Universiteit Leiden (PhD, 2016; AM, 2000), Université de Paris III (maîtrise, 1997), New York University (BA, 1996). Supervisors: Willem Adelaar (PhD), Terrence Kaufman (PhD), Annette Veerman-Leichsenring (Advanced Masters), and Jacqueline Vaissière (Maîtrise)
This article examines the word histories of 12 nouns (eight zoonyms, two other lifeform names, an... more This article examines the word histories of 12 nouns (eight zoonyms, two other lifeform names, and two toponyms) in Mixtec, a shallow or emergent language family of Mesoamerica. It argues that these nouns—now morphologically opaque—are fused compounds that arose from the Mixtec vocabulary of the mantic count of 260 days, a temporal organization that was part of the common cultural heritage of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican peoples. With the European colonization and persecution of Mesoamerican religious practices, the use of the mantic count was abandoned. It was at this time that the compounds would have been demotivated; that is, the internal morphological structure would have become inaccessible to speakers who could no longer relate it to the mantic cycle. This then enriched the lexicon, creating etymological pairs for the same, or similar, referents. It is suggested that the survival of the eight zoonyms may have to do with their use in the context of omens.
Michael Swanton y Alejandro Guerrero López. 2023. “Una traducción mixteca decimonónica de la nove... more Michael Swanton y Alejandro Guerrero López. 2023. “Una traducción mixteca decimonónica de la novela Ita-Andehui: Un acercamiento preliminar dialectológico” en Estudios de lenguas mixtecanas (M. San Giacomo, F. Hernández, M. Swanton, coords), pp. 371-398. México: UNAM-IIA.
Filología mixteca: estudios sobre textos virreinales , 2021
Swanton, Michael W. 2021. “Un acercamiento a la ortografía dominica del mixteco de Teposcolula: u... more Swanton, Michael W. 2021. “Un acercamiento a la ortografía dominica del mixteco de Teposcolula: un enfoque comparativo” en Filología mixteca: estudios sobre textos virreinales (M. Swanton, coord), pp. 45-126. Serie Biblioteca indomexicana. México: UNAM.
Swanton, Michael W. 2017. Parlare messicano: le lingue indigene e lo stato. Limes. Rivista Italia... more Swanton, Michael W. 2017. Parlare messicano: le lingue indigene e lo stato. Limes. Rivista Italiana di Geopolitica, 8/17: 81-88
Ixcatec (Popolocan-Otomanguean, Mexico), like other Otomanguean languages of Oaxaca, Mexico, poss... more Ixcatec (Popolocan-Otomanguean, Mexico), like other Otomanguean languages of Oaxaca, Mexico, possesses a system of nominal classification for subsets of nouns related to persons, animals, plants, and objects characterized by different formal criteria (length, roundness, etc.), material or function. In this article we seek to establish the functional status of this system. Drawing on Grinewald's typology of nominal classification (1999, 2000), we distinguish class terms, used only in word formation, from noun classifiers, which permit referent tracking in discourse. Our review of the etymological origins of the least transparent classifiers calls into question the assumed time depth of noun classifiers in Popolocan.
Costaouec, Denis & Michael W Swanton. 2015. Classification nominale en ixcatèque. La Linguistique, 51(2): 201-238.
Swanton, Michael W. y Sebastián van Doesburg. 2015. Observations on the glosses of the Lienzo of ... more Swanton, Michael W. y Sebastián van Doesburg. 2015. Observations on the glosses of the Lienzo of Tlapiltepec. In: The Lienzo of Tlapiltepec. A Painted History from the Northern Mixteca (A. Brownstone, ed): 85-87. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum & Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
This article is a diachronic investigation of a form of social organization of the Chochon (Xru N... more This article is a diachronic investigation of a form of social organization of the Chochon (Xru Ngiwa, Chocholtec), a Mesoamerican people. Speciically, it is a philological examination of one form of a customary community subdivision , usually called sindi in Chochon and barrio in colonial Spanish. Thanks to the discovery of a remarkable set of colonial writings in the Chochon language from Tamazulapan (Oaxaca, Mexico)—complemented by secondary documentation, interviews with elders, and toponymy—it has been possible to trace the sindi from precolonial times to the twentieth century. The ndings reveal multiple adaptive strategies used by the sindi across the centuries even within a relatively compact area. This article also illustrates a methodological approach in which a broad philo-logical perspective opens the door to additional, interdisciplinary types of contextualizing data that can enrich our readings of the textual documentation.
Doesburg, Sebastián van de & Michael W. Swanton. 2011. Mesoamerican philology as an interdisciplinary study: the Chochon (Xru Ngiwa) “barrios” of Tamazulapan (Oaxaca, Mexico). Ethnohistory, 58: 613-652.
A short note about the word 'cacao' in Mixtec with some comments on early references to 'chocolat... more A short note about the word 'cacao' in Mixtec with some comments on early references to 'chocolate'. Comment on discussion in Ancient Mesoamerica regarding the etymology of 'cacao'.
Swanton, Michael W., Alejandro de Ávila and Sebastián van Doesburg. 2010. Cacao and chocolate: a view from the Mixteca and beyond. Ancient Mesoamerica, 21: 432-37.
Swanton, Michael W. 2010. Una conferencia inédita de Francisco Belmar preparada para el XI Congre... more Swanton, Michael W. 2010. Una conferencia inédita de Francisco Belmar preparada para el XI Congreso Internacional de Americanistas. En: El filólogo de Tlaxiaco: un homenaje académico a Francisco Belmar. (F. Barriga, coord): 151-170. México: INAH.
Short bibliographical note on the Oaxacan linguist Francisco Belmar (1859-1926) with the authorit... more Short bibliographical note on the Oaxacan linguist Francisco Belmar (1859-1926) with the authoritative bibliography of his published work.
López Cruz, Ausencia y Michael W. Swanton. 2008. Lic. Francisco Belmar: Pionero de los estudios de las lenguas otomangues y oaxaqueñas. En: Memorias del Coloquio Francisco Belmar. Coloquio de Lenguas Otomangues y Oaxaqueñas II. (A. López Cruz, M. Swanton, coords): 21-30. Oaxaca: CSEIIO / INALI / UABJO / FAHHO.
A historical review of Ixcatec writing (1854 till late 20th century) with particular attention to... more A historical review of Ixcatec writing (1854 till late 20th century) with particular attention to a 1939 letter to President Lázaro Cárdenas written in this language.
Swanton, Michael W. 2008a. La escritura indígena como “material lingüístico”: una carta en lengua ixcateca al presidente Lázaro Cárdenas. En: Pictografía y escritura alfabética en Oaxaca. (S. van Doesburg, coord): 353-387. Oaxaca: Fondo Editorial del IEEPO.
Swanton, Michael W. 2008. Notas sobre el ‘Arte de la Lengua Mixteca’ de Fray Antonio de los Reyes... more Swanton, Michael W. 2008. Notas sobre el ‘Arte de la Lengua Mixteca’ de Fray Antonio de los Reyes re-editado por el Conde de Charencey. En: Memorias del Coloquio Francisco Belmar. Coloquio de Lenguas Otomangues y Oaxaqueñas II. (A. López Cruz, M. Swanton, coords): 125-136. Oaxaca: CSEIIO / INALI / UABJO / FAHHO.
A description of the sixteenth-century multilingual situation of the "Chuchon Mixteca" (Coixtlahu... more A description of the sixteenth-century multilingual situation of the "Chuchon Mixteca" (Coixtlahuaca Basin and Tamazulapan Valley), which involved the use of Chocholtec, Mixtec and Nahuatl.
Swanton, Michael W. 2008. Multilingualism in the Tocuij Ñudzavui region. In: Mixtec Writing: and Society (M.E.R.G.N. Jansen and L.N.K. van Broekhoven, eds): 347-380. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.
Swanton, Michael W. 2001. El texto popoloca de la Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Relaciones, 22: 87... more Swanton, Michael W. 2001. El texto popoloca de la Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Relaciones, 22: 87-109.
Durand-Forest, Jacqueline de & Michael W. Swanton. 1998. Un regard historique sur le fonds mexica... more Durand-Forest, Jacqueline de & Michael W. Swanton. 1998. Un regard historique sur le fonds mexicain de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. “La collection Aubin-Goupil à la Bibliothèque nationale de France” (D. Michelet, M. Swanton, M. Launey et M. Thouvenot, eds) Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 84-2: 9-19.
Swanton, Michael W. and Sebastián van Doesburg. 1996. Some observations on the lost Lienzo de San... more Swanton, Michael W. and Sebastián van Doesburg. 1996. Some observations on the lost Lienzo de Santa María Ixcatlán (Lienzo Seler I). Baessler-Archiv, nf. 44: 359-377.
Swanton, Michael. 2004a. Review: “Aquí comiença vn vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana... more Swanton, Michael. 2004a. Review: “Aquí comiença vn vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana (Galeote, ed). Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 81: 108-109 (Liverpool).
Rangel-Landa, Selene; Sandra Elizabeth Smith Aguilar; Erandi Rivera-Lozoya; Michael W. Swanton; A... more Rangel-Landa, Selene; Sandra Elizabeth Smith Aguilar; Erandi Rivera-Lozoya; Michael W. Swanton; Alejandro Casas Fernández. 2016. Patrimonio biocultural ixcateco: lotería y memorama de la comunidad de Santa María Ixcatlán. Morelia: UNAM.
This article examines the word histories of 12 nouns (eight zoonyms, two other lifeform names, an... more This article examines the word histories of 12 nouns (eight zoonyms, two other lifeform names, and two toponyms) in Mixtec, a shallow or emergent language family of Mesoamerica. It argues that these nouns—now morphologically opaque—are fused compounds that arose from the Mixtec vocabulary of the mantic count of 260 days, a temporal organization that was part of the common cultural heritage of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican peoples. With the European colonization and persecution of Mesoamerican religious practices, the use of the mantic count was abandoned. It was at this time that the compounds would have been demotivated; that is, the internal morphological structure would have become inaccessible to speakers who could no longer relate it to the mantic cycle. This then enriched the lexicon, creating etymological pairs for the same, or similar, referents. It is suggested that the survival of the eight zoonyms may have to do with their use in the context of omens.
Michael Swanton y Alejandro Guerrero López. 2023. “Una traducción mixteca decimonónica de la nove... more Michael Swanton y Alejandro Guerrero López. 2023. “Una traducción mixteca decimonónica de la novela Ita-Andehui: Un acercamiento preliminar dialectológico” en Estudios de lenguas mixtecanas (M. San Giacomo, F. Hernández, M. Swanton, coords), pp. 371-398. México: UNAM-IIA.
Filología mixteca: estudios sobre textos virreinales , 2021
Swanton, Michael W. 2021. “Un acercamiento a la ortografía dominica del mixteco de Teposcolula: u... more Swanton, Michael W. 2021. “Un acercamiento a la ortografía dominica del mixteco de Teposcolula: un enfoque comparativo” en Filología mixteca: estudios sobre textos virreinales (M. Swanton, coord), pp. 45-126. Serie Biblioteca indomexicana. México: UNAM.
Swanton, Michael W. 2017. Parlare messicano: le lingue indigene e lo stato. Limes. Rivista Italia... more Swanton, Michael W. 2017. Parlare messicano: le lingue indigene e lo stato. Limes. Rivista Italiana di Geopolitica, 8/17: 81-88
Ixcatec (Popolocan-Otomanguean, Mexico), like other Otomanguean languages of Oaxaca, Mexico, poss... more Ixcatec (Popolocan-Otomanguean, Mexico), like other Otomanguean languages of Oaxaca, Mexico, possesses a system of nominal classification for subsets of nouns related to persons, animals, plants, and objects characterized by different formal criteria (length, roundness, etc.), material or function. In this article we seek to establish the functional status of this system. Drawing on Grinewald's typology of nominal classification (1999, 2000), we distinguish class terms, used only in word formation, from noun classifiers, which permit referent tracking in discourse. Our review of the etymological origins of the least transparent classifiers calls into question the assumed time depth of noun classifiers in Popolocan.
Costaouec, Denis & Michael W Swanton. 2015. Classification nominale en ixcatèque. La Linguistique, 51(2): 201-238.
Swanton, Michael W. y Sebastián van Doesburg. 2015. Observations on the glosses of the Lienzo of ... more Swanton, Michael W. y Sebastián van Doesburg. 2015. Observations on the glosses of the Lienzo of Tlapiltepec. In: The Lienzo of Tlapiltepec. A Painted History from the Northern Mixteca (A. Brownstone, ed): 85-87. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum & Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
This article is a diachronic investigation of a form of social organization of the Chochon (Xru N... more This article is a diachronic investigation of a form of social organization of the Chochon (Xru Ngiwa, Chocholtec), a Mesoamerican people. Speciically, it is a philological examination of one form of a customary community subdivision , usually called sindi in Chochon and barrio in colonial Spanish. Thanks to the discovery of a remarkable set of colonial writings in the Chochon language from Tamazulapan (Oaxaca, Mexico)—complemented by secondary documentation, interviews with elders, and toponymy—it has been possible to trace the sindi from precolonial times to the twentieth century. The ndings reveal multiple adaptive strategies used by the sindi across the centuries even within a relatively compact area. This article also illustrates a methodological approach in which a broad philo-logical perspective opens the door to additional, interdisciplinary types of contextualizing data that can enrich our readings of the textual documentation.
Doesburg, Sebastián van de & Michael W. Swanton. 2011. Mesoamerican philology as an interdisciplinary study: the Chochon (Xru Ngiwa) “barrios” of Tamazulapan (Oaxaca, Mexico). Ethnohistory, 58: 613-652.
A short note about the word 'cacao' in Mixtec with some comments on early references to 'chocolat... more A short note about the word 'cacao' in Mixtec with some comments on early references to 'chocolate'. Comment on discussion in Ancient Mesoamerica regarding the etymology of 'cacao'.
Swanton, Michael W., Alejandro de Ávila and Sebastián van Doesburg. 2010. Cacao and chocolate: a view from the Mixteca and beyond. Ancient Mesoamerica, 21: 432-37.
Swanton, Michael W. 2010. Una conferencia inédita de Francisco Belmar preparada para el XI Congre... more Swanton, Michael W. 2010. Una conferencia inédita de Francisco Belmar preparada para el XI Congreso Internacional de Americanistas. En: El filólogo de Tlaxiaco: un homenaje académico a Francisco Belmar. (F. Barriga, coord): 151-170. México: INAH.
Short bibliographical note on the Oaxacan linguist Francisco Belmar (1859-1926) with the authorit... more Short bibliographical note on the Oaxacan linguist Francisco Belmar (1859-1926) with the authoritative bibliography of his published work.
López Cruz, Ausencia y Michael W. Swanton. 2008. Lic. Francisco Belmar: Pionero de los estudios de las lenguas otomangues y oaxaqueñas. En: Memorias del Coloquio Francisco Belmar. Coloquio de Lenguas Otomangues y Oaxaqueñas II. (A. López Cruz, M. Swanton, coords): 21-30. Oaxaca: CSEIIO / INALI / UABJO / FAHHO.
A historical review of Ixcatec writing (1854 till late 20th century) with particular attention to... more A historical review of Ixcatec writing (1854 till late 20th century) with particular attention to a 1939 letter to President Lázaro Cárdenas written in this language.
Swanton, Michael W. 2008a. La escritura indígena como “material lingüístico”: una carta en lengua ixcateca al presidente Lázaro Cárdenas. En: Pictografía y escritura alfabética en Oaxaca. (S. van Doesburg, coord): 353-387. Oaxaca: Fondo Editorial del IEEPO.
Swanton, Michael W. 2008. Notas sobre el ‘Arte de la Lengua Mixteca’ de Fray Antonio de los Reyes... more Swanton, Michael W. 2008. Notas sobre el ‘Arte de la Lengua Mixteca’ de Fray Antonio de los Reyes re-editado por el Conde de Charencey. En: Memorias del Coloquio Francisco Belmar. Coloquio de Lenguas Otomangues y Oaxaqueñas II. (A. López Cruz, M. Swanton, coords): 125-136. Oaxaca: CSEIIO / INALI / UABJO / FAHHO.
A description of the sixteenth-century multilingual situation of the "Chuchon Mixteca" (Coixtlahu... more A description of the sixteenth-century multilingual situation of the "Chuchon Mixteca" (Coixtlahuaca Basin and Tamazulapan Valley), which involved the use of Chocholtec, Mixtec and Nahuatl.
Swanton, Michael W. 2008. Multilingualism in the Tocuij Ñudzavui region. In: Mixtec Writing: and Society (M.E.R.G.N. Jansen and L.N.K. van Broekhoven, eds): 347-380. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.
Swanton, Michael W. 2001. El texto popoloca de la Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Relaciones, 22: 87... more Swanton, Michael W. 2001. El texto popoloca de la Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Relaciones, 22: 87-109.
Durand-Forest, Jacqueline de & Michael W. Swanton. 1998. Un regard historique sur le fonds mexica... more Durand-Forest, Jacqueline de & Michael W. Swanton. 1998. Un regard historique sur le fonds mexicain de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. “La collection Aubin-Goupil à la Bibliothèque nationale de France” (D. Michelet, M. Swanton, M. Launey et M. Thouvenot, eds) Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 84-2: 9-19.
Swanton, Michael W. and Sebastián van Doesburg. 1996. Some observations on the lost Lienzo de San... more Swanton, Michael W. and Sebastián van Doesburg. 1996. Some observations on the lost Lienzo de Santa María Ixcatlán (Lienzo Seler I). Baessler-Archiv, nf. 44: 359-377.
Swanton, Michael. 2004a. Review: “Aquí comiença vn vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana... more Swanton, Michael. 2004a. Review: “Aquí comiença vn vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana (Galeote, ed). Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 81: 108-109 (Liverpool).
Rangel-Landa, Selene; Sandra Elizabeth Smith Aguilar; Erandi Rivera-Lozoya; Michael W. Swanton; A... more Rangel-Landa, Selene; Sandra Elizabeth Smith Aguilar; Erandi Rivera-Lozoya; Michael W. Swanton; Alejandro Casas Fernández. 2016. Patrimonio biocultural ixcateco: lotería y memorama de la comunidad de Santa María Ixcatlán. Morelia: UNAM.
Una propuesta ortográfica para escribir el tono en sahin sau (mixteco de Chalcatongo)
Swanto... more Una propuesta ortográfica para escribir el tono en sahin sau (mixteco de Chalcatongo)
Swanton, Michael W. con la ayuda de Mónica Pérez Jiménez. 2008. Propuesta ortográfica para el tono en sahin sau. En: Sahìn Sàu: Curos de lengua mixteca (variante de Ñuù Ndéyá). (Gabina Aurora Pérez Jiménez): 225-239. Oaxaca: Universidad de Leiden / CSEIIO.
Swanton, Michael W. 2017. Patrimonio biocultural ixcateco: lotería y memorama de la comunidad de ... more Swanton, Michael W. 2017. Patrimonio biocultural ixcateco: lotería y memorama de la comunidad de Santa María Ixcatlán. Boletín de la Fundación Alfredo Harp Helú Oaxaca, 21 (noviembre-diciembre): 8
Swanton, Michael W. 2017. Fray Antonio de los Reyes y el exconvento de San Pablo. Boletín de la F... more Swanton, Michael W. 2017. Fray Antonio de los Reyes y el exconvento de San Pablo. Boletín de la Fundación Alfredo Harp Helú Oaxaca, 20 (septiembre-octubre): 9.
Swanton, Michael. 2014. La lengua de los gitanos: un taller de romaní mexicano. Boletín de la Fun... more Swanton, Michael. 2014. La lengua de los gitanos: un taller de romaní mexicano. Boletín de la Fundación Alfredo Harp Helú Oaxaca, 3 (noviembre-diciembre): 4
A short note mentioning the acquisition of a colonial-period document in Chiapanec for the Biblio... more A short note mentioning the acquisition of a colonial-period document in Chiapanec for the Biblioteca de Investigación Juan de Córdova
Swanton, Michael W. 2013. Las Ordenanzas de la Cofradía de la Vera Cruz, un documento en lengua chiapaneca. El Jolgorio Cultural, 61: 22.
A short note describing ongoing research of Chocholtec toponymy to understand colonial documentat... more A short note describing ongoing research of Chocholtec toponymy to understand colonial documentation in this language
Swanton, Michael W. 2003. Language in landscape: Toponymy of the Xru Ngiwa. CNWS Newsletter, 23 (june): 28-29.
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Costaouec, Denis & Michael W Swanton. 2015. Classification nominale en ixcatèque. La Linguistique, 51(2): 201-238.
Doesburg, Sebastián van de & Michael W. Swanton. 2011. Mesoamerican philology as an interdisciplinary study: the Chochon (Xru Ngiwa) “barrios” of Tamazulapan (Oaxaca, Mexico). Ethnohistory, 58: 613-652.
Swanton, Michael W., Alejandro de Ávila and Sebastián van Doesburg. 2010. Cacao and chocolate: a view from the Mixteca and beyond. Ancient Mesoamerica, 21: 432-37.
López Cruz, Ausencia y Michael W. Swanton. 2008. Lic. Francisco Belmar: Pionero de los estudios de las lenguas otomangues y oaxaqueñas. En: Memorias del Coloquio Francisco Belmar. Coloquio de Lenguas Otomangues y Oaxaqueñas II. (A. López Cruz, M. Swanton, coords): 21-30. Oaxaca: CSEIIO / INALI / UABJO / FAHHO.
Swanton, Michael W. 2008a. La escritura indígena como “material lingüístico”: una carta en lengua ixcateca al presidente Lázaro Cárdenas. En: Pictografía y escritura alfabética en Oaxaca. (S. van Doesburg, coord): 353-387. Oaxaca: Fondo Editorial del IEEPO.
Swanton, Michael W. 2008. Multilingualism in the Tocuij Ñudzavui region. In: Mixtec Writing: and Society (M.E.R.G.N. Jansen and L.N.K. van Broekhoven, eds): 347-380. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.
Costaouec, Denis & Michael W Swanton. 2015. Classification nominale en ixcatèque. La Linguistique, 51(2): 201-238.
Doesburg, Sebastián van de & Michael W. Swanton. 2011. Mesoamerican philology as an interdisciplinary study: the Chochon (Xru Ngiwa) “barrios” of Tamazulapan (Oaxaca, Mexico). Ethnohistory, 58: 613-652.
Swanton, Michael W., Alejandro de Ávila and Sebastián van Doesburg. 2010. Cacao and chocolate: a view from the Mixteca and beyond. Ancient Mesoamerica, 21: 432-37.
López Cruz, Ausencia y Michael W. Swanton. 2008. Lic. Francisco Belmar: Pionero de los estudios de las lenguas otomangues y oaxaqueñas. En: Memorias del Coloquio Francisco Belmar. Coloquio de Lenguas Otomangues y Oaxaqueñas II. (A. López Cruz, M. Swanton, coords): 21-30. Oaxaca: CSEIIO / INALI / UABJO / FAHHO.
Swanton, Michael W. 2008a. La escritura indígena como “material lingüístico”: una carta en lengua ixcateca al presidente Lázaro Cárdenas. En: Pictografía y escritura alfabética en Oaxaca. (S. van Doesburg, coord): 353-387. Oaxaca: Fondo Editorial del IEEPO.
Swanton, Michael W. 2008. Multilingualism in the Tocuij Ñudzavui region. In: Mixtec Writing: and Society (M.E.R.G.N. Jansen and L.N.K. van Broekhoven, eds): 347-380. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.
Swanton, Michael W. con la ayuda de Mónica Pérez Jiménez. 2008. Propuesta ortográfica para el tono en sahin sau. En: Sahìn Sàu: Curos de lengua mixteca (variante de Ñuù Ndéyá). (Gabina Aurora Pérez Jiménez): 225-239. Oaxaca: Universidad de Leiden / CSEIIO.
Swanton, Michael W. 2013. Las Ordenanzas de la Cofradía de la Vera Cruz, un documento en lengua chiapaneca. El Jolgorio Cultural, 61: 22.
Swanton, Michael W. 2003. Language in landscape: Toponymy of the Xru Ngiwa. CNWS Newsletter, 23 (june): 28-29.