CO2

We face Conflicts between human development and nature Capacity to Provide The resources for such development. This is a great paradox the countries that have most benefited from industrial development by producing greenhouse gases. The atmosphere surrounding the earth, heats the soil and the Plants also. Greenhouse is the body which allows the short wave length incoming solar radiation to come in but does not allow the long wave outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation to scope in a way and atmosphere energy going up. Green house where co2 acts as like a glass windows. Co2 and water Vapors in the atmosphere transmit short wave length solar radiation but reflect the longer wave length heat radiation from warmed surface of the co2 molecules are transparent to sunlight but not to the heat re action .So the trap and re enforce the solar heat stimulating an effect which is properly known as Greenhouse effect.

Smart implementation of the Internet of Things is observed in smart city projects. Nowadays this process is implemented worldwide. Various electronic equipment and internet protocols are used to maintain implementation of IoT in smart city projects. The emission of CO2 is reduced due to this smart city project, as well as autonomous driving process is increased by this process. To maintain smart parking RFID is used by this process. This paper can evaluate the interconnection between these protocols. Safety and security related issues are improvised by the Internet of Things and increase the smartness of the city. High-quality architecture is important to maintain implementation of IoT. However, implementation of IoT consists of various challenges such as DoS and other security issues.

Fuel cells could substantially decarbonise domestic energy production, but at what cost? Models were developed to simulate economic and environmental benefits of fuel cell micro-CHP in UK homes, and project current purchase costs into the future.

Data inputs were taken from a meta-review of field performance and energy consumption profiles from 259 UK houses. This model was validated, then used to simulate changes in energy consumption from operating four leading fuel cell technologies. Fuel cells offer negligible financial savings in the UK, increasing energy bills in 30-60% of homes. Britain’s proposed 10p/kWh feed-in tariff would radically improve this, rewarding owners with £600-750 annually. Fuel cells produce 360-450g/kWh of CO2, 30-45% less than the UK grid. Emission reductions depend strongly on displaced electricity generation methods, ranging from 0-5.5T/year.

From learning-by-doing, Japanese sale prices for 1kW PEMFC systems are projected to fall from £15,000 today to £6,000 within 10±5 years; however, a commercially viable price of around £3,000 is expected to be two decades away. The payback period of PEMFC is 25-45 years with the proposed feed-in tariff, falling to current system lifetimes within 5-10 years. Carbon mitigation costs would therefore be £750-950/T, varying substantially with marginal emissions and price reductions.

Acid gas removal from the natural gas using alkanolamine processes is the most common technology used for sweetening of natural gas. Based on the sour and sweet gas specifications, several alkanolamine solutions can be used for acid gas removal, all of which are well developed processes. However, one of the remaining issues is the costs associated with the processes. In this study, DEA, DGA and mixed (MDEA+DEA) processes are designed for sweetening the natural gas produced in one of the gas fields having high CO 2 /H 2 S ratio. For each process, seven scenarios are designed to investigate the effects of the cooler's operating parameters on the performance of the process. For each scenario, the duty of the cooler is varied in order to have a specific lean amine temperature entering the absorber. Each scenario is simulated using Aspen HYSYS and economically evaluated using Aspen economic evaluation. Based on the results of this study, the required solution circulation rates slightly increases when the lean amine temperature increases. However, Lower process capital costs and lower cooler's duty were obtained by operating the DEA and DGA processes at higher values of lean amine temperature. Also, operating at lower lean amine temperatures resulted in lower hydrocarbon pick up in case of MDEA+DEA process.

La respiración del suelo es un indicador importante de la actividad microbiana; los procesos de respiración y descomposición del suelo a nivel mundial liberan anualmente a la atmósfera un total de 220 mil millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono. Por lo tanto, los estudios sobre los aspectos del ciclo del carbono del suelo para optimizar
las emisiones de dióxido de carbono agrícola o mejorar el secuestro de carbono contribuyen una práctica agrícola sostenible. En este artículo se presentan los efectos de la aplicación de biofertilizantes (Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus circulans, y Pseudomonas putida) en la respiración del suelo, en el suelo chernozem. Los experimentos se realizaron en la Estación Experimental de Látókép, perteneciente a la Universidad de Debrecen, Hungría. Además, estos resultados se
compararon con los hallazgos de estudios anteriores relacionados con aplicaciones comerciales de fertilizantes NPK (en cuatro dosis: N60P45K45;N120P90K90;N180P135K135; y N240P180K180), y dos métodos de cultivo (arado, aflojado, RTK en filas y RTK entre filas); estas investigaciones se llevaron a cabo en la misma estación experimental. Los resultados indican una menor tendencia a la respiración del suelo cuando se aplican biofertilizantes en comparación con los
fertilizantes NPK comerciales, lo que permite disminuir la emisión de CO2 en el medio ambiente. También se discutió un cambio unitario en los diferentes métodos basados en la absorción de álcalis (Oxitop y Witkamp) para facilitar la comparación de los datos adquiridos recientemente con los resultados anteriores de experimentos de fertilización a largo plazo.

Wie müsste eine faire Lösung des Klimaproblems aussehen? Wie sollten wir Pflichten und finanzielle Lasten der nötigen CO2-Reduktionen verteilen, wenn es dabei gerecht zugehen soll und keiner übervorteilt werden darf? In meiner Antwort auf diese ethischen Fragen stütze ich mich auf einen Grundsatz, den Angela Merkel formuliert hat: Jeder Mensch hat das Recht, genauso viel CO2-Emissionen zu verursachen wie jeder andere. Anders als die Bundeskanzlerin, die den Grundsatz nur langfristig in die Tat umsetzen will, plädiere ich dafür, dass die Gleichberechtigung aller in Sachen CO2-Ausstoß schon unter dem Nachfolge-Regime des Kyoto-Vertrags gelten soll. In einem ersten Schritt soll die Steigerung der weltweiten CO2-Emissionen angehalten werden. Um das auf gerechte Weise zu bewerkstelligen, werden in feiner Stückelung Rechte zum CO2-Ausstoß (die sog. Mikro-Zertifikate) ausgegeben, und zwar zunächst für genau so viel CO2, wie die Menschheit zur Zeit insgesamt pro Jahr in die Luft bläst. Wer CO2 emittieren will, gleichgültig wo, wie und wozu, darf das nur gegen Entwertung einer entsprechenden Anzahl an Mikro-Zertifikaten, sonst macht er sich strafbar. Die Mikro-Zertifikate werden auf einer weltweiten Börse gehandelt; ihr Preis ergibt sich aus Angebot und Nachfrage. Mein Vorschlag unterscheidet sich in zweierlei Hinsicht von den Versteigerungen der CO2-Zertifikate, wie sie bislang konzipiert und organisiert worden sind. Einerseits sollen am Ende alle Emissionen klimaschädlicher Gase in den Handel mit Mikro-Zertifikaten einbezogen werden. Andererseits wird das Geld, das durch die Versteigerung der Mikro-Zertifikate zusammenkommt, in regelmäßigen Abständen und ohne Abzüge an jeden einzelnen Menschen ausgezahlt. Das ist einfach, fair und transparent. In einem zweiten Schritt sind die weltweiten CO2-Emissionen drastisch zu verringern, und zwar sieben Jahre lang um jeweils 10%.

The article is composed of two sections. The first one is a critical review of the three main alternative indices to GDP which were proposed in the last decades – the Human Development Index (HDI), the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), and the Happy Planet Index (HPI) – which is made on the basis of conceptual foundations, rather than looking at issues of statistical consistency or mathematical refinement as most of the literature does. The pars construens aims to propose an alternative measure, the composite wealth index, consistent with
an approach to development based on the notion of composite wealth, which is in turn derived from an empirical common sense criterion. Arguably, this approach is suitable to be conveyed into
an easily understandable and coherent indicator, and thus appropriate to track development in its various dimensions: simple in its formulation, the wealth approach can incorporate social and ecological goals without significant alterations in conceptual foundations, while reducing to a minimum arbitrary weighting.

This study is to determine the effect of the Ethanol as cetane number improves on combustion characteristics and pollutants of diesel engine fuelled by preheated biodiesel-diesel blend. A bench test is to be carried out on a four cylinder direct injection diesel engine aiming to study the variation of thermal efficiency, exhaust temperature and pollutant at different engine operating conditions.There are three blends chosen to be tested in the engine. It includes preheated B10 (900 ml diesel+100 ml Biodiesel), preheated B20 (800 ml diesel+200 ml biodiesel) and preheated B20E10 (700 ml diesel+200 ml biodiesel+100 ml ethanol). Hydrocarbon, CO2, NOx, emission characteristics are also studied in this paper with different blends of fuel.

Olivine weathering is a natural process that takes time, years to decades when applied to suitable environments. Contrary to CCS, the effect is not instantaneous, but in the course of the coming decades in which society will continue to produce CO2 and to be threatened by continued greenhouse warming, the annual addition of large volumes of olivine to suitable environments will counteract the rise of CO2 level of the atmosphere and the acidification of ocean waters.

La población y la energía tienen una fuerte relación, y un impacto conjunto negativo sobre el medio ambiente en el planeta.


Situación actual
Desde la revolución industrial vemos el aumento de la población que se asocia con el aumento del consumo energético y el aumento de las emisiones de CO2 en la atmosfera.

GP.Mur, commonly known as Miltenberger subtype III, is a clinically-important red blood cell (RBC) phenotype unique among Southeast Asians (SEA). On the GP.Mur+ erythrocyte membrane, glycophorin B-A-B hybrid protein is expressed, instead of glycophorin B (GPB). Different from GPB that does not have any known function, GP.Mur hybrid protein promotes expression of anion exchanger-1 (AE1) on the RBC membrane and support AE1-relevant physiological functions in GP.Mur+ carriers. In our previous human studies, we unexpectedly uncovered that GP.Mur+ carriers have slightly higher blood pressure (BP) than GP.Mur-negative people. Since AE1 has been implicated a role in modulation of NO bioavailability and hemoglobin (Hb) is a major NO scavenger, we hypothesized that the slightly but significantly higher BP in GP.Mur carriers might be related to Hb-mediated NO processing.

Methods
With the approval of hospital Institutional Review Board, healthy, non-smoker subjects aged between 20 and 55 were recruited at Taitung MacKay Memorial Hospital (TT-MMH). Besides general physical assessment, recruited subjects were tested for CBC and RBC phenotypes, including GP.Mur.

Results
345 male and 515 female non-smoker adults were recruited from Taitung County, Taiwan, and 22.1% of them bear GP.Mur blood type. For male and female cohorts, GP.Mur erythrocyte expression was significantly associated with slightly higher systolic BP (SBP) (122.2±12.9 mmHg [non-GP.Mur male] versus 127.8±14.4 mmHg [GP.Mur male]; 115.0±13.0 mmHg [non-GP.Mur female] versus 118.0±13.4 mmHg [GP.Mur female]). Hb levels were not affected by GP.Mur. Hb is known to be positively associated with SBP. We indeed found a Pearson correlation of 0.164 between Hb (g/dL) and SBP (mmHg) in non-GP.Mur male subjects (*p~0.007). However, Hb-SBP associations were not observed in our female cohorts with or without GP.Mur. Intriguingly, the Pearson correlation between Hb and SBP from the GP.Mur male group was doubled, compared to that from the GP.Mur-negative male group (Pearson correlation: 0.299 [GP.Mur male] versus 0.164 [non-GP.Mur male]).

Conclusion
From the differences in Hb-SBP correlations in male, the effects of NO-scavenging by Hb were likely more substantial in the presence of GP.Mur and/or higher AE1 expression. We did not observe any positive associations in our SEA female subjects, presumably due to menstrual cycle and that SEA women were generally more anemic.

There is a growing consensus that ICT can contribute to the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, both by increasing the efficiency of existing processes and by enabling substitution effects to usher in more energy efficient patterns of production and consumption. While, however, many studies based on theoretical reduction potentials have been presented, in practice it has only been possible to cite a few examples of such reductions thus far.

This article presents the results of a field experiment for one particular domain in which ICT can be substituted for more carbon-intensive technologies: using advanced videoconferencing technology to reduce intercontinental conference travel and thus travel-related GHG emissions. We organized a large resource management conference simultaneously on two continents and assessed the emissions caused by the attendees’ travel and by the additional ICT equipment utilized to connect the two venues. We further assessed, based on a survey, the emissions in the alternative scenarios of holding the conference at either one of the places, and the satisfaction of the participants with the two-site conference format.

The results show that reductions of 37% and 50% in travel-related GHG emissions were attained as compared to the single-site alternatives, although more people took part than in any of these alternatives. At the same time, the attendees’ experience was clearly positive, showing that the multiple-site format can serve as an acceptable alternative to the traditional one-site format of holding an international conference.

This document contains supplementary and supporting materials, including references, for ‘Second law analyses of Endex and conventional calcium looping processes for CO2 capture’, that are enriching but too distracting or lengthy to incorporate in the main article.

The global warming problematic is in reality decided not by the UNFCCC or IPCC with its mastodon meetings. The decisive players are the states of the following BIG polluters of CO2: and the US, despite the fact that its present government already has defected from the common pool regime, set up in Paris 2017, These countries together with international shipping and aviation are putting out more than 50% of the CO2s. However, they are little interested, because they emphasize the policy-making of socioeconomic development, either economic growth with rich countries or the "catch-up" strategy with poor or emerging economies. Resilience will decide which countries can support the consequences of climate change.

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have been widely touted as a low-cost alternative to existing proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, AEMFCs operating on air suffer from a severe performance penalty caused by carbonation from exposure to CO2. Many approaches to removing CO2 from the cathode inlet would consume valuable energy and complicate the systems-level balance-of-plant. Therefore, this work focuses on an electrochemical solution where CO2 removal would still generate power, but not expose an entire AEMFC stack to carbonation conditions. Such a system consists of two AEMFCs in series. The first AEMFC, which acts as an anion exchange CO2 separator (AECS), is relatively small and serves to scrub CO2 from the air. The AECS is powered by the hydrogen bleed from the second (i.e., main) AEMFC. A small amount of hydrogen is bled from the recycled hydrogen used in the main AEMFC to mitigate impurity build-up, including nitrogen gas from diffusion across its membrane. The second, main AEMFC operates on the purified air output from the AECS and fresh H2. This work shows that it is possible to use an AECS to lower the CO2 concentration in the AEMFC input air stream to values low enough that the main AEMFC can be operated stably for extended periods, 150 h in this demonstration. Also, in this study, AEMFCs are operated on AECS-purified air without experiencing a performance penalty. Lastly, the relative geometric active area of the AEMFC and AECS devices are evaluated and discussed.

Soil respiration is a significant indicator of soil microbial activity; global soil respiration and decomposition processes
release yearly to the atmosphere a total of 220 billion tons of carbon dioxide. Therefore, studies on the whole- or
one particular aspect of soil carbon cycle aiming at optimizing agricultural carbon dioxide emissions or improving
carbon sequestration contribute to a sustainable agriculture practice. In this paper we present the effects of biofertilizer
application (Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus circulans, and Pseudomonas putida) on soil respiration in chernozem soil.
Experiments were performed at Látókép Experimental Station, belonging to the University of Debrecen, Hungary.
Additionally, we compare our results with findings of prior studies related to commercial NPK fertilizer applications
(in four doses: N60P45K45;N120P90K90;N180P135K135; and N240P180K180), and two different cultivation methods (ploughed,
loosened, RTK in rows, and RTK between rows); these investigations were conducted at the same experimental
station. Our results indicate lower tendency for soil respiration, when biofertilizers are applied as compared to commercial
NPK fertilizers, which enables to decrease CO2 emission in the environment.We also discuss a unit change in
different alkali absorption-based methods (Oxitop andWitkamp) to facilitate comparability of recently acquired data
with results of previous long-term fertilization experiments.

The study carried out here aims to determine the advantage of using in-situ electricity generation facilities versus conventional generators, being evaluated from the environmental point of view. For this, an environmental analysis on the production of CO 2 has been applied to two scenarios of electricity generation for a residential building in Medellin city (Colombia). The first one refers to La Sierra thermo-electric plant located in La Sierra, municipality of Puerto Nare, in the Antioquiashire, which is the most efficient plant in Colombian thermal generation. The second comparison scenario refers to the annual operation of a micro-cogeneration facility, which satisfies the building's hot water and electrical energy needs. Using the capabilities of the TRNSYS v17® energy simulation software and the emission equations available in the public domain, the comparative environmental analysis is carried out between one and the other for the same load. The losses in electric transmission are assumed to be 10%. This analysis has shown a difference of more than 50% in emissions generation, with the main cause being the amount of fuel used, which for both cases is natural gas. On the other hand, this study shows the environmental advantages in the use of in-situ generators, decreasing transmission losses. Simulation | TRNSYS | Greenhouse effect | CO2| Electricity generation | Fossil fuel. Simulación dinámica | TRNSYS | efecto invernadero | CO 2 | generación de electricidad | combustible fósil.

The Asian Development Bank has in 2015 published a major investigation into the consequences of climate change for South East Asia. It is most read worthy, making hard and dismal projections for these economic miracles. But its suggested remedy-carbon sequestration-is not acceptable. The South East Asian economies should move to solar power and electrical vehicles. South East Asia must comply with the COP21 Treaty and start its implementation now. No time for politicking in the UN any longer (Conca, 2015; Vogler, 2016)!

This paper presents a multiagent system developed to predict the behaviour of the Atlantic Ocean in relation to the sinks/sources of CO2. The heart of the multiagent system is an intelligent agent capable of automatically making predictions about the flux of CO2 in the North Atlantic ocean. The multiagent system has been tested in simulation conditions and this work presents the preliminary obtained results.