Mg mientras que en la fase de desarrollo de l...
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La producción de tomate en invernadero demanda el conocimiento de factores técnicos como el manejo de la solución nutritiva y la interacción de ésta con las condiciones del ambiente. En la solución nutritiva pueden ocurrir desbalances... more
La producción de tomate en invernadero demanda el conocimiento de factores técnicos como el manejo de la solución nutritiva y la interacción de ésta con las condiciones del ambiente. En la solución nutritiva pueden ocurrir desbalances entre nutrimentos como el potasio (K) y calcio (Ca); a su vez, el flujo de la savia y la translocación de éstos está influenciado por el por déficit de presión de vapor (DPV) y radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RFA). El presente estudio se realizó con los objetivos de determinar el balance óptimo de K y Ca en función del DPV y RFA prevalecientes durante el desarrollo de los frutos de los primeros 10 racimos en tomate; los primeros cinco racimos se desarrollaron durante la primavera, mientras que los racimos sexto al décimo durante el verano. Las plantas se irrigaron con soluciones nutritivas cuyos balances K:Ca fueron: 0.54, 0.64, 0.78, y 0.82. Los balances no afectaron calidad de frutos en primavera, aunque en verano, los balances 0.64 y 0.78 reduj...
El lisianthus es una ornamental con alto potencial económico por lo atractivo de la flor, diversidad en colores y larga vida en florero; pero la información de sus requerimientos nutrimentales es muy escasa, lo que limita la... more
El lisianthus es una ornamental con alto potencial económico por lo atractivo de la flor, diversidad en colores y larga vida en florero; pero la información de sus requerimientos nutrimentales es muy escasa, lo que limita la elaboración de programas de fertilización adecuados, de bajo costo y bajo impacto ambiental. Por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la acumulación y distribución de biomasa, así como la extracción y distribución nutrimental en lisianthus cv. Mariachi Pink. Para lo cual se realizaron muestreos a los 45 ddt (fin de la etapa de arrosetamiento, con poco alargamiento del tallo), 60 ddt (fin del alargamiento de tallos y formación de brotes secundarios), 90 ddt (formación de botones florales y alargamiento de pedúnculos) y 140 ddt (apertura de la primera flor, punto de corte). El cultivo se desarrolló en invernadero y en suelo. La acumulación de biomasa y extracción nutrimental se incrementó con el desarrollo de la planta. La etapa de mayor ...
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El Zn es un micronutrimento que tiene influencia importante en el crecimiento, rendimiento y calidad de los cultivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de dosis crecientes de Zn en la solución nutritiva en el... more
El Zn es un micronutrimento que tiene influencia importante en el crecimiento, rendimiento y calidad de los cultivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de dosis crecientes de Zn en la solución nutritiva en el crecimiento, rendimiento y calidad del fruto en fresa cv. Albion. Para lo cual se establecieron plantas de fresa en macetas de 2.5 L con tezontle, en un sistema hidropónico abierto. Los tratamientos fueron: testigo (sin aplicación de Zn), 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30 y 40 µmol L-1 de Zn (ZnSO4 7H2O) en la solución nutritiva. El rendimiento se incrementó 151, 161 y 134% con las dosis de 5, 7.5 y 10 µmol L-1, respectivamente. Con la dosis de 7.5 µmol L-1 se incrementó 60% la biomasa de la planta, 93% el peso fresco de los frutos y 24% su firmeza. Con las dosis desde 2.5 hasta 15 µmol L-1 se incrementaron los sólidos solubles totales (SST), acidez titulable (AT), la relación SST/AT y la concentración de azúcares solubles totales. La mejor concentración folia...
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine if plastic mulch films may have positive effects on bell pepper plants grown under shade house conditions. The experimental design was split-plot, where large plots contained four plastic... more
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine if plastic mulch films may have positive effects on bell pepper plants grown under shade house conditions. The experimental design was split-plot, where large plots contained four plastic mulch films (black, aluminum, silver, and white) compared to bare soil and small plots contained two bell pepper cultivars. Plant shoot dry weight was higher in plastic mulch treatments than in bare soil. The net photosynthesis rate in the cultivar SWG-46 exceeded in net photosynthesis with respect to the cultivar SWG-42 in one of three sampling dates. Nutrients in leaf showed a similar behavior in plastic mulch treatments than the control but the total content of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) was increased. The total yield was higher in black plastic mulch than in the other plastic mulch colors and lowest in the control.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to realize whether soil mulching, with different plastic mulch colors, is a suitable practice under shade house (SH) conditions for the culture of cucumber. To do so, cucumber was cultured mulched or not... more
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to realize whether soil mulching, with different plastic mulch colors, is a suitable practice under shade house (SH) conditions for the culture of cucumber. To do so, cucumber was cultured mulched or not with black, blue, red or white-on-black plastic films under SH, and contrasted against mulched cucumber in open field (OF). Red mulch produced the highest shoot dry weight per plant and bare soil the lowest. However, it was the white mulch which produced the highest commercial yield per plant. Contrastingly, bare soil plants produced the lowest commercial yield. SH plants two folded photosynthetic rates compared to OF plants. Mulch color mainly impacted leaf phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) content while the SH affected nitrogen (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Our results confirm that soil mulching, and shading positively impact the cucumber yield and quality but also show that soil mulching under SH enhances cucumber crop.
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El cultivo de pepino es de gran importancia a nivel global ya que esta hortaliza se siembra en más de dos millones de hectáreas, siendo fertilizado casi en su totalidad con fertilizantes tradicionales, debido a eso, se realizó un trabajo... more
El cultivo de pepino es de gran importancia a nivel global ya que esta hortaliza se siembra en más de dos millones de hectáreas, siendo fertilizado casi en su totalidad con fertilizantes tradicionales, debido a eso, se realizó un trabajo experimental con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de biofertilizantes fúngicos y bacterianos, así como fertilización mineral en el crecimiento y rendimiento del pepino, bajo condiciones de casa sombra en suelo con y sin acolchado plástico. Los dos biofertilizantes comerciales evaluados fueron: Azotón (a base de esporas de Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter spp., y Bacillus spp.) y Ecorriza, (conteniendo el hongo Glomus intraradices), suplementados con dos porcentajes de fertilización NPK al 50 y 100 %, de la dosis comercial para esta hortaliza, con y sin acolchado plástico en condiciones de casa sombra. Se utilizó un diseño en bloques al azar con ocho tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, arreglo factorial 2 x 2 x 2. Se encontraron diferencias al...
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ABSTRACT Planting depth (location of root collar in relation to substrate surface grade) varies in the container production industry. Optimum planting depth varies for different species. Most container-produced plants are grown in a... more
ABSTRACT Planting depth (location of root collar in relation to substrate surface grade) varies in the container production industry. Optimum planting depth varies for different species. Most container-produced plants are grown in a soilless media to allow better aeration and drainage conditions, so the effects of planting depth observed in landscape establishment may be different from those seen in container-production. This study tested if inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) would enhance the tolerance of container-grown Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (lacebark elm) to above and/or below grade planting depths. The AMF plants and non-AMF plants were planted into 2.1 L black plastic containers with their root collars at substrate surface (grade), 3 cm above grade, 1 cm above grade, 1 cm below grade, or 3 cm below grade under greenhouse conditions. Growth (stem diameter, total plant dry mass) and physiological responses (leaf nutrient concentration, chlorophyll concentration, total antioxidant and nitrate reductase activities, and total phenolic content) were measured. In general, AMF plants had greater growth when planted above or below grade when compared to non-AMF plants at the same planting depth, but this was not correlated with enhanced nutrient tissue levels. Non-AMF plants planted at grade had greater growth than AMF plants at grade. Planting at grade resulted in optimum growth for U. parvifolia. Poor transplanting techniques during container production (above or below grade) were partially alleviated by inoculating plants with AMF.
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ABSTRACT We conducted a study to determine if inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) would enhance the tolerance of vinca [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don] plants to sodium chloride (NaCl)-induced salinity in irrigation... more
ABSTRACT We conducted a study to determine if inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) would enhance the tolerance of vinca [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don] plants to sodium chloride (NaCl)-induced salinity in irrigation water. Vinca tolerated salinity levels up to 40 mM. Chlorophyll concentration, proline synthesis, and total antioxidant activity were increased with saline irrigation, while leaf potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and boron (B) content decreased, suggesting a detrimental salinity effect. Despite the limited effect of increasing salinity on N content, NaCl-stressed vinca plants showed a marked decrease in nitrate reductase activity, which was associated with decreased leaf K and Fe total content. Mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in reduced growth when compared to non-AMF plants, regardless of salinity level. The K/sodium (Na) ratio decreased dramatically with increasing salinity regardless of AMF treatment. Suggesting, that the AMF isolate was not able to selectively uptake K and Ca, and avoid uptake of Na.
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Castor plant is used commonly for oil extraction and biodiesel synthesis. However, the residues during pruning are not being used effectively. These residues have the potential to be used as feedstock to produce bioethanol and other... more
Castor plant is used commonly for oil extraction and biodiesel synthesis. However, the residues during pruning are not being used effectively. These residues have the potential to be used as feedstock to produce bioethanol and other by-products. The present work assessed the eco-friendly autohydrolysis pretreatment of castor plant pruning residues at different severity factors (R0), applying a range of temperatures from 100 °C to 200 °C. The hydrolysis of pretreated solids was carried out using a commercial cellulases complex at different solid and enzyme loadings. The enzymatic hydrolysate with a higher glucose concentration was further subjected to fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126. The results showed an efficient xylan hydrolysis (77.5%) and a preservation of glucan up to 83% in the solids pretreated at an R0 of 5.78. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated solids at an R0 of 5.78 showed a glucose release of 2.9-fold higher than non-pretreated material. In the hydrolysate fermentation, a maximum ethanol production of 50.5 g/L was achieved (equivalent to 6.4% v/v), corresponding to a conversion efficiency of 98% and a biomass-to-ethanol conversion yield of 93.0 g of ethanol per kilogram of feedstock.
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Subirrigation of containerized vegetable crops is a promising strategy to increase water and fertilizer use efficiency. However, the nutrient solution may cause salts accumulation in the substrate top layer. The objective of this study... more
Subirrigation of containerized vegetable crops is a promising strategy to increase water and fertilizer use efficiency. However, the nutrient solution may cause salts accumulation in the substrate top layer. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nutrient solution concentration in container-grown tomato under surface drip-irrigation and subirrigation. The plants were irrigated with solutions at concentrations of −0.072, −0.058 and −0.043 MPa (100%, 80% and 60% of Steiner's nutrient solution, respectively). Except at the highest concentration, the greatest yields occurred in subirrigated (10.6 kg plant −1) compared to drip-irrigated plants (9.5 kg plant −1). In drip-irrigated plants, yield was higher with the highest solution concentration. The increased yield in subirrigated plants at low solution concentrations was related with increased fruit N and Ca content. The higher accumulation of N, P, K and Ca demonstrates that subirrigation allows for increased nutrient use efficiency, particularly when using nutrient solutions of low concentration. Water use efficiency was markedly increased in subirrigated tomato, as 300 to 460 g of fruit L −1 were produced, compared to 50 g L −1 in drip-irrigated plants. Our results indicate that subirrigation is a feasible system for soilless-cultivated tomato provided the nutrient solution is reduced to a 60% of the total concentration.
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Subirrigation of containerized vegetable crops is a promising strategy to increase water and nutrient use efficiency, however, the longer growing seasons for cultivation of vegetable species may cause marked changes in the physical and... more
Subirrigation of containerized vegetable crops is a promising strategy to increase water and nutrient use efficiency, however, the longer growing seasons for cultivation of vegetable species may cause marked changes in the physical and chemical substrate properties. This study determined the effects of the irrigation system, subirrigation vs. drip-irrigation, and the concentration of the nutrient solution on the substrate physical and chemical properties in containerized tomato plants. Plants were irrigated with solutions at concentrations of −0.072, −0.058 and −0.043 MPa. Root dry weight of subirrigated plants was decreased by 35% in the substrate top layer when the highest concentration was used. Substrate electrical conductivity increased while pH was acidified as solution concentration increased and from the bottom to the top substrate layers in subirrigated plants. Salts buildup was associated with increased concentration of oxalic and tartaric acids and pH acidification. The improved substrate physical and chemical properties in subirrigated plants were associated with higher fruit yield (11.0 kg per plant) provided nutrient solution concentration was reduced to −0.043 MPa; in contrast, the highest yield in drip-irrigated plants (10.1 kg per plant) was obtained when the solution concentration was −0.072 MPa. In conclusion, subirrigation with reuse of the nutrient solution is a promising strategy to reduce water waste through runoff and leaching as water use efficiency increases due to greater water retention properties in the substrate, the maintenance of an EC within a range the plants can tolerate, and a lower acidification of substrate pH.
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Greenhouse cultivation is highly efficient in the use of water and fertilizers. However, due to intensive production, the greenhouse industry applies ample amounts of water and fertilizers. An alternative to minimize water and nutrient... more
Greenhouse cultivation is highly efficient in the use of water and fertilizers. However, due to intensive production, the greenhouse industry applies ample amounts of water and fertilizers. An alternative to minimize water and nutrient loss is zero-leaching systems, such as closed-loop subirrigation. The objective of the present study was to compare the water and fertilizer use efficiency in containerized tomato plants grown in a subirrigation system and a drip irrigation system. Subirrigated plants exhibited lower biomass than drip-irrigated plants. However, the amount of nutrient solution required to restore evapotranspirated water was lower in subirrigation. The yield was marginally decreased in subirrigated plants compared to drip-irrigated plants. The amount of nutrient solution required to produce 1 kg of fresh tomatoes was 22 L in subirrigation, whereas in drip irrigation, plants demanded 41 L. The total nitrogen applied through the nutrient solution was 75% lower in subirrigation than in drip irrigation, while the phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium applied was 66%, 59%, 70% and 74% lower, respectively. We concluded that the subirrigation system proved to be more water-and nutrient-efficient than the drip irrigation system due to the zero leaching of the nutrient solution, the lower number of irrigation events required and the lower nutrient demand of plants.
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K and N are the nutrients with the highest influence on yield and fruit quality. From this perspective, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of N as NO 3 − , K + and their interactions on the yield and quality of strawberries... more
K and N are the nutrients with the highest influence on yield and fruit quality. From this perspective, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of N as NO 3 − , K + and their interactions on the yield and quality of strawberries grown under soilless conditions. A solution comprised of micronutrients based on an amended Steiner's Universal Nutrient Solution was mixed with 4 levels of K + (5, 7, 9 and 11 mol m −3) and 3 levels of NO 3 − (9, 12, and 15 mol m −3) to obtain 12 treatments. The results suggest that 15 mol m −3 of NO 3 − in the nutrient solution produced the highest yield, but fruit with low nutraceutical quality. On the other hand, 11 mol m −3 of K + in the nutrient solution produced the highest yield and fruit with the best nutraceutical quality. The ionic concentration of the Universal Steiner's Nutrient Solution proved to be the best nutritional option to maximize the yield and nutraceutical quality of strawberry fruit. The increase in NO 3 − concentration in the nutrient solution produced a higher yield of strawberries, while a higher concentration of K + improved fruit quality, thus reaffirming the significance of nutrients within the plant functioning of this crop.
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Benefits of nanotechnology in agriculture include reduced fertilizer loss, improved seed germination rate and increased crops quality and yield. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles... more
Benefits of nanotechnology in agriculture include reduced fertilizer loss, improved seed germination rate and increased crops quality and yield. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), at 1500 ppm, on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth. ZnO-NPs were synthetized to produce either spherical or hexagonal morphologies. In this research, we also studied two application methods (foliar and drench) and nanoparticles' (NPs) surface modification with maltodextrin. The results obtained indicate that ZnO-NP-treated tomato plants significantly increased plant height, stem diameter and plant organs (leaves, stem and root) dry weight compared to plants without NP treatment.
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In the present work was determined the effect of the relationship NO3- : Ca2+ in nutrient solution on growth and quality of poinsettia in three phenological stages (root growth, vegetative development and pigmentation). The experiment was... more
In the present work was determined the effect of the relationship NO3- : Ca2+ in nutrient solution on growth and quality of poinsettia in three phenological stages (root growth, vegetative development and pigmentation). The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the Universidad Autonoma del estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos. From the universal Steiner nutrient solution, three concentrations of NO3- : Ca2+ were studied designed from modifying the concentration of NO3- based on the ratio NO3- + H2PO4- + SO42-, 12:1:7 ( mol(+) m-3) and Ca2+ at ratio K + + Ca2 + + Mg2+, 7:9:4 (mol(+) m-3). The results showed that at root growth is possible to decrease the concentration of NO3- from 12 to 10 mol (+) m-3 and Ca2+ from 9 to 7 mol(+) m-3, without affecting the growth of poinsettia, while in vegetative development NO3- must be maintained at 10 mol (+) m-3 and increase Ca2+ from 7 to 9 mol(+) m-3. During the pigmentation stage the best response of plants was obtained with 10 mol(+) m-3 NO3- , while Ca2+ must remain the same as than in the vegetative development (9 mol(+) m-3).
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Production in a closed system promotes higher efficiency in the use of water and fertilizers. The aim of this study was to determine some of subirrigation system requirements for the production of pepper and its effect on growth, yield... more
Production in a closed system promotes higher efficiency in the use of water and fertilizers. The aim of this study was to determine some of subirrigation system requirements for the production of pepper and its effect on growth, yield and some chemical characteristics of the substrate. Two irrigation lamina (10 and 15 cm) at three irrigation times (10, 20 and 30 min) in two container sizes (13 and
25 L) with a substrate mixture of peat and perlite were evaluated. Moisture content of the substrate was higher with subirrigation lamina of 10-15 cm for 30 min, in both
containers. With this, it proceeded to evaluate the response of pepper to subirrigation system compared with surface irrigation. Greater fruit yield was obtained subirrigating
with a lamina of 15 cm for 20 min leveling plant yield with surface irrigation. Plant dry weight was greater with a lamina of 15 cm for 30 min. The pH was lower in the upper layer with lamina if 10 and 15 cm for 20 and 30 min, respectively. EC was higher in the upper layer with lamina of 15 cm for 30 min. Ca2+, NO3- and K + was higher in the upper layer with surface irrigation. It is concluded that the production of pepper in subirrigation is possible as similar yields to those obtained with surface irrigation are obtained by applying a lamina of 15 cm for 20 min.
25 L) with a substrate mixture of peat and perlite were evaluated. Moisture content of the substrate was higher with subirrigation lamina of 10-15 cm for 30 min, in both
containers. With this, it proceeded to evaluate the response of pepper to subirrigation system compared with surface irrigation. Greater fruit yield was obtained subirrigating
with a lamina of 15 cm for 20 min leveling plant yield with surface irrigation. Plant dry weight was greater with a lamina of 15 cm for 30 min. The pH was lower in the upper layer with lamina if 10 and 15 cm for 20 and 30 min, respectively. EC was higher in the upper layer with lamina of 15 cm for 30 min. Ca2+, NO3- and K + was higher in the upper layer with surface irrigation. It is concluded that the production of pepper in subirrigation is possible as similar yields to those obtained with surface irrigation are obtained by applying a lamina of 15 cm for 20 min.
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The aim of this study was to realize whether soil mulching, with different plastic mulch colors, is a suitable practice under shade house (SH) conditions for the culture of cucumber. To do so, cucumber was cultured mulched or not with... more
The aim of this study was to realize whether soil mulching, with different plastic mulch colors, is a suitable practice under shade house (SH) conditions for the culture of cucumber. To do so, cucumber was cultured mulched or not with black, blue, red or white-on-black plastic films under SH, and contrasted against mulched cucumber in open field (OF). Red mulch produced the highest shoot dry weight per plant and bare soil the lowest. However, it was the white mulch which produced the highest commercial yield per plant. Contrastingly, bare soil plants produced the lowest commercial yield. SH plants two folded photosynthetic rates compared to OF plants. Mulch color mainly impacted leaf phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) content while the SH affected nitrogen (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Our results confirm that soil mulching, and shading positively impact the cucumber yield and quality but also show that soil mulching under SH enhances cucumber crop.
The lisianthus is an ornamental with high economic potential for the attractiveness of the flower, diversity in colors and long life in vase; but the information on their nutritional requirements is very low, which limits the elaboration... more
The lisianthus is an ornamental with high economic potential for the attractiveness of the flower, diversity in colors and long life in vase; but the information on their nutritional requirements is very low, which limits the elaboration of adequate fertilization programs, low cost and low
environmental impact. So the objective of this work was to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of biomass, as well as the nutritional extraction and distribution in lisianthus cv. Mariachi Pink. Sampling was done at 45 ddt (end of the rosette stage, with little stem elongation), 60 ddt (end of stem elongation and formation of secondary shoots), 90 ddt (flower bud formation and elongation of Peduncles) and 140 ddt (opening of the first flower, cut-off point). The crop was developed in greenhouse and soil. The accumulation of biomass and nutritional extraction increased with the development of the plant. The stage of greatest accumulation of biomass and nutritional extraction was the formation of floral buds (90 to 140 ddt). The total biomass was 4.97 g plant-1, 231 g m-2. The total extraction in g m-2 was: N, 2.4; P, 0.46; K, 3.3; Ca, 0.8; Mg, 1; Fe, 0.017; Cu, 0.004; Zn, 0.02;
B, 0.009 and Mn, 0.014. The order of extraction was: K ˃ N ˃ Mg ˃ Ca ˃ P ˃ Zn ˃ Fe ˃ Mn ˃ B ˃ Cu. The aerial part accumulated the highest biomass and nutrients.
environmental impact. So the objective of this work was to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of biomass, as well as the nutritional extraction and distribution in lisianthus cv. Mariachi Pink. Sampling was done at 45 ddt (end of the rosette stage, with little stem elongation), 60 ddt (end of stem elongation and formation of secondary shoots), 90 ddt (flower bud formation and elongation of Peduncles) and 140 ddt (opening of the first flower, cut-off point). The crop was developed in greenhouse and soil. The accumulation of biomass and nutritional extraction increased with the development of the plant. The stage of greatest accumulation of biomass and nutritional extraction was the formation of floral buds (90 to 140 ddt). The total biomass was 4.97 g plant-1, 231 g m-2. The total extraction in g m-2 was: N, 2.4; P, 0.46; K, 3.3; Ca, 0.8; Mg, 1; Fe, 0.017; Cu, 0.004; Zn, 0.02;
B, 0.009 and Mn, 0.014. The order of extraction was: K ˃ N ˃ Mg ˃ Ca ˃ P ˃ Zn ˃ Fe ˃ Mn ˃ B ˃ Cu. The aerial part accumulated the highest biomass and nutrients.