Cultivar

Terminal drought stress during grain filling period has recently become more common in the semiarid Mediterranean regions, where wheat (Triticum aestivum) is grown as an important winter cereal crop. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of terminal drought stress on grain yield, gas exchange variables, and some physiological traits of nine bread wheat cultivars. An experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement using randomized complete blocks design with three replications during the 2010-2011 season at the research farm of Razi University, Iran. Based on the results obtained, post anthesis water deficit significantly decreased grain yield, biomass, 1,000 grain weight, and harvest index of wheat cultivars. Under terminal drought stress and control treatments, there were significant differences between cultivars in terms of all traits studied. Also, terminal drought stress decreased leaf net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpirati...

Blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (Hebert) Barr. and bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) are two major diseases of rice (Oryza sativa). The use of varietal resistance is the most appropriate strategy for controlling the diseases, and molecular assisted selection can potentially accelerate breeding programs. The objective of this study was to pyramid genes conferring resistance to blast and bacterial leaf blight diseases to rice cultivar RD6, using molecular assisted selection. Near-isogenic lines (NIL) derived from two blast resistant crosses (RD6 × P0489 and RD6 × Jao Hom Nin) were pyramided with IR62266 (xa5), to transfer bacterial leaf blight resistance to RD6 introgression lines. Five flanking sets of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (RM319/RM212, RM48/RM207, RM224/RM144, RM313/RM277 and RM122/RM159: four for blast and one for BLB resistance) were used for screening of introgression lines carrying five quantitative trait loci...

RESUMO: Com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho de cultivares de soja em duas épocas de semeadura, foram conduzidos 04 ensaios em Alvorada-TO, sendo 02 no ano agrícola de 2003/04 e 02 no ano agrícola de 2004/05. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao ...

Strain selections of Russet Norkotah have been selected for enhanced vigor and high yield. In addition, they exhibit less severe expression of disease symptoms in the presence of Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt. However, this apparent resistance may be due to later maturity in the strain selections. This study was designed to compare the levels

Little is known about the performance of South African cactus pear varieties in different agro-ecological regions. Effects of locality on internal quality parameters of available cactus pear varieties were examined. With only one exception, no significant differences among the mean replication values for the different parameters between the different locations were observed. The differences between mean values for most individual parameters at the three localities were highly significant. Highly significant differences between the mean values for the measured characteristics were observed, not only among the locations (except for the pulp glucose values), but also for the influences of genotype and interaction between locality and genotype. Significant variations existed between mean values of the different characteristics between localities. Genotype x environmental interactions were noted. It was concluded that Meyers is the most appropriate cultivar for economical purposes in Sou...

Molecular markers based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are abundant and evenly distributed in a whole genome enough to distinguish individuals in a population. In recent years, sets of SNP markers have been designed and applied for cultivar identification in various crop species. This paper is the first to report the development of a panel of SNP markers for variety identification in peppers. We used conserved ortholog set II (COSII) markers developed from conserved unigenes between tomato and Arabidopsis to identify SNPs in peppers. We tested 438 COSII primer sets amplified as single PCR products out of a total 600 COSII primer sets. Among the 438 COSII primers, 170 primer sets (38.8%) showed polymorphisms between Capsicum annuum ‘RNaky (RN)’and C. chinense ‘PI 159234 (234)’. In contrast, only 48 primer sets (11.0%) out of 438 primers sets were polymorphic between C. annuum ‘Perennial (PER), and ‘Dempsey (DEMP)’. The average frequency of SNPs plus InDels between C. annuum and C. chinense was 1/189 bp and between C. annuum spp. was 1/948 bp. Primer sets showing SNP between C. annuum PER and DEMP were re-designed to Allele Specific PCR (AS-PCR) primers and we finally selected a total of 40 SNP markers for cultivar identification. As the result, we were able to discriminate 97.5% of the 81 commercial hot cultivars and 100% of the 17 sweet pepper cultivars. We conclude the paper by discussing the use of the SNP marker set for cultivar identification and other applications.

High temperatures can cause abortion of flowers and fruit in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Cultural activities might be used to counter effects of temperature. Topping of tomatoes to extend the harvest season of 4 cultivars with reported ability to set fruit under high temperatures, was tested over planting dates. Effects of topping and cultivars were significant, but their interaction was

Juice from six plum (Primus domestica L.) cultivars, Au Red, Abundance, Pobeda, Shiro, Peach Plum and Early Golden, was extracted using 0.2% Clarex® L pectinase. The juice was processed as high temperature-short time (HTST)-unfined juice, fined juice or HTST-fined juice, and analyzed for yield, clarity, pectin content, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, color, sugars, total anthocyanins and total phenolics. Pectinase treatment resulted in 41–214% increase in juice yields, with highest increase for Au Red. Enzyme-extracted juice averaged 54% lower pectin than controls, and fining further reduced pectin. Enzyme treatment also improved juice soluble solids and color. A consumer type sensory panel indicated juice from Abundance, Pobeda and Peach Plum had best flavor and acceptability.

Treatments to inhibit browning, decay and to extend shelf life of ‘Keitt’, ‘Kent’ and ‘Ataulfo’ mango cultivars as a fresh-cut produce were investigated. Combinations of calcium chloride (CaCl2), antioxidants [ascorbic acid (AA), citric acid (CA)] and two commercial film coatings resulted in a reduction of browning and deterioration of fresh-cut mangoes stored at 5 °C, especially for the Ataulfo cultivar. The use of CaCl2 + AA + CA significantly reduced colour deterioration, loss of firmness and did not affect sensory characteristics of fresh-cut mango, with a larger effect in the Ataulfo cultivar. In general, these treatments prevented loss of sugar and vitamin C of cubes during storage at 5 °C. Shelf life of this cultivar was 21 days, while that of Keitt and Kent was only 9 and 12 days, respectively. There is a correlation between carotene and vitamin C content of Ataulfo mango and its longer shelf life compared with the other cultivars.

The effect of harvest dates on the starch properties of six potato cultivars was studied. The focus was on the content of amylose and phosphorus, mean granule size, viscosity analysis by rapid visco analyzer, thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry, and chain length distribution of amylopectin. A late harvest date significantly enhanced mean granule size, the phosphorus content, peak viscosity and breakdown. Furthermore, a late harvest date led to significant but slight decreases in amylose content, pasting temperature, and gelatinization temperature. In contrast, harvest date had no influences on gelatinization enthalpy on distribution of the shorter chain lengths of amylopectin. The correlation coefficients were calculated among these starch properties, and starch phosphorus content was found to have positively significant correlations with the peak viscosity and breakdown.

O artigo, que trata dos limites do direito de propriedade industrial de plantas, objetiva analisar estes limites em duas formas de proteção - patentes e proteção de cultivares - bem como verificar como estes limites podem ser interpretados sob o enfoque da função social da propriedade.

The paper, that argue the industrial property of plants under the aspect of the limits of this right, objective verify these limits in two protection form - patents and variety protection - and how these limits can be interpreted under the approach of the property social function.

The aim of this work was to study the initiation and establishment of in vitro cultures of ‘Rocha’ and ‘Williams’ pear cultivars, as well as the in vitro rooting of micropropagated shoots and of stem discs from micropropagated shoots of ‘Rocha’.
For initiation and establishment, uninodal cuttings from growing shoots of adult trees in the field were used. The effects of salt medium, BAP concentration and ‘Rocha’ clone were studied. The percent contamination was less than 7% and 26% in ‘Rocha’ and ‘Williams’, respectively. The medium containing QL mineral salts increased the fresh and dry weights of the shoots developed from ‘Rocha’ explants, as well as the number of shoots per explant of ‘Williams’, as compared to MS salt medium. The highest BAP concentration (2 mg/ L) yielded the highest number of shoots per explant in both cultivars. ‘Rocha’ clone had a significant effect on the number of shoots per explant and on the fresh and dry weights of those shoots.
For in vitro rooting of micropropagated shoots, either juvenile shoots (Experiment 1) or shoots of adult origin (Experiment 2) were used. In these experiments different conditions of exposure to IBA were assayed which were defined by the duration of the darkness period and/or of the period during which the shoots were kept on an induction medium containing 10 µM IBA. In the experiments with stem discs, only discs from shoots of juvenile origin were used. The above conditions of exposure to IBA were assayed (Experiment 4) as well as the effect of increased IBA concentrations (from 2,5 to 20 µM) in the induction medium (Experiment 3). 
A maximum of 50% rooted shoots and 12% rooted stem discs was achieved in the in vitro rooting assays. Treatment 5D (5 days with IBA in the dark) resulted in the highest shoot development and the least callus formation but gave a lower rooting percent than treatments 5D+5D (5 days with IBA in the dark + 5 days with IBA under a normal photoperiod) and 42D (six weeks with IBA, the first 5 days in darkness and the rest under normal photoperiod). The increase in the dark period duration from 5 to 10 days (treatment 10D) was detrimental to shoot and root development. In the experiments with stem discs the highest rooting percent was achieved using 10 µM IBA in the induction medium. An increase in IBA concentration increased the frequency of callus formation while the exposure treatment affected the type of callus formed (‘smooth’ or ‘filamentous’).
Key words: in vitro culture; ‘Rocha’ pear; in vitro establishment; in vitro rooting; stem discs.

Granulated cold water soluble (GCWS) starches were prepared from corn starch and starches separated from four potato cultivars using alcoholic-alkaline method. The morphological, thermal and rheological properties of GCWS corn and potato starches were studied. The amylose content of the GCWS starches from corn and potato starches were significantly lower as compared to their counterparts native starches. GCWS potato starches showed higher cold water solubility than GCWS corn starch. Cold water solubility of GCWS starches prepared from different potato cultivars also differed significantly. Native potato starch granules were larger in size (15–45 μm), smooth, oval and irregular or cuboidal shaped while native corn starch granules were smaller in size (5–18 μm), less smooth, rounded and angular shaped. Both corn and potato starches were distorted and indented during conversion to GCWS starches, however, this effect was more pronounced in potato starches than corn starch. The extent of distortion in GCWS starches differed significantly in starches prepared from different potato cultivars. The potato cultivars having starch with large sized granules showed more granular distortion as compared in those having small sized granules during GCWS starch production. Native corn starch showed higher transition temperatures and lower enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) than native potato starches. GCWS corn and potato starches did not show any gelatinization endotherm during heating between 20 and 100 °C. The rheological properties such as G′, G″, η′ and of GCWS corn and potato starches also showed significant variation, when subjected to frequency sweep testing. GCWS potato starches showed higher G′, G″, η′ and lower than GCWS corn starch. The G′, G″, η′ of the GCWS starches from both corn and potato increased and decreased with the increase in temperature. The turbidity of GCWS and native corn and potato starches increased during storage at 4 °C, however, the increase was less pronounced in GCWS starches.

The most widely grown cultivars worldwide are listed, accompanied by the major sources of information about them. Factors influencing cultivar productivity are briefly discussed, especially those related to self-sterility and cross-pollination.
Common-sense recommendations are given concerning  cultivar choice and plant certification. A clear-cut distinction is presented between new super-intensive and traditional semi-intensive olive groves.