Sena H Zaganor

From the ancient times onwards, the definition and the concept of dreams have always been open to discussions and various interpretations. They have been defined as the messages we receive from the macrocosms(heavens or the forces warning us from up above) until Freud disbanded their stereotypical perception by which they were considered as the reflection of individual's hidden self and all undisclosed desires. Before that time of the crucial breakdown about dreams, the approach towards it was a way more primitive and metaphysical one, leading the individual to observe them as a message, a lesson to be learned, and a more meaningful term rather than a flash memory card which is to reveal our obscurity, as some of us still utilize them with that manner. Until this shift of perception, dreams have also been the indispensible element for literature, guiding the characters to recognitions or simply affecting them in all terms, especially in Shakespeare's plays. So this paper is going to extend the title and analize the "dream" as a vital element by means of Shakespearean drama, with regards to Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar and Macbeth. Biography: Sena Hilal Zaganor is a third-grade student at the department of Western Languages and Literatures at Kocaeli University. She participated in the 5 th Student Conference at Karadeniz Technical University in May 18, 2016 with a paper titled "Romanticism and Christianity in Rime of the Ancient Mariner". She is one of the board members of the English Language and Literature Club at Kocaeli University. Her literary concerns are poetry, drama, English Romantic Poetry, English Gothic Literature, Renaissance art and subconscious through poetry and she also studies works of Shakespeare as an undergraduate student this year, which has a significant impact on her to attend the conference which will be held this year.

There are factual and intellectual factors in the origins of Romanticism. As for the first one, Romanticism owes its birth to the negative consequences of Industrial Revolution which enthralled the English society by shattering the natural conditions of the cities. On the other hand, the previous intellectual world is also a productive force for Romantic writing. The Romantic Movement can be accepted as a reaction to the consequential impacts of Neoclassicism on faith and religious approach, which demands the literary concern to be progressive, critical, rational and based on reason. Neoclassicism situated the imaginative vocation in the lower faculties of mind, which, later on, turns out to be a target board, at which Romantic poets took aim. Therefore, while imagination and nature play a central role in creating a romantic picture of life, the expression of religion has a very personal tone. In this context, The Rime of The Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is the product of the mentality which is devoted to the powers of imagination and religious wonders. The products of imagination such as albatross and many more are loaded with religious implications, symbolism and natural metaphors. This paper intends to analyse The Rime of The Ancient Mariner in terms of Christian and Romantic elements.

Romanticism owes its birth to the negative consequences of Industrial Revolution which enthralled the English by shattering the natural atmosphere of the cities. The Romantic Movement is, besides the impacts of Neoclassicism on faith and religious approach of the people, also a reaction to its mentality, which demands the literary corcern to be progressive, critical, rational and based on reason. Neoclassicism situated the imaginative vocation in the lower faculties of mind, which, later on, turns out to be a target board, at which Romantic poets took aim. In this case, Rime of The Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is the product of the mentality which is devoted to the powers of imagination and religious wonders. Therefore this research intends to textualize the excerpts taken from the articles written by the different points of view which analyze the poem with a consideration on its relation to the period. This research, which relies on the scholarly articles, clarifies the ways Rime of The Ancient Mariner reflects the Christian and Romantic elements by presenting quotations and citations. In order to conclude a research paper focusing on an analysis of a substancial poem, I have read the poem more than a few times and searched on the internet for scholarly articles written by the authors whose literary background is broadened.

's manifestation and Paine's reasoning, based on common sense, of American Revolution derives from the intolerable treatments of the British Crown: the excessive taxes; its using the American military troops to wage war against the other European colonial powerd and its lacking any kind of support which was to be sufficient. So these extravagances of ill treatments stimulated the act of independence and separation from the Crown, which is defined unfriendly, unlike the American continental identity being friendly and containing just judgements instead, and consequently leading them to claim their righteous autonomy all over the continent; not as "the affair of a City, a County, a Province, or a Kingdom, but of a Continent", which corresponds to "at least one eighth part of the habitable Globe." Paine employs an analogy to liberate American identity from the British influence on commerce, finance, or any other area, which indicates that Britain is a mother to the baby land, America. According to his argument, just because America was born of Britain's support, protection and nutrition does not mean that the whole continent will remain dependant on the mother, Britain. Instead, America tends to flourish itself. And siding with Britain against the Spanish and the French would only lead it to the abandonment of the friendly American nature. Unlike the mother, the child land wants to establish an equable affair with them. First of all, they were the descendants of those who once moved to the continent for the sake of civility and religious liberty; so accordingly parted from the corrupted religious institutions in England and constructed a new civilization and formed a new understanding of social life, economy, work ethics etc. One of the influences on how the proud American identity took shaped was their preparations and national awakening in the eve of American Revolution. Colonists were divided in to two groups: the loyalists, who held that they need the support of Britain, and the American rebels, who were ready to rebel against the Crown for the sake of one united nation, causing them to be dubbed "Patriots". Therefore, the Rebels developed a new identity which helped their resistance against the Great Britain.

There are factual and intellectual factors in the origins of Romanticism. As for the first one, Romanticism owes its birth to the negative consequences of Industrial Revolution which enthralled the English society by shattering the natural conditions of the cities and the destructive impact on individuals. On the other hand, the previous intellectual world is also a productive force for Romantic writing. The Romantic Movement can be accepted as a reaction to the consequential impacts of Neoclassicism on faith and religious approach, which demands the literary concern to be progressive, critical, rational and based on reason. Neoclassicism situated the imaginative vocation in the lower faculties of mind, which, later on, turns out to be a target board, at which Romantic poets took aim. Therefore imagination and nature play a central role in creating a romantic picture of life. In his Preface from Lyrical Ballads, William Wordsworth defined poetry as "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings," and the composition of a poem as "emotion recollected in tranquillity" by which the poet intends to share a memory rather than to construct a scheme and achieve the decorum as the neoclassical poets did. Wordsworth appreciated the ordinary men and named the poet "man speaking to men," therefore he focused on the use of common language rather than an elevated one. Speaking of imagination, Wordsworth and Coleridge exhibited a definition which is based on the perception of the speaker. To Coleridge, imagination was a path to supernatural elements, whereas, for Wordsworth, it was a tool to shape the reality and recreate it by means of poet's subjectivity. Consequently the evaluation of nature was, differently from neoclassicism, perceptional and subjective as classified to outside nature(which is observed through senses) and inside nature(which depends on poet's psychology). In his "Composed Upon Westminster Bridge" Wordsworth drew a picture which narrates a peaceful scenery in an industrialized city when the sun did not rise yet and the city life has not begun. Even though the city is man-made it is not in conflict with nature having a heart and been personified with "lying still". The subject is quiet mundane since it is about an ordinary city but the speaker is pleasant spectating it with his aroused feeling of tranquillity besides being astonished: "Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! In "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by S. T. Coleridge the deification of nature and the use of imagination can be observed through Mariner's suffering through "thirst", his "solitude" after "shooting the albatross" and the whole narration itself. The fiction in the poem is supernatural with the integration of the elements such as "the curse" and "haunting voices", "Life-in-Death and Death" as allegorical characters. Ever since the beginning of Queen Victoria's reign, the progress on manufacturing-consequentially the economy-transportation, science and art reached its peak. With the great expansion over faraway lands and Britain's world-leading economy entitled the nation "the empire on which the sun never sets". The implementation of Reform Act in 1832 introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. The rise of the evangelicalism which linked personal morality with a strong commitment to social influenced many Victorians, including William Gladstone. Some turned to religion in seeking answers. In On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution which was considered by some as a direct challenge to Biblical truth.

Every story has its own unique constituents such as characterization, theme or narration while some of them lack the elements which, actually, are to be elaborated. In case of the remark which highlights that the term "component" enforces rules to writers and mars the originality of the work, the purpose is to comprise an elegant story-telling of these basic components, which helps broaden the readers' horizon and gain their interest, instead of distracting them from story-reading.