Emission

With rapid growth in population there is need to find alternative fuels to power diesel engines. One fuel considered is Tyre pyrolysis oil which is a mixture of hydrocarbons with a boiling range of between 70 and 400°C. In this work, the fraction of tyre pyrolysis oil that resembles diesel fuel based on distillation range (150 – 360 oC) was extracted through fractional distillation. The ef ect of using dif erent blends of the distilled tyre pyrolysis oil (DTPO) and diesel fuel on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine was carried out. A comparative analysis was performed with conventional diesel fuel as the reference fuel. The power and torque were similar at low and medium speeds. However, at high speeds the power dropped with increase in DTPO in the blend. Fuel consumption was very comparable for all the test fuels. Carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon was higher for the blends compared to diesel but oxides of Nitrogen were lower. Present results indicate that, diesel can be blended with up to 60% DTPO and produce acceptable performance.

Biodiesel, derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, is composed of saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acid alkyl esters. In spite of having some application problems, recently it is being considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels in internal combustion engine. From scientific literatures, this paper has collected and analyzed the data on both advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel over conventional diesel. Since the aim of this study is to evaluate the biodiesel feasibility in automobiles, the first section is dedicated to materials compatibility in biodiesel as compared to that in diesel. The highest consensus is related to enhanced corrosion of automotive parts due to its compositional differences. In the subsequent sections, data on performance, emission and engine durability have been analyzed and compared. In this case, the highest consensus is found in reducing emissions as well as in increasing moving parts sticking, injector coking and filter plugging. This paper has also summarized the factors of biodiesel in contributing these technical performances. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110003448 
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032110003448/1-s2.0-S1364032110003448-main.pdf?_tid=f75f6c24-a9c5-11e3-b251-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1394615527_684db9fd3c64f8d8c14da52223233a79

On October 27, 2016, International Maritime Organization (IMO) announced enforcement of its Revised Annex VI rule, also known as IMO Global Sulphur CAP 2020, to be implemented from January 1, 2020. In an effort to reduce air pollution, especially Sulphur emission, ships will have to use marine fuels with Sulphur content of not more than 0.5%S m/m (Mass by Mass) against current existing limit of 3.5%S m/m for outside the Emission Control Areas (non-ECA) and 0.1%S m/m content for the Emission Control Areas (ECA) will remain as 2015 standard. The regulation implies that ships may use distillates or fuels with less than 0.5% Sulphur (desulphurised HFO), liquefied natural gas (LNG), bio-fuel or continue to use residual fuel with high Sulphur content with an approved exhaust cleaning system installed on board. Both options entail large investment for the ship owners. While scrubber retrofit requires feasibility study with existing engine plant and layout with huge initial capital expenditure for the installation of plant, continuous low Sulphur operation option poses high operational cost due to projected distillate fuel price hike to incorporate with supply and demand in future. On the other hand, LNG and other fuel options for shipping industries fuel demand fulfilment are very lean and immature to date. This paper contains an overview of international shipping emission, particularly Sulphur effects on the environment, and justification on IMO regulatory steps for global sulphur abatement with options for the ship owners to comply.

Instantly, a like pollution has become a greatest threat in the world. It is important from the public health point of view, because Polluted air causes physical ill effects. Increasing toxic pollutant in the air has focused the world’s attention on the need of reducing it. The main pollutants contribute by automobiles are carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen and Lead. Aqua silencer is used to reduce harmful pollutants and noise levels. Since water is used in this silencer it has been named as Aqua silencer. Aqua silencer is cheaper, ef ective and easy to install

During short term engine operation, renewable fuels derived from vegetable oils, are capable of providing good engine performance. In more extended operations, some of the same fuels can cause degradation of engine performance, excessive carbon and lacquer deposits and actual damage to the engine. Moreover, temperatures in the area of the injector tip due to advanced diesel injection systems may lead to particularly stubborn deposits at and around the injector tip. In this research, an endurance test was carried out for 250. h on 2 fuel samples; DF (diesel fuel) as baseline and PB20 (20% palm biodiesel and 80% DF) in a single cylinder CI engine. The effects of DF and PB20 on injector nozzle deposits, engine lubricating oil, and fuel economy and exhaust emissions were investigated. According to the results of the investigation, visual inspection showed some deposit accumulation on injectors during running on both fuels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed greater carbon deposits on and around the injector tip for PB20 compared to the engine running with DF. Similarly, lubricating oil analysis presented excessive wear metal concentrations, decreased viscosity and increased density values when the engine was fuelled with PB20. Finally, fuel economy and emission results during the endurance test showed higher brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and NO. x emissions, and lower HC and CO emissions, for the PB20 blend compared to DF. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0306261913005436/1-s2.0-S0306261913005436-main.pdf?_tid=fb44ff2e-a9c6-11e3-a685-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1394615963_580ff2c2aedd06e719dd211f966e28c1 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261913005436

This paper investigates the effect of Hydnocarpus laurifolia biodiessel blended with diesel in various prop ortions, on engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics. The results are compared with those biodiesel blends with diesel, and presented in this paper. T he experiments were conducted in a single cy linder, 4-stroke and air cooled, direct injeection diesel engine. Based on the experimenntal results, it is observed that the hydnoc arpus laurifolia biodiesel blends has slightlyy lower thermal efficiency about 2.26% an d 3.46% and also reduced brake specific fu el consumption (BSFC) compared with diesel at full load condition. Further, for the B40 blend there is a marginal reduction i n carbon monoxide (CO) emission of 20%, unburned hydro carbons (UBHC) emission of 26.53% at the cost of the rise in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) than those of diesel.

On October 27, 2016, International Maritime Organization (IMO) announced
enforcement of its Revised Annex VI rule, also known as IMO Global Sulphur CAP
2020, to be implemented from January 1, 2020. In an effort to reduce air pollution,
especially Sulphur emission, ships will have to use marine fuels with Sulphur content
of not more than 0.5%S m/m (Mass by Mass) against current existing limit of 3.5%S
m/m for outside the Emission Control Areas (non-ECA) and 0.1%S m/m content for
the Emission Control Areas (ECA) will remain as 2015 standard. The regulation
implies that ships may use distillates or fuels with less than 0.5% Sulphur
(desulphurised HFO), liquefied natural gas (LNG), bio-fuel or continue to use
residual fuel with high Sulphur content with an approved exhaust cleaning system
installed on board. Both options entail large investment for the ship owners. While
scrubber retrofit requires feasibility study with existing engine plant and layout with
huge initial capital expenditure for the installation of plant, continuous low Sulphur
operation option poses high operational cost due to projected distillate fuel price hike
to incorporate with supply and demand in future. On the other hand, LNG and other
fuel options for shipping industries fuel demand fulfilment are very lean and immature
to date. This paper contains an overview of international shipping emission,
particularly Sulphur effects on the environment, and justification on IMO regulatory
steps for global sulphur abatement with options for the ship owners to comply

Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at very low load condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization have been done. The experiment is conducted at low load condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, HC, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compare to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Jatropha biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.

The combustion of fuel inside the internal combustion engine lead to form many by-products like CO2, CO, Exhaust hydrocarbons, various oxides of nitrogen and compound like soot basically known as carboneous deposits. To sustain the engine performance and emission control, this soot must be clean out. This literature contains various mechanical and chemical methods for carbon deposits cleaning, also the formation and adverse effect of soot formation on internal combustion engine. The conventional methods show their performance appreciably on various parameters, but still there is need of a cleaning system that can vanish out all the battle-necks of conventional methods. This literature will also give review about the automated system which will overcome all the drawbacks of conventional methods.

There are concerns that biodiesel feedstock may compete with food supply in the long term, if the raw materials are vegetable virgin oils only. Therefore, throughout the world, large amounts of non-edible oil plants are available in nature. In this paper, experimental study has been carried out to analyze engine performance and emission characteristics for direct injection diesel engine using biodiesel obtained from non-edible oil such as jatropha oil and was blended with diesel fuel (DF) by 5% (JB5), 10% (JB10), 15% (JB15) and 20% (JB20) volumetrically without any engine modifications. Due to the presence of molecular oxygen, biodiesel undergoes improved combustion in the engine and has less polluting emissions in comparison with normal diesel fuels. Engine performance test was performed at 100% load keeping throttle 100% wide open with variable speeds of 1500 to 2400 rpm at an interval of 100 rpm. Whereas, emission tests were carried out at 2300 rpm at 100% and 80% throttle position. As results of investigations, there has been a decrease in torque and brake power, while increase in specific fuel consumption (sfc) has been observed for all biodiesel blend fuels over the entire speed range compared to DF. In case of engine exhaust gas emissions, reduction in HC, CO and CO<inf>2</inf> were found for all blends. Besides, sound level for blend fuels was also reduced compared to DF. It can be concluded that jatropha biodiesel blend fuels can be used in diesel engines without any engine modifications and have beneficial effects both in terms of emission reductions and alternative petroleum diesel fuel. © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00003184_86855.pdf

Biodiesel fuel represents a unique opportunity in the current global energy
scenario owing to its sustainability, renewability and potential to be universally
accessible. Experimental and analytical works have established a mismatch between
fuel chemistry and current diesel engine design. This, to some extent, accounts for
observed challenges in performance and emissions from engines running on biodiesel.
Computational schemes have played an increasingly important role in defining the
scope of these challenges. Computational models’ reliability has improved over time
in predicting engine performance and emissions. Identifying a combustion strategy
that works best for biodiesel is a research imperative. This review presents some of
the strategies that have the potential to enhance biodiesel’s advantages and mitigate
the observed challenges.

Fuel can be dangerous if handled improperly. Gasoline and diesel are potentially dangerous fuels, but over time we are learned to use them safely. The same is true with liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas. The hydrogen is suitable as a fuel for vehicles powered with both, internal combustion engines or indirectly for electric engines inside of fuel cell propulsion systems, too.
The problems associated with the production and storage of hydrogen currently limits the application of pure hydrogen as engine fuel in vehicles. This paper represents our designing proposition of a low-floor city bus for hydrogen power.
For application inside of low-floor city buses, hydrogen cylinders have to be installed on the roof for reasons of space. In addition, regarding to the lack of available information, the paper demonstrates an overview about safety regulations for vehicles with regard to the installation of specific components in hydrogen fuel line.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the fuel magnetisation on the performance of diesel engine. It has been observed that on magnetisation viscosity of hydrocarbon fuel decreases due to declustering of the Hydrocarbon fuel molecules which results in better atomization of the fuel and efficient combustion of air fuel mixture. This enhances thermal efficiency and improves the fuel economy of I.C engine. The magnetic field applied along the fuel line immediately before fuel injector. The magnetic field of different intensity 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000Gauss is applied with the help of solenoid Electro-magnetic coil and its effect on fuel consumption as well as on exhaust gas emission is studied and compared with performance without application of magnetic field. At different load conditions the experiments are conducted to analyse the fuel consumption, thermal efficiency and exhaust gas analyser is used to measure the exhaust gas emission such a NOX, HC, CO and CO2.

In order for saving the constrained resources and preservation of environment, the natural gas is a proven low cost and low emission alternative fuel to petroleum fuels for all types of motor vehicles. It is being widely used throughout the globe. In Malaysia, still millions of vehicles are plying on use of petroleum fuels. These fuels release huge emissions to the environment. Definitely, this adversely affects the natural ecosystem. In this backdrop, a study is felt important to predict the trend of emissions of anti-body gases released by cars in Malaysia for use of liquid fuels and natural gas between 2006 and 2020. The growth of vehicles demand has been considered alongside. The study reveals that current emission levels of different anti-body gases are huge and these can be significantly reduced by converting liquid fuel based engine into the natural gas based engine.

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/215594760_Ergonomic_Evaluation_of_Data_Entry_Task_Performance_Under_The_Influence_of_Noise_and_Task_Structure_-_The_Effect_of_Gender/file/9fcfd513585d0e0a0f.pdf#page=43

Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Rice-Bran biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at variable speed condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization has been done. The experiment is conducted at variable speed condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, CO2, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compared to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Rice-Bran biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.

Transportation access was important element on regional development which have
consequence on the environment degradation. This issues driving the land conversion,
an exploitation of natural resources and pollution. This research was conducted to
estimate the carbondioxides emission (CO2) on a road construction process. The data
collects with bottom up approaches from 16 locations of road construction in Central
Java which represents 2 pavement types (flexible and rigid). The GHG emission
estimated with a conversion of fuel consumption (IPCC Method). The estimation result
was analyze with a qualitative and quantitative method. An estimation generated the
CO2 emission of flexible pavement was 261,91 ton CO2 similar with 21,84 kgCO2/m3
while a rigid pavement produces 149,22 ton CO2 similar with 7,44 kgCO2/m3. The
manufacture process became a stages with largest contributor on the CO2 emission.
According to the result, a rigid pavement was an environmentally friendly method to
reduces GHG emission on road construction with a distribution stages plays an
important role as key categories.

The effects of Deisel-hexanol blend were investigated. Diesel and oxygenated hydrocarbon (hexane) are blended in different percentage from 5%-45 % by volume. These samples were characterized and the results show that 5% diesel-hexanol blend has very low anniline point, which is a measure of aromaticity responsible for particle emission. The lower the anniline point, the lower the emission of particles and this justifies the elimination of emission released into the environment by diesel-hexanol blend at 5%.

This study is to determine the effect of the Ethanol as cetane number improves on combustion characteristics and pollutants of diesel engine fuelled by preheated biodiesel-diesel blend. A bench test is to be carried out on a four cylinder direct injection diesel engine aiming to study the variation of thermal efficiency, exhaust temperature and pollutant at different engine operating conditions.There are three blends chosen to be tested in the engine. It includes preheated B10 (900 ml diesel+100 ml Biodiesel), preheated B20 (800 ml diesel+200 ml biodiesel) and preheated B20E10 (700 ml diesel+200 ml biodiesel+100 ml ethanol). Hydrocarbon, CO2, NOx, emission characteristics are also studied in this paper with different blends of fuel.

The present investigation is carried out on bi fuel mode fuelled with hythane as
secondary fuel and diesel as primary fuel. Initially, run the diesel engine with pure
diesel at various loads from no load to full load condition. Now the diesel engine is
converted in bi fuel mode by injecting the hythane with the flow rates of hythane is 4, 5
litres per minute (lpm) from the inlet manifold and diesel as pilot fuel. In a bifuel
mode with hythane10 at 5lpm showed improved thermal efficiency of 11.54% when
compared with pure diesel operation. The hythane10 at 4lpm showed the reduction of
NOX by 12.78% than the diesel operation

This paper aimed to study clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in Iran. Greenhouse gas mitigation strategies are generally considered costly with world leaders often engaging in debate concerning the costs of mitigation and the distribution of these costs between different countries. CDM projects are useful tools to reduce these costs. Kyoto Protocol includes three mechanisms, namely: emission trading, joint implementation and CDM. CDM is the only mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in which developing countries can participate. Comprehensive interviews with experts from Iranian oil and energy ministries and Department of Environment (DOE) resulted in detecting the missed opportunities for CDM in Iran. Lack of long term planning for the Kyoto Protocol, limitation of technology and finance, lack of regulation and functionality of a financial system and international sanctions are the most significant obstacles for implementation of CDM projects in Iran. At the end, a comprehensive analysis for utilising CDM to greenhouse gas reduction and climate change mitigation is presented.

This paper presents experimental results of a new compressed natural gas direct injection (CNG-DI) engine that has been developed from modification of a multi cylinder gasoline port injection (PI) engine. The original gasoline-PI engine was also modified to a CNG bi-fuel system. The test results obtained from CNG fuel using two different systems (i.e. bi-fuel and DI) have been investigated and compared with the original gasoline engine. The objective of this investigation is to compare the test results between CNG-DI, with CNG-BI and gasoline-PI engines with the same displacement volume. It was found that the CNG-DI engine produces similar brake power at 6000. rpm and wide open throttle (WOT) but produces higher brake power at part load condition as compared to the original gasoline. The CNG-BI engine produces 23% lower brake power than the CNG-DI engine. The average brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the CNG-DI engine was 0.28% and 8% lower than gasoline-PI and CNG-BI engines respectively. The CNG-DI engine reduces 42% NOx emission as compared to the base engine. However, the CNG-DI engine produces higher HC and CO emissions as compared to the base engine. This paper discusses a review on the direct injection (DI) natural gas engine with new information along with other investigations. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0360544211002349/1-s2.0-S0360544211002349-main.pdf?_tid=c2bf5f32-a9c6-11e3-b389-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1394615868_af9452d9cda4f71e98e5cd80760b3339 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211002349

Aimed Contribution: Via simple and applicable car window filming alternative, it is aimed to reduce vehicle-sourced emissions and fuel consumption; thus, contribute to the economy eventually.  Focused Problem: The exposure of solar radiation especially in summer, rise the car cabin soak temperature so high that the usage of mobile air conditioning (MAC) turns into a must. To cool the cabin down to comfort temperature, MAC uses excess amount of fuel that increases the vehicle emissions. Both of these also bring another economic problem as well. These problems are not just region based but also global based issues as being responsible for the formation of Green House Gases (GHGs), and for the consumption of limited and usually imported energy sources.  Proposed Solution: The application of car window films blocks the considerable amount of radiation. Thus, reduce the parked cabin temperature. Once the rise in soak temperature is reduced, MAC will then consume less energy. This energy saving -valid for electric cars, as well- for diesel, gasoline and hybrid cars also means fuel saving and further means prevented emissions, in other words, economic contribution even after the filming costs are subtracted.  Research Perspective: Passenger car cabin condition is investigated for 1 hour of parking at noon in summer at direct sun exposed. This research also aimed to examine three different types of filming together with tinted and clear (not filmed) car window glasses for clear and 20% shaded windshield, separately. To form the big picture, after calculating every individual possibility only during summer, each application’s total effect on greater territory of Geographic Europe (GE) containing every European country and only European Union (EU) is also researched. This research may bring the reconsideration of visible light transmission laws and tinting limitations regarding the results and invisible film applications.  Solution Benefits: Once the pollutant is emitted, none of the treatment procedure vanishes the pollutant but separates from the medium. Hence, reduction at the source occupies the highest hierarchy in pollution management. More tragically, the vehicle-sourced emissions cannot be treated even with exhaust filters, which increase the fuel consumption and faith to be emitted to the atmosphere. Each solution that helps to reduce the vehicle emissions while saving fuel and increasing economy plays one of the major and significant roles. Window-filming application is preferable for being easily applicable, cheaper when compared to treatment, and a quick solution. Other potential benefits are for both reducing the cabin soak temperature and blocking the sun rays, reducing the child deaths caused by being left unattended in heated car cabins, vehicle air pollution related health problems such as cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, skin cancer due to solar radiation while driving, driver fatigue, shrinking MAC size due to decreased peak load and for the cabin interior materials, increasing their life-span, preventing their aging and decreasing their damage.  Results: Among film types, classic-dark Film C gives the best performance especially when applied on tinted rear and side windows with 20% shaded windshield. Regarding GE and EU, the best possibility has potential to increase sum of diesel and gasoline fuel economy by 3.6 and 2.8 billion liters reduce the passenger car sourced total GHG emissions by 34 and 27 billion kg and contribute the economy with 5-year net savings of 270 and 226 billion $, respectively.  Conclusion: Three different types of film effects separately analyzed on clear and tinted windows with clear and 20% shaded windshield around GE, 50 countries, and EU, 28 member countries. It has seen that film application prevents massive amount of vehicle emissions due to saved MAC fuel consumption and eventually increase the economy both by fuel savings, emission sourced costs savings and prolonging lifetime of the cabin interiors.

The major drawback of vegetable oil fuels is their high viscosity. Various conventional approaches to reducing the viscosity of vegetable oils are studied theoretically and experimentally. An attempt to reduce the viscosity of the palm oil methyl esters (POME) by preheating the fuel was performed and a comparison on the basis of its projected chance of leading to 'diesel-like' combustion was also carried out with conventional diesel fuel. It was observed that by preheating the POME fuel above the conventional temperature, the engine performance, especially the brake power output and the exhaust emissions characteristics, is improved significantly, approaching 'diesel-like' performance. This is mainly attributed to the fact that as the fuel is preheated the viscosity is reduced close to ordinary diesel (OD) fuel. This will result in improved spray and atomization characteristics. Torque, brake power, specific fuel consumption, exhaust emissions and brake thermal efficiencies were measured and calculated. The potential for improved engine performance and reduction in emissions levels was demonstrated. © IMechE 1996.

http://pia.sagepub.com/content/210/2/131.short

The major toxins emitted from SI engine are carbon monoxide (CO) and
unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC). These are harmful and create health problems to human
beings, and hence control of these pollutants calls for instant attention. It has been
recognized from the literature review that copper coating inside the cylinder head and
over the piston crown will reduce the emission and increase the overall performance.
Hence, in this Project work piston crown and engine head are coated using copper and
experiment are conducted. A Kirloskar AV1 engine is used for conducting experiment.
The copper coated piston crown and engine head is used to reduce the emission (HC, CO,
O2, and CO2). The performance and characteristics of the copper coated engine has been
studied.