GREENHOUSE

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is the most important pest of cultivated Brassica worldwide, including those grown in greenhouses like cauliflower. In this article, we evaluate the potential of various species (and various strains of some species) of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) to control this pest on cauliflower in greenhouse in France. We assessed the parasitism levels on P. xylostella of 17 Trichogrammatidae strains, belonging to 12 different species (2 indigenous strains from France), under greenhouse conditions. Parasitism levels for each of the Trichogrammatidae species and strains were determined on cauliflower leaves (Brassica oleracea botrytis L., Brassicaceae) infested with P. xylostella eggs. Nine strains parasitized 60% (or more) of the P. xylostella eggs. Compared to previous results in laboratory conditions, climatic conditions of the greenhouse did not influence parasitism levels. The presence of the cauliflower plants may have a positive effect on eight strains, a negative effect on four strains and no effect on five strains. Our study points out the importance of including the host plant of P. xylostella when conducting studies aiming to select the most efficient parasitoid against this pest.

This article, through words and pictures, tells the story of how and why a small piece of Japanese cultural heritage – a genuine Japanese garden – was established in the heart of Asia in Irkutsk through a partnership between two sister-universities and a long lasting friendship between Russo-Japanese communities in both countries. The first Japanese garden was created in the greenhouse of the Botanic Garden of Irkutsk State University in 2012 to provide a new cross-disciplinary ethnobotanical and cultural facility for students and the local public. The 35-sq.m garden (7m x 5 m) was developed to provide an opportunity for visitors to experience one of the great horticultural art forms of the world without leaving Irkutsk.

Environment is the key factor in the greenhouse system. To provide monitoring and controlling facility inside the greenhouse, IoT based system is more flexible and suitable solution. To maintain the proper environment inside the green- house, we have designed the system with heating, cooling and water supply facility by integrating the system with heater, cooling fan and water pump. The temperature, humidity and    the soil moisture inside the greenhouse continuously monitored and controlled over online platform.

Commercial horticulture in many regions of the world depends upon Sphagnum peat as a potting-media substrate, but extracting peat has serious environmental consequences. Composts may be able to serve as effective substitutes for peat and offer potential environmental advantages. The suitability of compost as potting media depends upon the raw materials as well as processing methods used. This study includes two related experiments—one with beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and the other with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)—aimed at assessing the potential viability of farm-produced, food-residuals compost as a replacement for peat-based potting media in the production of organic vegetable transplants. The experiments were conducted in 2021 on the Berea College Farm in Kentucky, USA, a USDA certified organic farm. The results indicated that potting media composed of 75% to 100% compost performed as well as fertilized, peat-based growing media for plant growth. Further, although weeds were pre...

The study aimed at determination of farmer’s choice of fertilizer application rate and its effect on the greenhouse technology performance and come up with recommendations for improvement based on the findings in Kisii and Nyamira Counties in Kenya. The research design employed in the study was a survey research design. A purposive and multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample 276 respondents guided by target population of 1,000 and the concentration of farmers practicing the technology in the study area. Questionnaires and key informant interviews were used to collect data. Data was then computer analysed and interpreted using Microsoft excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) linear regression programme. The major finding of the study was/is that greenhouse tomato production in small scale farms in Kisii and Nyamira Counties is low ranging between 2,484.67kg and 6,558.50kg compared to the potential of 7,500kg and a negative mean deviation of -3609.76kg. The study found out that fertilizer application rate had a significant effect on performance of technology by 65.41kg  (t=  7.450 and p=  0.000) indicating a direct and positive relationship with the highest application rate 31.47 kg corresponding to highest performance 6558.50 kg. The conclusion drawn is that there is need to invest in fertilizer and other inputs and apply recommended rates to fully exploit its potential. There is need to address other identified constraints facing farmers investing in the technology in specific areas of extension provision, structural design, inputs supply and policy. The study findings informed the recommendations on the future of greenhouse technology in the study area and other areas with similar physical and socio-economic environment to enhance uptake, adoption and ensure farmers benefits from in the greenhouse technology investment.

This paper presents a monitoring and automatic correction system for an aquaponics set-up in a temperature-controlled greenhouse using an Android device through Internet of Things (IoT). The system involves the acquiring of real time data detected by the light intensity sensor, and air temperature and humidity sensor. It also includes the monitoring of the pH level and temperature of the recirculating water of the system and the canopy area of the plant. If the acquired data is not within the threshold range, the correcting devices, namely grow lights, exhaust and inlet fans, evaporative cooler, aerator, and peristaltic buffer device were automatically triggered by the system to correct and achieve its normal status. The Internet remote access includes the effective wireless transmission and reception of data report between the system and an Android unit with the Android application in real-time.

We face Conflicts between human development and nature Capacity to Provide The resources for such development. This is a great paradox the countries that have most benefited from industrial development by producing greenhouse gases. The atmosphere surrounding the earth, heats the soil and the Plants also. Greenhouse is the body which allows the short wave length incoming solar radiation to come in but does not allow the long wave outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation to scope in a way and atmosphere energy going up. Green house where co2 acts as like a glass windows. Co2 and water Vapors in the atmosphere transmit short wave length solar radiation but reflect the longer wave length heat radiation from warmed surface of the co2 molecules are transparent to sunlight but not to the heat re action .So the trap and re enforce the solar heat stimulating an effect which is properly known as Greenhouse effect.

Temperature and humidity control are crucial in next generation greenhouses. Plants require optimum temperature/humidity and vapor pressure deficit conditions inside the greenhouse for optimum yield. In this regard, an air-conditioning system could provide the required conditions in harsh climatic regions. In this study, the authors have summarized their published work on different desiccant and evaporative cooling options for greenhouse air-conditioning. The direct, indirect, and Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling systems, and multi-stage evaporative cooling systems have been summarized in this study. Different desiccant materials i.e., silica-gels, activated carbons (powder and fiber), polymer sorbents, and metal organic frameworks have also been summarized in this study along with different desiccant air-conditioning options. However, different high-performance zeolites and molecular sieves are extensively studied in literature. The authors conclude that solar operated desicca...

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is the most important pest of cultivated Brassica worldwide, including those grown in greenhouses like cauliflower. In this article, we evaluate the potential of various species (and various strains of some species) of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) to control this pest on cauliflower in greenhouse in France. We assessed the parasitism levels on P. xylostella of 17 Trichogrammatidae strains, belonging to 12 different species (2 indigenous strains from France), under greenhouse conditions. Parasitism levels for each of the Trichogrammatidae species and strains were determined on cauliflower leaves (Brassica oleracea botrytis L., Brassicaceae) infested with P. xylostella eggs. Nine strains parasitized 60% (or more) of the P. xylostella eggs. Compared to previous results in laboratory conditions, climatic conditions of the greenhouse did not influence parasitism levels. The presence of the cauliflower plants may have a positive effect on eight strains, a negative effect on four strains and no effect on five strains. Our study points out the importance of including the host plant of P. xylostella when conducting studies aiming to select the most efficient parasitoid against this pest.

The major states, in which Earth's climate operates, i.e., icehouse, greenhouse and hothouse, are epochs of tens of
millions of years. These states set long-termboundary conditions that need to be considered for climate and sea level interpretations. This paper summarizes the conceptual models for hydrological cycling derived from the characteristics of these three climate states. While glacio-eustatic forcing of sea-level changes under icehouse climate conditions is fairly well understood, the drivers of eustatic sea-level fluctuations under greenhouse conditions remain enigmatic. This lack of understanding may be related to incoherencies in the current ideas about the impact of accelerated hydrological cycling on sea level under greenhouse climate conditions.
As an example for a greenhouse climate, we review evidences that link proxies for climate and sea level for the intensely studied, but controversially discussed, mid-Cretaceous  sea-level history. Based on sequence stratigraphy and a recently published high-precision timescale, we demonstrate that the late Middle Turonian Pewsey δ13C isotope maximum represents a major transgression, not a regression as previously stated, which conflicts with the interpretation of a co-occurring δ18O maximum to reflect a short glacial episode. This contradiction can be solved by the concept, presented here, that dominance of aquifer-eustasy characterized sea-level forcing during the Turonian greenhouse climate, despite a possible, though contentious, sporadic presence of minor ice sheets. The effects of temperature and ice volume both lead to a pronounced δ18Ocarb maximum during glacio-eustatic regressions. In contrast, the opposing effects of temperature and groundwater volume on oxygen-isotope fractionation lead to a δ18Ocarb maximum during aquifer-eustatic transgressions. We suggest that, throughout Earth history, both aquifer-eustatic and glacio-eustatic forcing formed a combined sea-level response, with dominance of aquifer-eustasy being typical for the greenhouse climate mode. During the icehouse mode, aquifer-eustasy apparently remains active as a background process, but is outpaced by the glacio-eustatic effect.

The organic production of food is an alternative for consumers that prefer food free of pesticides, synthetic fertilisers, and with a high nutritional value. The purpose of this study was to evaluate substrates prepared with mixtures of compost and vermicompost with sand, at various levels, under greenhouse conditions. The tomato hybrid SUN-7705 (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) was analized in four substrates that included compost and vermicompost mixed at three different proportions (100, 75 y 50%). The treatments were distributed in a completely randomised design with a factorial arrangement of 4x3 and five replicates. The greatest average yield (39.811 t ha−1) was obtained with the compost generated by decomposing bovine manure, corn stover (Zea mays L.), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher) and black earth (CEMZT) at 75% + sand, and with the vermicompost generated by manure, bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) and black earth (VEPT) at 100 and 50% + sand. This yield w...

Perubahan iklim yang sedang terjadi belakangan ini sudah membuat para petani mengalami banyak kerugian. Kondisi cuaca yang tak menentu mengakibatkan musim tanam serta panen tidak menentu. Petani pun sulit untuk melalukan prediksi cuaca dan iklim dalam masa penanaman. Teknologi greenhouse atau sering dikenal dengan rumah tanaman adalah sebuah alternatif dan solusi untuk mengendalikan keadaan iklim mikro pada tanaman Anda.

Pemakaian greenhouse dalam budidaya tanaman adalah salah satu cara terbaik untuk memberikan lingkungan yang lebih mendekati keadaan optimum untuk pertumbuhan tanaman. Greenhouse dikembangkan untuk pertama kali serta umum digunakan pada kawasan yang iklimnya subtropika. Pemakaian greenhouse terutama ditujukan guna melindungi tanaman dari suhu udara yang begitu rendah saat musim dingin.

Mulanya, greenhouse yang dibangun pada kawasan subtropika banyak memakai kaca untuk dijadikan bahan penutup sehingga identik dengan glasshouse ataupun rumah kaca. Di negara Indonesia sendiri, pembangunan greenhouse juga sering memakai bahan kaca untuk dijadikan penutup. Sekarang ini penggunaan kaca sebagai penutup sudah cukup banyak ditinggalkan, tak hanya karena biayanya yang mahal, fungsi utamanya pun juga sudah tak relefan kembali.

Tetapi kini banyak yang sudah beralih dari penutup kaca ke suatu benda yang berbahan plastik. Plastik tersebut yakni Plastik UV, apakah itu plastik uv? Plastik UV merupakan sejenis plastik yang bisa digunakan untuk dijadikan atap greenhouse yang kokoh, awet, dan tahan terhadap kondisi iklim.

Plastik UV sendiri adalah plastik yang di dalam pembuatannya dilapisi dengan bahan kimia tertentu, jadi platik ini mampu menghalau dan menahan sinar ultraviolet yang berlebihan tanpa merusak bagian dari tanaman. Plastik UV lebih banyak dipakai atap greenhouse, sebab plastik UV lebih kuat serta memang didesain khusus sebagai atap greenhouse yang cocok.

Tak hanya itu, plastik UV bukan sembarang plastik bening pada umumnya, namun plastik yang memiliki kandungan berbagai bahan kimia tertentu yang mempunyai ketebalan antara 150-200 micron, maka plastik UV pun tetap awet, tak gampang rusak oleh terjangan dan perubahan cuaca, lebih tebal, serta lebih kuat jika dibandingkan dengan platik-plastik pada umumnya.

Hal semacam inilah yang bakal membuat ongkos perawatan serta biaya produksi berkurang dan membuat hasil produksi panen Anda meningkat. Plastik UV pun dapat pula dimanfaatkan untuk atap tenda saat proses pengeringan hasil panen seperti contoh : kopi, teh, kakao, ikan, padi, kedelai, jagung, dan lainnya. Oleh karena itu, CV. Lim Corporation menyediakan Plastik UV Greenhouse dengan berbagai pilihan ukuran, ketebalan, serta kandungan uv protektor yang dapat disesuaikan dengan keperluan Anda. Beberapa macam ukuran Plastik UV yang tersedia sekarang ini, sebagai berikut :

1. Plastik UV Lokal (Merk HERCULES)
- Ukuran 150/300cm x 100 meter
- Ketebalan tebal 200 micron (0,20mm)
- Netto sekitar 55 - 57 kg
- Minimal order 3 roll

2. Plastik UV Import (Merk VATAN dari Istanbul Turkey)
> Plastik UV Vatan 14%
- Ukuran : 4,2m x 55m x 200mc, netto 53kg/roll
- Ukuran : 6m x 60m x 200mc, netto 73kg/roll
- Ukuran : 8m x 45m x 200mc, netto 74kg/roll
- Minimal order 3 roll
- Kandungan UV protektor 14%  : IR (Infra Red) Additive, AB (Anti Bacerial) Additive, EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) Additive, LD (Light Diffused) Additive

Plastik UV Vatan 6%
- Ukuran : 3m x 100m x 200mc, netto 62kg/roll
- Minimal order 3 roll

*Catatan:
Garansi kandungan additive selama 3 tahun. Jadi sebaiknya plastik UV diganti per 3 tahun, agar manfaat kandungan additive nya tetap maksimal, meskipun secara fisik kondisi plastik masih bagus (belum rusak).

3. Pemesanan Ukuran Khusus (LOKAL)
Harga Plastik UV 5% saat ini :
- Jenis Bening
- Warna sesuai permintaan
- Lebar maximal 150cm (posisi terlipat), 300cm (posisi terbuka)
- Berat maximal 50 - 70 kg per roll

*Catatan :
- Minimal order 1 ton
- Kandungan UV protektor 5%, jika minta kandungan UV diatas 5% maka, akan dikenakan harga untuk kenaikan tiap 1%.

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Recombinant protein production in microalgae chloroplasts can provide correctly folded proteins in significant quantities and potentially inexpensive costs compared to other heterologous protein production platforms. The best results have been achieved by using the psbA promoter and 5' untranslated region (UTR) to drive the expression of heterologous genes in a psbA-deficient, non-photosynthetic, algal host. Unfortunately, using such a strategy makes the system unviable for large scale cultivation using natural sunlight for photosynthetic growth. In this study we characterized eight different combinations of 5' regulatory regions and psbA coding sequences for their ability to restore photosynthesis in a psbA-deficient Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while maintaining robust accumulation of a commercially viable recombinant protein driven by the psbA promoter/5'UTR. The recombinant protein corresponded to bovine Milk Amyloid A (MAA), which is present in milk colostrum and coul...

Commercial production greenhouses are widely used to produce plants and crops. From the structural engineering viewpoint, among the loads that act on greenhouses, wind and snow loads are the major ones. This paper focuses on the former, particularly on wind pressure coefficients. Design and construction of greenhouses should consider wind loads in order to ensure seamless operation, overall stability, durability, and safety, even though human occupancy is limited. Classification and design of greenhouses is typically based on European standards, which cover a variety of geometries and conditions. Some recent research studies suggest, however, that greenhouse design standards should be revised to ensure structural safety of greenhouses subject to strong wind loads. Triggered by this recent outcomes, this paper reviews existing literature on the topic: (a) briefly presenting the state of the art methods for determining wind pressures on greenhouses; (b) comparing the EN 13031-1 pressu...

Monitoring and controlling a greenhouse environment involves sensing the changes occurring inside it which can influence the rate of growth in plants. The System consists of various sensors, namely temperature and light. These sensors sense various parameters-temperature, humidity, and light intensity and are then sent to a computer Lab view application via a DAQ Assistant.

Plant Propagation from Cuttings produces new plants identical to stock plants. Rooting Hormones are essential to develop roots on cuttings. This Guide describes five successful foliar and basal propagation methods: Five methods of plant propagation from cuttings:. Dry Dip, Basal Quick Dip, Foliar Spray Drip Down, Foliar Total Immerse, Basal Long Soak. The methods use the rooting hormones Hortus IBA Water Soluble Salts® (rooting solutions) & Rhizopon® AA (rooting solutions & dry powders).

As the economic costs of energy and the negative externalities associated with the combustion of fossil fuels threaten the economic viability of greenhouses in northern climates there is a renewed interest in the use of waste heat. This paper presents a technical and economic methodology to determine the viability of establishing waste heat greenhouses using the waste heat from industrial processes in northern climates. A case study is presented of an exchange between a tomato greenhouse and a flat glass manufacturing plant, which found the waste heat system is significantly more economic to operate than a purely natural gas system.

Environment is the key factor in the greenhouse system. To provide monitoring and controlling facility inside the greenhouse, IoT based system is more flexible and suitable solution. To maintain the proper environment inside the green- house, we have designed the system with heating, cooling and water supply facility by integrating the system with heater, cooling fan and water pump. The temperature, humidity and    the soil moisture inside the greenhouse continuously monitored and controlled over online platform.

The goal of this study was to prove that aquaponic systems can produce lettuce of equal growth and quality compared to hydroponic lettuce production and to determine the stocking density of fish required for plant growth. Aquaponics is the integration of recirculating aquaculture and hydroponic plant production. The project had four objectives. The first objective was to determine the biomass of fish required for plant growth to develop a fish to plant density ratio. The second objective was to compare lettuce grown with aquaponic water and a hydroponic solution under the same environmental conditions. The third objective was to compare the quality of lettuce grown with aquaponics water plus nutrient supplementation with a hydroponic solution. The fourth objective was to determine the nitrogen dynamics in the aquaponic system and to compare the nutrient composition of lettuce grown with aquaponics water with nutrient supplementation and hydroponic solution. It was determined that un...

Abstract:- The effect of different irrigation and fertigation levels for cowpea (NS 621) inside polyhouse was studied. Daily water requirement of the crop in open field was calculated using FAO CROPWAT software. Four different treatments were selected based on varying irrigation and fertigation levels. Daily irrigation with the estimated water requirement (2.2 l/plant/day) was found to be more effective. The results also showed that it was sufficient to apply fertilizers through fertigation once in four days.

This review presents the state-of-the-art research on IoT systems for optimized greenhouse environments. The data were analyzed using descriptive and statistical methods to infer relationships between the Internet of Things (IoT), emerging technologies, precision agriculture, agriculture 4.0, and improvements in commercial farming. The discussion is situated in the broader context of IoT in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change and global warming in agriculture through the optimization of critical parameters such as temperature and humidity, intelligent data acquisition, rule-based control, and resolving the barriers to the commercial adoption of IoT systems in agriculture. The recent unexpected and severe weather events have contributed to low agricultural yields and losses; this is a challenge that can be resolved through technology-mediated precision agriculture. Advances in technology have over time contributed to the development of sensors for frost prevention, remote crop monitoring, fire hazard prevention, precise control of nutrients in soilless greenhouse cultivation, power autonomy through the use of solar energy, and intelligent feeding, shading, and lighting control to improve yields and reduce operational costs. However, particular challenges abound, including the limited uptake of smart technologies in commercial agriculture, price, and accuracy of the sensors. The barriers and challenges should help guide future Research & Development projects and commercial applications.

Commercial production greenhouses are widely used to produce plants and crops. From the structural engineering viewpoint, among the loads that act on greenhouses, wind and snow loads are the major ones. This paper focuses on the former, particularly on wind pressure coefficients. Design and construction of greenhouses should consider wind loads in order to ensure seamless operation, overall stability, durability, and safety, even though human occupancy is limited. Classification and design of greenhouses is typically based on European standards, which cover a variety of geometries and conditions. Some recent research studies suggest, however, that greenhouse design standards should be revised to ensure structural safety of greenhouses subject to strong wind loads. Triggered by this recent outcomes, this paper reviews existing literature on the topic: (a) briefly presenting the state of the art methods for determining wind pressures on greenhouses; (b) comparing the EN 13031-1 pressure coefficients with those stemming from recent experimental studies on single-span pitched and arched roof greenhouses in South Korea; and (c) summarizing most recent comparative results for multi-span greenhouses. It concludes that these recent research studies are not enough to justify revision of EN 13031-1, and more measurement data and experimental or numerical studies are necessary to justify such a conclusion.