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jairo ramirez
  • Venezuela
Geostatistics are applied in many fields in order to simulate and estimate regionalized variables. Was born in 60s - 70s, but reach its actual magnitude in 90s. Exist a long list of techniques, which can be separated in 5 main groups:... more
Geostatistics are applied in many fields in order to simulate and estimate regionalized variables. Was born in 60s - 70s, but reach its actual magnitude in 90s. Exist a long list of techniques, which can be separated in 5 main groups: linear geostatistic, non stationary, multivariate, non linear and simulations. In this work is analyzed each one of those groups. Is also analyzed the development reached by this science, which is considered ones of the recent branches of the applied mathematics.
From July 1979 to December 1985 we observed 51 patients with traumatic lesions of the descending thoracic aorta. Twenty-nine had acute ruptures, mostly accompanied by multiple injuries, and 27 had to be operated upon immediately.... more
From July 1979 to December 1985 we observed 51 patients with traumatic lesions of the descending thoracic aorta. Twenty-nine had acute ruptures, mostly accompanied by multiple injuries, and 27 had to be operated upon immediately. Twenty-two patients (19 males, 3 females) had chronic traumatic aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta (more than six weeks after trauma). Mean age at the time of trauma was 24 years. Mean age at time of surgery was 36.5 years. Twelve patients were symptomatic. All were treated surgically. At surgery, complete aortic disruption was found in 15 patients and partial rupture in seven. We did not use aortic shunting of any kind, only aortic cross-clamping. Hypertension was controlled by intravenous drug infusion. The ruptured aortic segment was replaced in all cases by prosthetic Dacron graft. There were no operative deaths. One patient (age 77) died 11 weeks after surgery from multiple organ failure. One case of postoperative paraplegia was observed. This patient recovered almost completely from his neurological deficit. Como es sabido el trauma torácico por desaceleración permanece como una de la situaciones potencialmente más funestas en donde la muerte por hemorragia masiva es inmediata en la mayoría de los pacientes, produciendo en el 50% de los supervivientes, la muerte en el curso de las 24 h. siguientes al traumatismo. A pesar de todo el 5% de los enfermos con traumatismo torácico abandona el hospital con un aneurisma traumático de la aorta torácica. Creen los autores que el tejido fibroso está organizado a las 6 semanas de la ruptura definiendo a esta situación clínica como «aneurisma crónico traumático», rechazando la duración de los 3 meses fijados por Finkelmeier en 1982. Estos aneurismas nunca llegan a ser estables y cuando son diagnosticados deben ser operados. Desde Julio de 1979 a Diciembre de 1985, los autores han tratado 51 enfermos con lesiones traumáticas de la aorta torácica descendente. De estos 22 tenían un aneurisma crónico traumático, definido éste con el que posee un tiempo de evolución superior a 6 semanas. El presente artículo trata precisamente de este grupo de 22 enfermos, 19 hombres y 3 mujeres con una edad media de 24 años al momento del traumatismo y 36.5 años a la cirugía. Sólo 12 de los 22 pacientes presentaron síntomas de entre los cuales destacan afonía, dolor torácico, dísnea y compresión del bronquio principal izquíerdo, siendo estos el resultado del crecimiento del pseudoaneurisma. El diagnóstico fue confirmado en todos los casos por aortografía torácica y tomografía computerizada del tórax. La técnica quirúrgica consistió en una tóracotomia izquierda a través del 3° y 4° espacio. El paciente se intuba selectivamente para facilitar el colapso del pulmón. Se sigue la técnica de Crawford sin shunt y con hipotensores. En todos los casos se sustituyó el segmento afecto por Dacron. En 15 había una rotura completa y en 7 sólo parcial. No hubo mortalidad operatoria, con complicaciones en 8 enfermos (lesión del nervio recurrente laríngeo). Un enfermo de 77 años falleció por complicaciones respiratorias, 11 fumaban después de la cirugía. El único caso de paraplejia se dio en un enfermo de 29 años por hipotensión prolongada durante el clampaje de aorta no hubo mortalidad tardía. Desde la primera intervención en Europa efectuada por Heberer en 1959 con by-pass aurículo-femoral, hasta el momento actual con la técnica de Crawford, se ha avanzado considerablemente en el manejo de estas complejas situaciones clínicas. Es generalmente aceptado que deben tratarse quirúrgicamente por-que la tendencia es a al ruptura. Los autores creen que los casos de paraplejia se reducen con la circulación extracorpórea, sino que es de capital importancia el control de la tensión arterial. En su experiencia el uso de drogas hipotensoras aumenta el gasto cardíco y mejora la circulación colateral durante el clampaje.
To describe innovative programs within the Kaiser Permanente Pharmacy Department in the Colorado Region. One of eight regions of the nation's largest... more
To describe innovative programs within the Kaiser Permanente Pharmacy Department in the Colorado Region. One of eight regions of the nation's largest nonprofit health maintenance organization. The pharmacy department comprises two services, Clinical Pharmacy Services and Pharmacy Operations/Support Services, which are integrated to provide comprehensive care. Within Clinical Pharmacy Services, the Primary Care Clinical Pharmacy Services team works alongside physicians to provide integrated patient care. The Centralized Clinical Pharmacy Service teams manage large groups of patients effectively and efficiently. The Clinical Pharmacy Specialty staff and the Disease State Management clinical pharmacy specialists provide focused drug therapy expertise. Clinical and economic outcomes; recognition by national organizations. Technological innovations are used within Pharmacy Operations/Support Services to increase pharmacists' time for patient care activities. The use of technology by the Pharmacy Automated Refill Center and the implementation of ScriptPro in the medical office pharmacies decrease dispensing demands by processing large volumes of prescriptions. Workflow in the medical office pharmacies has also been reengineered to increase efficiency. Various programs have been developed by the Pharmacy Information Technology Service to support patient care initiatives. Benchmark clinical and economic outcomes have been demonstrated. Positive outcomes have also resulted in quality and safety awards and captured the attention of national pharmacy and medical organizations. The Colorado Region Pharmacy Department has been recognized as a leader in pharmacy practice through the development of innovative services that provide exceptional patient care.