İMO

This article discusses the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) theme for 2013, namely, “Sustainable Development: IMO’s Contribution beyond Rio+20.” The theme will serve for the World Maritime Day, coinciding on 26 September 2013. The article highlights some of IMO's more salient achievements in its 55 years of existence in the quest for sustainability. Challenges and limitations in IMO's governance paradigms are also emphasised, pointing to measured expectations.

On October 27, 2016, International Maritime Organization (IMO) announced enforcement of its Revised Annex VI rule, also known as IMO Global Sulphur CAP 2020, to be implemented from January 1, 2020. In an effort to reduce air pollution, especially Sulphur emission, ships will have to use marine fuels with Sulphur content of not more than 0.5%S m/m (Mass by Mass) against current existing limit of 3.5%S m/m for outside the Emission Control Areas (non-ECA) and 0.1%S m/m content for the Emission Control Areas (ECA) will remain as 2015 standard. The regulation implies that ships may use distillates or fuels with less than 0.5% Sulphur (desulphurised HFO), liquefied natural gas (LNG), bio-fuel or continue to use residual fuel with high Sulphur content with an approved exhaust cleaning system installed on board. Both options entail large investment for the ship owners. While scrubber retrofit requires feasibility study with existing engine plant and layout with huge initial capital expenditure for the installation of plant, continuous low Sulphur operation option poses high operational cost due to projected distillate fuel price hike to incorporate with supply and demand in future. On the other hand, LNG and other fuel options for shipping industries fuel demand fulfilment are very lean and immature to date. This paper contains an overview of international shipping emission, particularly Sulphur effects on the environment, and justification on IMO regulatory steps for global sulphur abatement with options for the ship owners to comply.

On October 27, 2016, International Maritime Organization (IMO) announced
enforcement of its Revised Annex VI rule, also known as IMO Global Sulphur CAP
2020, to be implemented from January 1, 2020. In an effort to reduce air pollution,
especially Sulphur emission, ships will have to use marine fuels with Sulphur content
of not more than 0.5%S m/m (Mass by Mass) against current existing limit of 3.5%S
m/m for outside the Emission Control Areas (non-ECA) and 0.1%S m/m content for
the Emission Control Areas (ECA) will remain as 2015 standard. The regulation
implies that ships may use distillates or fuels with less than 0.5% Sulphur
(desulphurised HFO), liquefied natural gas (LNG), bio-fuel or continue to use
residual fuel with high Sulphur content with an approved exhaust cleaning system
installed on board. Both options entail large investment for the ship owners. While
scrubber retrofit requires feasibility study with existing engine plant and layout with
huge initial capital expenditure for the installation of plant, continuous low Sulphur
operation option poses high operational cost due to projected distillate fuel price hike
to incorporate with supply and demand in future. On the other hand, LNG and other
fuel options for shipping industries fuel demand fulfilment are very lean and immature
to date. This paper contains an overview of international shipping emission,
particularly Sulphur effects on the environment, and justification on IMO regulatory
steps for global sulphur abatement with options for the ship owners to comply

Observation
Monetary mechanics is changing. The classical model is replaced by modern monetary mechanics. The method of accessing investments, dividing recompense into two or more countries, buying and selling in world trade or domestic market, solving international conflicts, dividing opportunities for all people in Human Rights, false government, untruthful data security, false bank, untrue stock exchange, untruthful judiciary, false corporate, untrue education, untrue Federal Bank, false fractional reserve system, false classical money, are causes that the effects are the collapse of the classical monetary system, classical trading system, classical government system, classical judicial system. The current monetary mechanism is bankrupt. How is the market and the relationship between people, companies, governments, banks, stock exchanges, jobs, investments, corporate governance, legal, recompense without the classic monetary system, no classic money, no classic jobs, no classic recompense, no bag of classical values? without the classic division of recompense, without classic money, without access to banks, without the judiciary to resolve conflicts?
Centralized method
The current system around the world has a centralized method. The government centralized, the Judiciary centralized, the power to draft rules and laws centralized, centralized control of the World Trade. Global investment control is centralized. The whole system in government and structure to control and resolve conflicts and money are centralized. If the individual or the companies have a conflict, the centralized method is to solve the problem by the Judiciary and its chain: lawyers, prosecutors, judges and others. If the individual or companies need money to invest in their projects, the centralized method is the bank, the government or the stock exchange. Monopoly of classical money.
Company in isolated place in developing countries can send and receive investments from all over the world without classic stock exchange system, classic banking system, classic system of government, classic court system?
Disruption or decentralized method
The current system around the world has a centralized method. But there is a decentralized method that is the effect of the union of new technologies such as Blockchain, internet of things, Crypto-currency, general data protection, Smart contracts, self executable contract, artificial intelligence. If the individual or the companies have a conflict, the decentralized method will solve the problem immediately and automatically when the anomaly determined in the Smart contract and the Auto Executable Contract is detected by the System. The control is through the Internet of Things and stored in a Blockchain Database. This solution is Disruption with the classical method of the Judiciary and its chain to resolve any conflicts between peoples. The minimal intervention of governments in human rights is the basis of the decentralized method for resolving conflicts and leaving aside the classical structure. If the individual or companies need money to invest in their projects, the centralized method is the bank, the government or the stock exchange. Those of the classic coin monopoly. Few people and companies have access to capital for investment in the classic centralized monetary system. In the decentralized method any person or company anywhere in the world, with much or little money, can invest in any project. African, Brazilian, Chinese, any people, singer, musician, farmer, fisherman, actor, author, any work can send and receive investments from anywhere in the world without classical stock exchange system, classic banking system, system of the Judiciary. Company in all sectors of the national or global economy, in an isolated place, in developing countries can send and receive investments from all over the world without a classic stock exchange system, without a classic system of banks, without a classic system of government, without a system judiciary.