Papers by Patricia Kauark-Leite
Luigi Caranti & Alessandro Pinzani (ed.), Kant and the Problem of Knowledge. Rethinking the Contemporary World, 2023
The aim of this work is to discuss the role of reflective judgments in Kant’s
theory of epistemic... more The aim of this work is to discuss the role of reflective judgments in Kant’s
theory of epistemic normativity. Konstantin Pollok (2017), in his book Kant’s
Theory of Normativity, seems to restrict epistemic normativity merely to the
domain of the conceptual rules of the faculty of understanding. In contrast
to him, I would like to argue that, beyond the conceptual rules of the faculty
of understanding, the normative function of reflective inferences of the teleological
power of judgment is also crucial not only for biology or history but
also for physics, in order to constitute our knowledge of the physical world
as an organic and unified system. This paper is divided into four parts. First,
I will argue in what sense theoretical judgments about physical nature can
be considered normative even though nature is the realm of what actually is,
and not the realm of what ought to be. Second, I will discuss the normativity
of the two kinds of causality: real and ideal. Third, I’ll examine the normative
function of the concept of the purposiveness of nature when it is applied
to two different domains: that of organic beings and that of physical science.
Finally, I conclude by stressing the specific normative role of reflective causal
inference in physical theories.
Sérgio Antônio Silva, Lucia Castello Branco, Lia Krucken (ed.), 4 Inutilezas para um mundo bárbaro, 2021
Pretendo neste trabalho tecer algumas considerações sobre o iluminismo, em especial, sobre o ilum... more Pretendo neste trabalho tecer algumas considerações sobre o iluminismo, em especial, sobre o iluminismo kantiano, ou iluminismo crítico, que eu gostaria de contrapor a um outro tipo de iluminismo, que aqui chamo de iluminismo positivista. Ao final eu gostaria de propor uma terceira acepção de iluminismo que passo a denominar de iluminismo poiético.
Mateus Araújo e Patrícia Kauark-Leite. "Notas sobre a visão não tutelada em Brakhage e Kant". Estudos Kantianos, Vol. 9, n.1, jan-jun 2021, p.59-75, 2021
resumo: Este trabalho sugere uma comparação preliminar entre dois autores de tradições muito ... more resumo: Este trabalho sugere uma comparação preliminar entre dois autores de tradições muito distintas - o cineasta experimental Stan Brakhage e o filósofo da cognição Immanuel Kant - em torno do tema da percepção não conceitual. Nosso objetivo é o de ampliar as perspectivas de compreensão desses autores pelo confronto de suas abordagens de um tema caro a ambos: a natureza da sensibilidade e da faculdade sensível imaginativa. O artigo está dividido em cinco seções. Na primeira, apresentamos a poética cinematográfica de Brakhage, no Prelúdio do filme Dog Star Man (1961) e na primeira parte de seu manifesto Metáforas da Visão (1963), tomando como guia sua metáfora do olho não tutelado por conceitos. Na segunda, situamos a perspectiva de Brakhage à luz do debate contemporâneo sobre o não-conceitualismo kantiano. Na terceira, apresentamos brevemente aspectos da teoria kantiana da percepção que nos permitem confrontá-la com a proposta de Brakhage. Na quarta, buscamos ampliar a análise da experiência perceptual na perspectiva da imaginação em ambos os autores. E na seção final, para concluir, procuramos extrair algumas consequências desse confronto.
palavras-chave: Stan Brakhage. Immanuel Kant. Experiência perceptual. Imaginação.
abstract: This work suggests a preliminary comparison between two authors from very different traditions - the experimental filmmaker Stan Brakhage and the philosopher of cognition Immanuel Kant - around the theme of non-conceptual perception. By confronting their approaches regarding the nature of sensibility and sensitive imaginative faculty, our aim is to broaden understanding of both perspectives. The article is divided into five sections. In the first, we present Brakhage’s cinematographic poetics, in the Prelude to the film Dog Star Man (1961) and in the first part of his manifesto Metaphors of Vision (1963), taking as a guide his metaphor of the eye untutored by concepts. In the second, we situate Brakhage’s perspective in light of the contemporary debate on Kantian non-conceptualism. In the third, we briefly present aspects of the Kantian theory of perception that allow us to confront it with Brakhage’s proposal. In the fourth, we seek to broaden the analysis of perceptual experience from the perspective of imagination in both authors. And to conclude, in the final section, we try to draw some consequences of this confrontation.
keywords: Stan Brakhage. Immanuel Kant. Perceptual experience. Imagination.
Ensaios sobre Kant, Ciencia e Natureza Humana. Ed. Patricia Kauark-Leite, 2018
Robert Hanna em seu livro Kant, Science, and Human Nature considera o problema das duas imagens c... more Robert Hanna em seu livro Kant, Science, and Human Nature considera o problema das duas imagens como sendo "o problema básico da filosofia analítica europeia e anglo-americana após 1950-e talvez seja ele o proble-ma fundamental da filosofia moderna" 76. Tal problema pode ser descrito como o de reconciliar duas concepções ou imagens metafísicas do mundo aparentemente anta-gônicas, conflitantes e excludentes, que Sellars, no seu célebre texto "Philosophy and the scientific image of man", nomeou-as como imagem manifesta e imagem científica do mundo. Hanna caracteriza a imagem manifesta como sendo aquela "produzida pela experiência consciente dos seres humanos racionais e que é subjetiva, fenomênica, perspectivista, teleológica, carregada de valor, pessoal e moral". E a imagem científica como aquela produzida "pela matemática pura e pelas ciências naturais básicas e que é objetiva, não-fenomênica, não-perspectivista, mecanicista, de valor neutro, impessoal e amoral". Hanna também considera que o objetivo maior do seu livro Kant, Science, and Human Nature é o de encontrar uma solução kantiana para tal problema. Em vista disso, este meu trabalho tem um duplo objetivo: em primeiro lugar, analisar a solução kantiana proposta por Robert Hanna para o problema das duas imagens nesse seu livro; em segundo lugar, apresentar uma solução alternativa que considero, por um lado, mais coerente com o idealismo transcendental kantiano e, por outro, mais aplicável ao contexto da ciência contemporânea.
Natur und Freiheit: Akten des XII. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses, hrsg. v. Violetta L. Waibel, Margit Ruffing und David Wagner,, 2018
In Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason we find the idea that providing a causal explanation for a cert... more In Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason we find the idea that providing a causal explanation for a certain natural phenomenon is necessarily equivalent with providing a sufficient reason for the occurrence of that phenomenon. In this work, I examine, first, this fundamental equivalence between the principle of causality and the principle of sufficient reason as it is presented in the “Second Analogy of Experience” and second, I explore this equivalence in contrast with other forms of explanations, in the light of the distinction between mechanical causality and teleological causality, as presented in the Critique of the Power of Judgment. I aim to show, contrary to what Béatrice Longuenesse² has argued, that the principle of sufficient reason, in the context of scientific explanation of nature, cannot be either identified with or otherwise reduced to the principle of causality in “Second Analogy of Experience”.
J. Faye and H. Folse (eds.), Niels Bohr and the Philosophy of Physics, London: Bloomsbury Academic., 2017
This chapter has two aims: first, to analyze the different formulations of Niels Bohr’s Principle... more This chapter has two aims: first, to analyze the different formulations of Niels Bohr’s Principle of Complementarity, from a broad philosophical point-of-view that cannot be reduced to the wave-particle duality, as related to mutually exclusive experimental arrangements; and second, to discuss the arguments for and against the alleged violation of the Principle of Complementarity in new quantum experimental contexts, especially the Afshar experiment. In the first section, I present some general considerations concerning Bohr’s Principle of Complementarity. In the second section, I critically examine attempts to restrict the complementarity principle and its application to the so-called “intermediate situations.” In the third section, I critically reconstruct arguments in the context of the Afshar experiment for its alleged violation of the Principle of Complementarity. And in the fourth and final section, I critically evaluate the philosophical implications of “which-way” experiments for testing complementarity.
Estudos Kantianos, 2017
Resumo: O objetivo deste texto é ampliar o escopo da reflexão sobre as condições transcendentais ... more Resumo: O objetivo deste texto é ampliar o escopo da reflexão sobre as condições transcendentais de validação da objetividade científica de modo a incluir a dimensão reguladora da razão do sensus communis, tomando como base algumas distinções importantes estabelecidas por Kant na Crítica da Faculdade de Julgar, especialmente na “Crítica da Faculdade do Juízo Estético”, em textos da Lógica, bem como em outros escritos de Kant pós 1781. O meu ponto de vista é que essa perspectiva ampliada sobre a natureza da razão, que enfatiza o seu caráter comunicativo e comunitário, pode ajudar-nos a compreender problemas filosoficamente relevantes relativos à objetividade abstrata da ciência, especialmente da microfísica, que lida com entidades inobserváveis, não acessíveis à experiência direta.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to think about the transcendental conditions of validation of scientific objectivity from a perspective broadened by the Critique of the Power of Judgment, especially the “Critique of the Aesthetic Power of Judgment”, by the Logic texts, as well as by some Kant’s writings after 1781, which seek to emphasize the reason of the sensus communis. My point is that this broadened perspective on the nature of reason, emphasizing its communicative and communal character, can help us to understand philosophically relevant problems concerning the abstract objectivity of microphysics.
Kant-Studien, 2017
Contrary to what is usually assumed, I argue that the concept of absolute space at work in Kant’s... more Contrary to what is usually assumed, I argue that the concept of absolute space at work in Kant’s 1768 pre-Critical text, Directions in Space, is closer to the transcendental notions presented in his Critical period from 1781 onwards, particularly in the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, than to the Newtonian realistic conception of absolute space as a noumenal entity. Kant’s distinction between four notions of space – space as a pure form of intuition, the geometric conception of space, the empirical conception of space, and space as an idea of reason – is brought to bear in analyzing the conception of absolute space operative in this pre-Critical text.
This paper is concerned with Robert Hanna " s Kantian solution to the Two Images Problem and his ... more This paper is concerned with Robert Hanna " s Kantian solution to the Two Images Problem and his defense of Kant " s supposed manifest realism. My aim is to offer an alternative solution that I consider, on the one hand, more coherent with Kant's transcendental idealism, and, on the other, better fitted to the context of physical contemporary science. By contrast to Hanna " s account, I argue that Kant is the most radical representative of an antirealist position in the philosophy of science that allows us to overcome the impasses and limitations of empiricist anti-realism and the whole range of variations of realistic perspectives.
Kriterion, Dec 2016
ABSTRACT In the current debate between scientific realism and empiricism, both sides seem to embr... more ABSTRACT In the current debate between scientific realism and empiricism, both sides seem to embrace some sort of structuralism as an important component of their descriptions of science. The structural realism is generally presented in two versions: one ontic and the other epistemic. It has been argued that that epistemic structural realism (ESR) is close, if not identical, to a Kantian approach. We aim to show that this is not the case, since ESR, being fundamentally a realist position, cannot be fully consistent with a transcendental approach. Such a position is better called transcendental structuralism (TS), an alternative that we believe is worth being investigated on its own. In this paper, we will take Henry Allison’s interpretation of transcendental idealism as a starting point to establish the distinctions between ESR and TS.
Revista de Estudios Kantianos, 2016
The aim of this paper is to show that in the contemporary context of quantum theory, the Kantian ... more The aim of this paper is to show that in the contemporary context of quantum theory, the Kantian radical distinction between theoretical and practical reason can no longer be held. I argue that the theoretical and a priori subjective conditions of experience, as represented in quantum mechanics, are inexorably connected to the a priori conditions of communication between agents in the world. Therefore, theoretical reason cannot be detached from practical reason, as Kant holds, but on the contrary we now have one unified capacity for reason that is at the same time theoretical and practical, and, in that sense, transcendental-pragmatic.
Kant and the Metaphors of Reason, 2015
As is well-known, Kant properly identifies the sphere of scientific knowledge as that of Newtonia... more As is well-known, Kant properly identifies the sphere of scientific knowledge as that of Newtonian physics. If the determination of the limits of the natural science is still a challenging task for philosophical inquiry, it remains to investigate the new a priori conditions of limitation concerning current scientific knowledge. It is noteworthy that Kantian epistemology played a crucial role in the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory, particularly in the so-called complementarity interpretation proposed by Niels Bohr. However, with Kant, the investigation of the limits of knowledge was a task for philosophers and not genuinely for scientists. In contrast, to Bohr and Heisenberg, this is presented to the theoretical physicist as an intrinsic condition of their research activity, in order to make sense of the new rational standards introduced by the theory. This essay presents and discusses some of the new conditions of limitation imposed by quantum rationality on human capacity for reason, from a transcendental point of view. Section 1 explores the relevance of transcendental perspective in the analysis of quantum theory. Section 2 tries to establish possible relationships between the philosophical thought of Bohr and Kant, emphasizing the cleavage introduced by Bohr’s principle of complementarity between spatio-temporal intuition and the principle of causality. Finally, Section 3 provides a defense of a transcendental account of quantum physics, but one that is not strictly Kantian, in favor of more flexible a priori conditions.
Revista UFMG, 2015
Este ensaio explora possíveis aproximações entre o filme-poema "Nom à la mer", de Safaa Fathy, e ... more Este ensaio explora possíveis aproximações entre o filme-poema "Nom à la mer", de Safaa Fathy, e a natureza não representacional da mecânica quântica, tendo como pano de fundo as filosofias de Niels Bohr e Jacques Derrida.
Estudos Kantianos, v. 2, n. 2, p. 183-200, Jul./Dez., 2014
In Kant’s Transcendental Analytic we find the idea that providing a causal explanation for a cert... more In Kant’s Transcendental Analytic we find the idea that providing a causal explanation for a certain phenomenon is necessarily equivalent with providing a sufficient reason for the occurrence of that phenomenon. In this paper, I examine in detail this fundamental equivalence between the principle of causality and the principle of sufficient reason as it is presented by Kant in the Critique of pure reason as well as other Kantian texts. Above all, by analyzing the conflict between the dynamical and mechanical theories of matter in the Metaphysical foundations of natural science, I aim to show that the principle of sufficient reason, in the context of empirical sciences, cannot be reduced to the principle of the determination of an objective temporal ordering of the objects of perception, contrary to what is argued by Longuenesse in her 2001 paper.
ANALYTICA, Rio de Janeiro, vol 17 nº 1, 2013, p. 59-78.
Marques, U. R. A. (ed.). (2012). Kant e a Biologia. São Paulo: Barcarolla., 2012
Pretende-se, neste trabalho, analisar as diferenças entre estas
duas áreas do conhecimento - Fís... more Pretende-se, neste trabalho, analisar as diferenças entre estas
duas áreas do conhecimento - Física e Biologia- no interior do
sistema kantiano da razão teórica. O nosso objetivo é mostrar que na arquitetônica kantiana os juízos teleológicos desempenham um papel fundamental não apenas na Biologia, mas também na Física. Não sendo os juízos teleológicos determinantes na discriminação entre Física e Biologia, outros critérios metodológicos serão evidenciados para traçar um paralelo entre essas duas ciências.
Scientiæ Studia, São Paulo, v. 10, n. 1, p. 165-77, 2012
Manuscrito – Rev. Int. Fil., Campinas, v. 33, n. 1, p. 243-267, jan.-jun. 2010.
M. Bitbol et al. (eds.), Constituting Objectivity: Transcendental Perspectives on Modern Physics. Springer , 2009, 2009
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Papers by Patricia Kauark-Leite
theory of epistemic normativity. Konstantin Pollok (2017), in his book Kant’s
Theory of Normativity, seems to restrict epistemic normativity merely to the
domain of the conceptual rules of the faculty of understanding. In contrast
to him, I would like to argue that, beyond the conceptual rules of the faculty
of understanding, the normative function of reflective inferences of the teleological
power of judgment is also crucial not only for biology or history but
also for physics, in order to constitute our knowledge of the physical world
as an organic and unified system. This paper is divided into four parts. First,
I will argue in what sense theoretical judgments about physical nature can
be considered normative even though nature is the realm of what actually is,
and not the realm of what ought to be. Second, I will discuss the normativity
of the two kinds of causality: real and ideal. Third, I’ll examine the normative
function of the concept of the purposiveness of nature when it is applied
to two different domains: that of organic beings and that of physical science.
Finally, I conclude by stressing the specific normative role of reflective causal
inference in physical theories.
palavras-chave: Stan Brakhage. Immanuel Kant. Experiência perceptual. Imaginação.
abstract: This work suggests a preliminary comparison between two authors from very different traditions - the experimental filmmaker Stan Brakhage and the philosopher of cognition Immanuel Kant - around the theme of non-conceptual perception. By confronting their approaches regarding the nature of sensibility and sensitive imaginative faculty, our aim is to broaden understanding of both perspectives. The article is divided into five sections. In the first, we present Brakhage’s cinematographic poetics, in the Prelude to the film Dog Star Man (1961) and in the first part of his manifesto Metaphors of Vision (1963), taking as a guide his metaphor of the eye untutored by concepts. In the second, we situate Brakhage’s perspective in light of the contemporary debate on Kantian non-conceptualism. In the third, we briefly present aspects of the Kantian theory of perception that allow us to confront it with Brakhage’s proposal. In the fourth, we seek to broaden the analysis of perceptual experience from the perspective of imagination in both authors. And to conclude, in the final section, we try to draw some consequences of this confrontation.
keywords: Stan Brakhage. Immanuel Kant. Perceptual experience. Imagination.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to think about the transcendental conditions of validation of scientific objectivity from a perspective broadened by the Critique of the Power of Judgment, especially the “Critique of the Aesthetic Power of Judgment”, by the Logic texts, as well as by some Kant’s writings after 1781, which seek to emphasize the reason of the sensus communis. My point is that this broadened perspective on the nature of reason, emphasizing its communicative and communal character, can help us to understand philosophically relevant problems concerning the abstract objectivity of microphysics.
duas áreas do conhecimento - Física e Biologia- no interior do
sistema kantiano da razão teórica. O nosso objetivo é mostrar que na arquitetônica kantiana os juízos teleológicos desempenham um papel fundamental não apenas na Biologia, mas também na Física. Não sendo os juízos teleológicos determinantes na discriminação entre Física e Biologia, outros critérios metodológicos serão evidenciados para traçar um paralelo entre essas duas ciências.
theory of epistemic normativity. Konstantin Pollok (2017), in his book Kant’s
Theory of Normativity, seems to restrict epistemic normativity merely to the
domain of the conceptual rules of the faculty of understanding. In contrast
to him, I would like to argue that, beyond the conceptual rules of the faculty
of understanding, the normative function of reflective inferences of the teleological
power of judgment is also crucial not only for biology or history but
also for physics, in order to constitute our knowledge of the physical world
as an organic and unified system. This paper is divided into four parts. First,
I will argue in what sense theoretical judgments about physical nature can
be considered normative even though nature is the realm of what actually is,
and not the realm of what ought to be. Second, I will discuss the normativity
of the two kinds of causality: real and ideal. Third, I’ll examine the normative
function of the concept of the purposiveness of nature when it is applied
to two different domains: that of organic beings and that of physical science.
Finally, I conclude by stressing the specific normative role of reflective causal
inference in physical theories.
palavras-chave: Stan Brakhage. Immanuel Kant. Experiência perceptual. Imaginação.
abstract: This work suggests a preliminary comparison between two authors from very different traditions - the experimental filmmaker Stan Brakhage and the philosopher of cognition Immanuel Kant - around the theme of non-conceptual perception. By confronting their approaches regarding the nature of sensibility and sensitive imaginative faculty, our aim is to broaden understanding of both perspectives. The article is divided into five sections. In the first, we present Brakhage’s cinematographic poetics, in the Prelude to the film Dog Star Man (1961) and in the first part of his manifesto Metaphors of Vision (1963), taking as a guide his metaphor of the eye untutored by concepts. In the second, we situate Brakhage’s perspective in light of the contemporary debate on Kantian non-conceptualism. In the third, we briefly present aspects of the Kantian theory of perception that allow us to confront it with Brakhage’s proposal. In the fourth, we seek to broaden the analysis of perceptual experience from the perspective of imagination in both authors. And to conclude, in the final section, we try to draw some consequences of this confrontation.
keywords: Stan Brakhage. Immanuel Kant. Perceptual experience. Imagination.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to think about the transcendental conditions of validation of scientific objectivity from a perspective broadened by the Critique of the Power of Judgment, especially the “Critique of the Aesthetic Power of Judgment”, by the Logic texts, as well as by some Kant’s writings after 1781, which seek to emphasize the reason of the sensus communis. My point is that this broadened perspective on the nature of reason, emphasizing its communicative and communal character, can help us to understand philosophically relevant problems concerning the abstract objectivity of microphysics.
duas áreas do conhecimento - Física e Biologia- no interior do
sistema kantiano da razão teórica. O nosso objetivo é mostrar que na arquitetônica kantiana os juízos teleológicos desempenham um papel fundamental não apenas na Biologia, mas também na Física. Não sendo os juízos teleológicos determinantes na discriminação entre Física e Biologia, outros critérios metodológicos serão evidenciados para traçar um paralelo entre essas duas ciências.
Todos os textos aqui reunidos foram apresentados e debatidos num Workshop organizado por Patrícia Kauark na UFMG em 2015. P. Kauark ganhou merecida notoriedade quando seu livro Théorie quantique et philosophie transcendentale: dialogues possible, publicado de 2012, foi agraciado na França com o prêmio da Academia de Ciências Morais e Políticas.
Guido A. de Almeida
En conclusion, l'auteur défend et adopte une interprétation pragmatique transcendantale, dont la tâche principale est de donner une justification philosophique à la dimension nécessairement intersubjective de l'objectivité quantique.