Economics

Rezumat: La sfârșitul anilor 1990, sub presiunea instituțiilor financiare internaționale, România accepta un program de închidere a unor întreprinderi de stat care înregistrau pierderi istorice ridicate și considerate fără perspective de redresare. In contextul respectiv, materialul se doreşte o analiză a diferitelor aspectele care trebuie luate în considerare la fundamentarea corectă din punct de vedere economic a deciziei de lichidare a unei firme. Se iau în discuţie: impactul asupra rezultatelor macroeconomice, consecinţele asupra concurenţei intra-ramură, efectele induse în alte ramuri, situaţia financiară în relaţie cu partenerii de afaceri, raportul efort-efecte asupra bugetului de stat şi alternativa privatizării la orice preţ. Abstract: At the ends of 1990's under the pressure of the international financial institutions, Romania agreed to close some state-owned firms with significant and durable loses and limited perspectives. In this context, the present paper intend to offer an economic analysis of the main issues regarding the liquidation of state-owned companies. We discus on: the impact on macroeconomic results, on aggregate production, as well as on other industries production and supply; consequences on market competition; the influence of financial result of the firm on others, on its economic environment; economic perspectives of the unit and its market; effects and efforts for state budget and the alternative of privatization at any price.

The article offer a critical perspective of several elements and some
associated indicators used in characterizing and estimating the intensity of competition (i.e., the extent to which the mutual pressure of rivals is exerted on the market). We focus on the pricing policies of the firms and its impact and expected responses from competitors. Influences of substitutes and overall production capacity surplus are also analyzed.
JEL Classification: D40; D43; L11; L13; L41

The article present a brief analyze of theoretical virtues of free competition in relation with some visible limits and negative consequences observed in real economic life. Social intervention to correct (at least in part) those social failures and the new responses of the firms are discussed too. Possible motivations of these new actions are presented in connection with technocratic model of firm management. It seems that the model of professionalization of firm leadership created not only a new structure within the category of the intermediaries (one with extremely high powers), but later generated new interests typical for a social category. The intermediary develops his own agenda and seeks to control not only the market but also the business owners (which is possible in the conditions of the fragmentation of the large property). They have the power to distort and undermine normal competition (or at least to try it) and that conduct to some practices at legal and ethical borderline.

The article offer a critical perspective of several elements and some associated indicators used in characterizing and estimating the intensity of competition (i.e., the extent to which the mutual pressure of rivals is exerted on the market). We focus on the pricing policies of the firms and its impact and expected responses from competitors. Influences of substitutes and overall production capacity surplus are also analyzed.

Elements pour un concept renove de la concurrence parfait. L’article fait une analyse generale des principales conditions traditionnelles de la concurrence parfait, rapportee aussi a la realite economique contemporaine que aux modeles de la concurrence imparfaite. Lorsque certain de cette conditions ne sont pas exclusifs ou indispensables pour la “perfection” de la concurrence, ils est possible et justifie d’offre une nouvelle “definition” – plus pratique – de la concurrence parfait. Une concurrence effective et efficace, reelle et ne plussiez pas preponderante theorique. Une concurrence caracterise par un nombre relatif eleve des participants (mais pas infinie), acces egal aux informations (et ne pas une information parfait et absolu), la repartition des ressources exclusivement par l’action des lois economique, la liberte d’entrer sur marche et des echanges

At the ends of 1990’s under the pressure of the international financial institutions, Romania agreed to close some state-owned firms with significant and durable loses and limited perspectives. In this context, the present paper intends to offer an economic analysis of the main issues regarding the liquidation of state-owned companies. We discus on: the impact on macroeconomic results, on aggregate production, as well as on other industries production and supply; consequences on market competition; the influence of financial result of the firm on others, on its economic environment; economic perspectives of the unit and its market; effects and efforts for state budget and the alternative of privatization at any price.

The paper present a brief analyze of tools used in estimating competition in Romania from the perspectives of economic theories. From classical index such Concentration ratio or Herfindahl-Hirschman index to extensions as Average relative size of firm to some new proposals from Romanian economic literature. For all commented indicators are presented some data analysis and in particular on the correlation between number of firms and concentration. The main conclusions are in the direction of an aggregate index as sole realistic possibility to characterize the multidimensional aspects of competition (market structure, economic process, and strategic behavior) correlated with the critical observations presented.

The article present a brief analyze of theoretical virtues of free competition in relation with some visible limits and negative consequences observed in real economic life. Social intervention to correct (at least in part) those social failures and the new responses of the firms are discussed too. Possible motivations of these new actions are presented in connection with technocratic model of firm management. It seems that the model of professionalization of firm leadership created not only a new structure within the category of the intermediaries (one with extremely high powers), but later generated new interests typical for a social category. The intermediary develops his own agenda and seeks to control not only the market but also the business owners (which is possible in the conditions of the fragmentation of the large property). They have the power to distort and undermine normal competition (or at least to try it) and that conduct to some practices at legal and ethical border...

This paper presents the Hirschmann concentration index computed for the case of Romania during the transition period. We also computed this index regarding the trade of Romania with EU, as most part of Romanian's trade is oriented towards this area. The indicator is im- portant as it permits, by intermediate results, to find out the groups which are primarily ex-