Verónica Martínez Ferreras
Universitat de Barcelona, Història i Arqueologia, Faculty Member
- Archaeology of Central Asia, Pottery technology and function, Archaeometry, Roman Amphorae, Tarraconensis Amphorae, Archaeology of Mediterranean Trade, and 7 moreGreco-Bactrian History, Kushan history, Achaemenid Persia, Oxus Civilization, Sassanian Persia, Hellenistic Bactria, and Bactria (Archaeology)edit
The archaeological site of Ancient Termez is located in southern Uzbekistan. Despite the arid environment, the city benefited from its strategic position near two rivers, the Amu Darya and the Surkhan Darya. Its significance was mainly... more
The archaeological site of Ancient Termez is located in southern Uzbekistan. Despite the arid environment, the city benefited from its strategic position near two rivers, the Amu Darya and the Surkhan Darya. Its significance was mainly related to the expansion of trade routes connecting Eurasia. The city comprises several enclosures that attest long-term human-environment interactions. In order to identify the adaptive dynamics of the settlement models during an extended chronology covering the period from c. 300 BCE to c. 1220 CE (Greco-Bactrian/Yuezhi, Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Islamic periods), a multidisciplinary study has been carried out, which includes: (1) archaeological excavations in several areas of the urban complex; (2) pedestrian surveying inside some enclosures and in the urban periphery; (3) an aerial survey based on high-resolution satellite imagery; (4) AMS dating of charcoal and bone samples; (5) archaeobotanical investigation through anthracological analysis;...
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Research Interests: Archaeology, Geochemistry, Multivariate Statistics, Archaeological Science, Data Analysis, and 15 morePrincipal Component Analysis, Archaeometry, Multivariate Data Analysis, Ceramics (Archaeology), Amphorae (Archaeology), Wine, Multivariate Analysis, Ceramics, Roman Amphorae, Reproducibility, Archaeometric analysis of pottery, Ceramic Analysis Archaeology, Pottery Archaeology, R Packages, and Academic
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International audienc
The recent excavations at the site of Molali, located in southern Uzbekistan and dated to the mid-second millennium BCE, offer new insights into the definition of the Final Bronze Age pottery complex in southern Uzbekistan and the... more
The recent excavations at the site of Molali, located in southern Uzbekistan and dated to the mid-second millennium BCE, offer new insights into the definition of the Final Bronze Age pottery complex in southern Uzbekistan and the technological and stylistic links between the potting traditions of the various cultural groups at this period. An archaeometric study has been conducted in order to characterize the various wares, investigate the compositional variability of the ceramic assemblage, and determine the provenance of the raw materials. The results from a combination of techniques (Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence, X-Ray Diffraction, and thin section Optical Microscopy) allowed us to identify a local pottery production of wheel-made fine ware and to determine the local/regional origin of the handmade, coarse, shell-tempered ware. Exchange relationships with 'steppe' populations have been confirmed; they involved not only vessels (coarse rock-tempered pots) but also pottery traditions (specific 'steppe'-like decorations on pots of regional origin). Although not numerous, they are nonetheless evidence of large-scale connections between the settlements in the Surkhan Darya valley and other peripheral cultures and areas in the mid-second millennium BCE. The diversity of fabrics (use of various raw materials and different technological processes) is also discussed regarding the choices made for intrinsic material properties required for specific functions, highlighting the strong expertise and management acquired by the potters for the production of diverse ceramic functional categories.
Research Interests: Ancient History, Geography, Archaeology, Ceramic Technology, Archaeology of Central Asia, and 11 moreBMAC Archaeology, Provenance studies of archaeological material, Civilization, Central Asian Archaeology, Pottery, Uzbekistan, Bronze Age, Bronze, Andronovo, Oxus Civilization, and Pottery Archaeology
Reunión MAGIBER XI Portugal ,Condeixa a Nova (4 al 6 de septiembre de 2019)The geomagnetic field is a global feature with an important regional character. Its temporal and spatial variation can be observed from direct measurements such as... more
Reunión MAGIBER XI Portugal ,Condeixa a Nova (4 al 6 de septiembre de 2019)The geomagnetic field is a global feature with an important regional character. Its temporal and spatial variation can be observed from direct measurements such as satellites and logbook available since the 17th century. In order to know the behaviour of the geomagnetic field further in the past indirect measurements are needed. These indirect measurements (called paleo or archeomagnetic data) are based on the study of the remanent magnetization acquired by the iron oxides present in certain rocks and archaeological materials when heated at high temperatures (Néel, 1955).This work was supported by two R&D&I projects, CERAC (HAR2016-75133-C3-1-P) led by V. Martínez and J.M. Gurt, and CONCERAC (HAR2016-75133-C3-3-P) led by E. Ariño, all funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. V. Martínez worked on this paper through the post-doctoral research contract Ramón y Cajal (RYC-2014-15789). M. Gómez-Paccard thanks to RYC-2013-14405. This congress was funded by Red de trabajo y laboratorios MAGIBERII (CGL2017-90632-REDT)
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We present the results of the zooarchaeological analysis carried out on the fauna recovered in five different areas of ancient Termez (Uzbekistan). The sequence analysed covers the period from c 300 BCE to c 1400 CE... more
We present the results of the zooarchaeological analysis carried out on the fauna recovered in five different areas of ancient Termez (Uzbekistan). The sequence analysed covers the period from c 300 BCE to c 1400 CE (Greco-Bactrian/Yuezhi, Kushan, Sassanian, and Islamic periods). The investigation focused on the main animal species raised, the skeletal profiles represented and their age at death. A taphonomic study was also performed to evaluate the processing of the animals' bone carcasses by the human groups in Termez, and to determine other natural and biological agents that have affected the samples. The results reveal a livestock population dominated by sheep and goats throughout the period of occupation of the settlement, from which meat, wool and other dairy products were obtained. Cattle and horses are represented in the whole stratigraphic sequence, although they were particularly important during the Sassanian period. Swine also appears notably, although its frequency significantly decreases in the Islamic period. The diet included roosters and hens, probably also raised for their eggs. Wild species hunted and processed by the inhabitants of Termez appear in all phases of occupation. We should note the presence of gazelle and, in the Greco-Bactrian/Yuezhi phase, saiga antelope. Camelids are scarce and only documented during the Sassanian phase. The use of bones to manufacture game playing pieces or objects for textile production has also been recognised in ancient Termez.
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Presented in the European Archaeological Association meeting (EAA2018). Online version: https://andros-spica.github.io/EAA2018_simulation/. Abstract: We present the latest development of a seven-year effort in experimenting and generating... more
Presented in the European Archaeological Association meeting (EAA2018). Online version: https://andros-spica.github.io/EAA2018_simulation/. Abstract: We present the latest development of a seven-year effort in experimenting and generating theory that could help explain different land use patterns around water sources in arid environments. This work was developed within the case study 5, ‘oasis construction in Central Asia’, of the former SimulPast project. Using Agent-Based simulation models, we progressively put together mechanisms hypothesized to be relevant factors in shaping the balance of farming and herding land use within arid environments. The core mechanism is the intermittent competition between sedentary and mobile stakeholders, which we assume can happen during a part of the annual cycle (e.g., winter). Thus, the analogy with the children game, Musical Chairs. Through versioning models, we can observe the simulated consequences of each mechanism, and their interaction, under a wide variety of conditions. After a brief overview of the two previous models, Musical Chairs and Nice Musical Chairs, we will present the latest model, NomadFrontier. This latter model introduces the effects of (i) spatial relations, (ii) herding territorial marks, and (iii) a multi-level institutional structure, comprising corporate groups and political alliances between them. We review the main implications evidenced by the three models: (a) competition creates a bias favoring farming land use, (b) herding stakeholders tend to consolidate in smaller, more independent, political formations, and (c) the investment in territorial marks in the pastoral landscape is an important strategy for herding stakeholders. Last, we compare the simulation experiments with our assessment of several historical and archaeological case studies in Eurasia.
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A presentation for European Archaeological Association meeting - EAA 2018 (6-8/09/2018), Session #672 - CAA @ EAA: Computational Models in Archaeology. Slides: https://andros-spica.github.io/EAA2018_simulation/
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This paper presents a preliminary use of satellite imagery from the CORONA program in the reconstruction of thearchaeological landscape of two different sites: Ancient Termez (southern border of Uzbekistan) and Khatm Al Melaha(eastern... more
This paper presents a preliminary use of satellite imagery from the CORONA program in the reconstruction of thearchaeological landscape of two different sites: Ancient Termez (southern border of Uzbekistan) and Khatm Al Melaha(eastern coast of United Arab Emirates in Kalba area). This analysis constitutes the first step of the work carried out in thefield since 2018 at both sites for an analysis of the syntactic interoperability of multi-scale geospatial data for archaeologicalheritage. The aim of this work was to establish an approach for the use of CORONA satellite imagery for archaeologicalDEM reconstruction. The objectives of the reconstruction were conditioned for different reasons: in the case of Termezprior to the anthropic transformation of the site in the Soviet - Afghan War and in the case of Khatm Al Melaha prior to theurban, coastal and road transformation. The results have provided uneven data due to the characteristics of the existingimagery: mission, resolution, overl...
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Research Interests: Archaeology and Pottery
Abstract Ancient Termez, located on the southern border of Transoxiana/Mawarannahr, was an important pottery production centre during the Islamic period. Recent archaeological and archaeometric research carried out by the Spanish-Uzbek... more
Abstract Ancient Termez, located on the southern border of Transoxiana/Mawarannahr, was an important pottery production centre during the Islamic period. Recent archaeological and archaeometric research carried out by the Spanish-Uzbek team evidenced the manufacture of glazed and unglazed vessels at the workshops found in the lower city (shahristan) and its suburbs (rabad). Glazed local products, mainly dated between the 9th and 16th/17th centuries, comprise slip-painted, underglaze and inglaze painted wares, splashed sgraffiato, and monochrome wares. The present study focuses on the chemical, mineralogical and petrographic examination of different types of glazed ceramics recovered at Termez excavations in order to identify the microstructure and composition of the glazes, the technological processes involved in their manufacture, and their evolution over the centuries. Thin polished sections were prepared and slips and glazes were analysed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results reveal that all the local/regional ceramics have a slip and a transparent glaze, with one exception. Colour decorations were applied over the slip, forming thinner or thicker layers depending on the desired final colour. Green (copper), red (iron) and brown/black (iron and in some cases iron plus manganese) pigments were used for the decorations. A high lead glaze was used in the ceramics found in the alluvial plain dating between the 9th and the 11th century, while an alkaline glaze is associated with the majority of ceramics collected in the shahristan dating between the 12th and the 17th century. An alumina rich clay mixed with lead oxide was used in the slip from the alluvial plain ceramics while the slip contained large quartz grains in the ceramics found in shahristan. Three imports from the Iraqi regions, a monochrome lustreware bowl and two white opaque glazed dishes dating from the 9th–10th centuries, were also analysed. They have the characteristic tin-opacified mixed lead-alkali glazes and fine calcareous pastes.
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ABSTRACT Termez was one of the great Buddhist religious centers in northern Bactria in the Kushan period, as evidenced by the notable monastic complexes sited in the city. The stratigraphic excavations and 14C analysis recently conducted... more
ABSTRACT Termez was one of the great Buddhist religious centers in northern Bactria in the Kushan period, as evidenced by the notable monastic complexes sited in the city. The stratigraphic excavations and 14C analysis recently conducted at Tchingiz Tepe, in a monastic cell (sector RC) and in a space for worship (sector RA), provide new data on the complete occupational sequence. In the present study we examine the reliably dated pottery contexts from these two sectors, aiming to create a preliminary typological classification of the Kushan and early Kushano-Sasanian pottery from northern Bactria. The data related to the chrono-spatial context and all the formal, metric, decorative and functional attributes of the pottery wares were categorized and implemented in a database. By comparing the pottery from the two sectors we expected to ascertain the significance and functionality of the spaces and the formal evolution of the types between the mid-second and the mid-third centuries AD. We also compared the pottery with the vessels found in other monastic complexes at Termez (i.e. Kara Tepe) and in other contemporary sites from northern Bactria in order to assess the degree of singularity or standardization of the pottery types at a regional level. The study revealed that tableware (consisting mainly of reddish slipped cups, bowls, plates, platters and jars with or without burnishing, incised and stamped decorations), common wares (basins and storage pots), and large jars or containers were prevalent in the two sectors. Cooking wares appeared only in the monastic cell; in contrast to the high degree of technological standardization detected in the other wares, the cooking pots presented major formal and technological differences. However, all the pottery used at Tchingiz Tepe is consistent with the regional prototypes observed in other nearby sites, whether or not they were Buddhist religious centers.
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En el marco conmemorativo de los 50 años de la revista Pyrenae, el equipo editorial ha considerado oportuno dedicar este volumen a sintetizar la investigación del Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología de la... more
En el marco conmemorativo de los 50 años de la revista Pyrenae, el equipo editorial ha considerado oportuno dedicar este volumen a sintetizar la investigación del Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología de la Universitat de Barcelona. Para ello se ha solicitado a cada uno de los grupos de investigación que lo conforman una síntesis de su labor investigadora. A los actos conmemorativos de la revista Pyrenae, cabe añadir otra efeméride importante como es el centenario de la lección inaugural de Pere Bosch Gimpera en la Universitat de Barcelona que se celebrará en 2016. Resulta paradójico, sin embargo, que en un momento con motivos para celebraciones, la sensación sea más bien de desazón. La Universitat de Barcelona se encuentra sumida en un proceso de reforma de sus estructuras que significará la desaparición del citado Departamento, y conllevará un futuro incierto para la arqueología. Los arqueólogos de esta universidad tenemos, por tanto, poco que celebrar, pero ...
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A presentation for European Archaeological Association meeting - EAA 2018 (6-8/09/2018), Session #312 - Ancient pottery in Central Asia: large scale perspective on the production systems and the cultural interactions. Slides:... more
A presentation for European Archaeological Association meeting - EAA 2018 (6-8/09/2018), Session #312 - Ancient pottery in Central Asia: large scale perspective on the production systems and the cultural interactions. Slides: https://andros-spica.github.io/EAA2018_ceramics/
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Las recientes excavaciones arqueologicas realizadas en la calle Princesa 21 han sacado a la luz nuevas evidencias de la produccion de ceramica romana en el area periferica de Barcino. Este taller ceramico presenta dos fases cronologicas,... more
Las recientes excavaciones arqueologicas realizadas en la calle Princesa 21 han sacado a la luz nuevas evidencias de la produccion de ceramica romana en el area periferica de Barcino. Este taller ceramico presenta dos fases cronologicas, desde principios del siglo I d. JC. hasta el II d. JC., y produjo anforas Pascual 1 y Dressel 2-4, ceramica comun, tegulae y pondii. El origen de este taller esta relacionado con la fundacion de la colonia romana de Barcino y la imposicion de las estructuras economicas y sociales romanas. Hasta la actualidad, se han caracterizado 42 fragmentos de anforas Pascual 1, 2 pondii y 4 muestras de arcilla mediante la tecnica de Fluorescencia de Rayos X [FRX] en el estudio de procedencia, y las composiciones mineralogicas se han determinado mediante analisis por Difraccion de Rayos X [DRX] para entender sus caracteristicas tecnologicas. Dichos analisis demuestran una produccion anforica homogenea y estandarizada, realizada con una pasta calcarea normalmente ...
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Se presenta un estudio de los alfares del ager Saguntinus en época romana a partir de los resultados de una campaña de prospecciones superficiales realizadas en el año 2018, con el objetivo de reubicar y documentar una serie de alfares... more
Se presenta un estudio de los alfares del ager Saguntinus en época romana a partir de los resultados de una campaña de prospecciones superficiales realizadas en el año 2018, con el objetivo de reubicar y documentar una serie de alfares conocidos de antaño, y poder llevar a cabo una primera aproximación a la caracterización tipológica y arqueométrica de sus producciones, en especial de las ánforas. Esta actuación se ha centrado, concretamente, en tres figlinae conocidas como Els Arcs (Estivella), Sabató II (Torres Torres) y Pla d’Orlell I (Vall d’Uixó), y ha permitido ampliar el conocimiento de las producciones cerámicas manufacturadas en dichos centros de producción. Entre otros aspectos, el estudio muestra la relevancia productiva y comercial del vino de Saguntum y contribuye a ampliar el conocimiento sobre su economía en época altoimperial.
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... Cambiar idioma Idioma Català. Cambiar. Aportaciones de la arqueometría al conocimiento de las cerámicas arqueológicas. Un ejemplo hispano. ...
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Durant les darreres dècades, els estudis arqueològics sobre la producció amforal al nord-est peninsular en època ibèrica i romana han comportat un gran avenç en el coneixement dels sistemes de producció i difusió dels diferents envasos.... more
Durant les darreres dècades, els estudis arqueològics sobre la producció amforal al nord-est peninsular en època ibèrica i romana han comportat un gran avenç en el coneixement dels sistemes de producció i difusió dels diferents envasos. Aquesta problemàtica arqueològica ha estat àmpliament abordada des de diverses disciplines que han donat lloc a grans treballs de síntesi (Comas 1985; Miró 1988; Revilla 1995; Tremoleda 2000; Tsantini 2007; Martínez 2008; López/Martín en premsa). Aquests permeten perfilar unes tendències generals sobre el context sòcio-econòmic en el que es va desenvolupar la producció i la difusió amforal. Tanmateix, resta clar que la realitat a les diverses àrees productores de la província i a l’interior de cada centre productor és força complexa. L’abast comercial d’aquestes àmfores és també divers segons les èpoques i les zones, però els diversos ports marítims de la Gàl·lia meridional semblen ser l’objectiu principal d’aquestes exportacions. L’estudi de l’arqui...
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Given the partial and limited archaeological information available for the study of wine production in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, this study aims to analyze the production... more
Given the partial and limited archaeological information available for the study of wine production in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, this study aims to analyze the production processes and trade of this agricultural surplus through the archaeological and archaeometrical characterization of wine amphorae. In this work we present the results of the thin section analysis of 58 Tarraconense 1 and Pascual 1 amphorae from several archaeological contexts from two port cities of Gallia Narbonensis –Narbo Martius (Narbonne) and Lattara (Lattes)– dating from 50 BC to the flavian period. The results have been compared with the large analytical database on these amphorae productions available at the Equip de Recerca Arqueologica i Arqueometrica de la Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB) in order to identify which areas participated in the trade from NE Spain to S France, which were the first exporting wine and at what time each area start...
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Research Interests: Archaeological Science, Mechanical Properties of Ceramics, Theoretical Archaeology, Archaeometry, Roman Pottery, and 7 moreBehavioral Archaeology, Amphorae (Archaeology), Provenance studies of archaeological material, Pottery technology and function, Roman Amphorae, Pottery Archaeology, and Tarraconensis Amphorae
Mitjancant la caracteritzacio arqueologica i arqueometrica, aquest estudi intenta donar resposta a diverses questions relacionades amb els processos de produccio i de difusio comercial de les amfores vinaries fabricades al nord-est... more
Mitjancant la caracteritzacio arqueologica i arqueometrica, aquest estudi intenta donar resposta a diverses questions relacionades amb els processos de produccio i de difusio comercial de les amfores vinaries fabricades al nord-est peninsular entre els s. I aC i I dC. L'estudi de les amfores Dressel 1, Tarraconense 1 i 3 i Pascual 1 d'alguns tallers situats a l'area central i sud de la costa catalana permet observar el grau d'estandarditzacio tecnologica, el grau d'homogeneitat de les diverses produccions i l'evolucio formal que caracteritza les produccions dels diversos centres o arees productores. La identificacio de la provinenca de les amfores, segons les caracteristiques composicionals i petrografiques de les amfores permet la determinacio dels Grups de Referencia (RG) corresponents a les produccions dels diversos tallers i les Unitats de Referencia Composicional de Pastes, especialment en el cas dels centres receptors. Esdeve aixi possible l'atribuc...
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The integration of the Bronze Age populations in Kyrgyzstan into the Andronovo sphere is largely based on the resemblance of the ceramic material discovered at the Kyrgyz sites with the pottery from various Andronovo sites, which has been... more
The integration of the Bronze Age populations in Kyrgyzstan into the Andronovo sphere is largely based on the resemblance of the ceramic material discovered at the Kyrgyz sites with the pottery from various Andronovo sites, which has been explained by human migrations. However, very few detailed pottery studies have been conducted, and no archaeometric analyses have been applied to date to the material from Kyrgyzstan. We present a first investigation on Bronze Age pottery from Uch Kurbu (Kyrgyzstan) through a combined archaeological (field-based stylistic and macroscopic examinations) and archaeometric (the application of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and thin-section Optical Microscopy) approaches. Compositional analyses on nine samples demonstrate an unexpected diversity in their provenance and a continuity in the main technological processes of pottery manufacture: raw material supply and processing to get coarse, low calcareous pastes, modelling using handmade methods a...
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Rapid intensity variations during the second half of the first millennium BCE in Central Asia and global implications. Raquel Bonilla-Alba1,2, Miriam Gómez-Paccard2, Francisco Javier Pavón-Carrasco1, Elisabet Beamud 3 , Verónica... more
Rapid intensity variations during the second half of the first millennium BCE in Central Asia and global implications. Raquel Bonilla-Alba1,2, Miriam Gómez-Paccard2, Francisco Javier Pavón-Carrasco1, Elisabet Beamud 3 , Verónica Martínez-Ferreras 4 , Josep Maria Gurt-Esparraguera 4 , Enrique Ariño-Gil 5 , Judit del Rio 2 , Alicia Palencia-Ortas 1,2 , Fátima Martín-Hernández 1,2 , Annick Chauvin 6 , and María Luisa Osete 1,2
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This paper presents the preliminary results obtained during the 3D recording campaign carried out in 2018 by the Spanish-Uzbek IPAEB mission in the archaeological site of Termez (southern border of Uzbekistan). Ancient Termez is an... more
This paper presents the preliminary results obtained during the 3D recording campaign carried out in 2018 by the Spanish-Uzbek IPAEB mission in the archaeological site of Termez (southern border of Uzbekistan). Ancient Termez is an important historical city within the Silk Road located in the ancient Bactria region. The archaeological work performed at the site since the beginning of the 20 th century allowed a large fortified urban complex to be identified that includes other walled enclosures inside it, i.e., a Hellenistic-Seleucid fortress founded after the campaigns of Alexander the Great in the late 4 th century BC, several Buddhist monastic complexes dated to the Kushan period (1 st to mid-3 rd centuries), and a large urban settlement dated to the Islamic period which includes the city proper or shahristan and the suburbs or rabad. After the destruction by Genghis Khan in 1220, Termez was rebuilt following a different plan. Major changes involved the movement of the pottery workshops from the rabad to the previous shahristan. The research focuses on: a) the identification, study and archaeological contextualization of ceramic production centres located in different areas of the ancient Termez from the Kushan to the Islamic period (1st to 14th centuries AD); b) the integration of the pottery workshops into the general topography of the site and c) the study of their evolution in relation to the transformation of the urban design. Since the site is currently located in a military area-close to the border area between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan-, the archaeological work is restricted to specific zones and the use of aerial devices such as drones is forbidden. However, this research requires both micro and macro spatial approaches to accurately record all the archaeological structures and to evaluate the integration and evolution of the pottery workshops into the general topography of the city. In order to fill this gap, declassified images of the CORONA satellite program were analyzed and compared to historical and archaeological data. In addition, we propose a geometrical and graphical recording and distribution system of the kilns-located in the rabad and the shahristan-and the ceramics produced and used in Termez during the period studied by means of photogrammetric techniques. The results are aimed at management through open-source 3D formats and web mapping GIS libraries combined with historical satellite information that defines the different archaeological areas.
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E. Compan, V. Martinez