Rainer Krause

Stutterers who were openly stuttering and stutterers who were using hiding techniques were filmed talking to fluent speakers in greeting situations and during political discussions. The non-verbal behaviour of all participants, especially the expression of affect in the face, was compared to dyads of fluent speakers in similar situations using FACS (Facial Affect Coding System) and other coding techniques for the body and the hands. Stutterers do, disregarding the hearability of the speech disturbance, induce different non-verbal behaviour in their partners. Their own non-verbal behaviour pattern differs from that of the fluent speakers in the speaking position as well as during listening. The results are discussed in the framework of a new conception of the disturbance. Possible consequences for treatment are highlighted.

Interesse, Verachtung denken, gehen wir davon aus, daß sie, wenn sie sichtund/oder hörbar werden, ganz ungewollt im anderen spezifische Wirkungen hervorrufen. Sie können gleich sein, denn Affekte sind ansteckend. Sie können aber auch komplementär sein. Zeigt der ...

Es handelt sich um das zweite grosere Projekt im Rahmen eines Ansatzes, der sich anheischig macht, den spezifischen interaktiven Anteil bestimmter Storungsbilder zu kartographieren (KRAUSE, 1981). Das erste Projekt, in der eine Gruppe von Stotterern untersucht wurde, ist abgeschlossen; beim zweiten haben wir mit der Datenaufnahme begonnen. Grose Teile unserer Uberlegungen stammen aus der psychoanalytischen Neurosenlehre und deren Theorie der Technik. Wir versuchen allerdings eine Methodologie zu verwenden, die radikaler empirisch ist, als es gemeinhin in diesem Bereich der Fall ist. Wir benutzen namlich vorlaufig keine Ratingverfahren, sondern wollen den Prozes der Datenregistrierung und Verarbeitung von dem der Inferenzbildung, soweit dies moglich ist, trennen. Dafur haben wir gute Grunde.

The first 108 pages of this 592-page book is a revision of the author’s theory outlined in 1962 and 1963. A fourth volume edited posthumously has recently been published, covering affect and information processing and providing a bibliography (Tomkins, 1992). W a n Tomkins, whom I had the good fortune to know personally, Isas a keen observer and creative thinker against the current of the Zeitgeist, doing research in the context of discovery, to use his wording. To make the impossible task come true, I shall attempt to describe his complete theory, his modifications, and his work on anger and fear. In his highly influential work, Tomkins stated that there are eight phylogenetically inherited primary affects: interest, enjoyment, surprise, distress, fear, shame, contempt/disgist, and anger. He considered them to be innate biological motivating systems overriding drive and pain signals. “Mects are sets of muscular and glandular responses located in the face and also widely distributed through the body, which generate sensory feedback which is either inherently ‘acceptable’ or ‘unacceptable’ ” (Tomkins, 1968, p. 326). The capacity to understand and produce each primary affect is genetically inherited and stored in subcortical centers. Mect is highly contagious because facial and voice patterns can elicit the complete pattern of affect. Since facial feedback was so important to his theory, Tomkins w a s the first in the AngleAmerican post-Danvinian field to describe the facial responses so carefully and, in doing so, to inspire some very influential measurement techniques by his followers Izard (1977) and Ekman and Friesen (1969, 1978). Besides the affect from others, the temporal characteristics of stimulation are innate actisators of affect with increase, decrease, and

ZusammenfassungAusgehend von der geplanten Definition der Paraphilie im kommenden Diagnostischen und Statistischen Manual Psychischer Störungen Nummer V der Amerikanischen Psychiatrischen Gesellschaft wird gezeigt, dass das Thema nicht ohne eine strukturelle Definition der ehemaligen Perversion behandelt werden kann. Unter Rückgriff auf die aktuellen Definitionen der männlichen Perversionen wird untersucht, ob es weibliche Pendants gibt, die den gleichen strukturellen Defiziten und deren pseudosexuellen Lösungen entsprechen. Dies geschieht einerseits unter Rückgriff auf eine Interpretation von Beyer eines Märchens der Brüder-Grimm, die als so typisch für diese Lösung betrachtet werden kann. Der grundlegende klinische Hintergrund wird exemplarisch unter Betrachtung mehrerer Langzeitpsychoanalysen von Frauen herausgearbeitet. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Schaffung und Zerstörung des Lebens bzw. des Körpers von Kindern ein Äquivalent zur reparativen Funktion des sexuellen Aktes in der männlichen Perversion darstellt, die zu einer vorübergehenden Stabilisierung einer extrem anfälligen narzisstischen Struktur verwendet wird. Es wird diskutiert, ob es andere strukturelle Äquivalente der perversen Lösungen gibt, beispielsweise in Form einer Machtübernahme über den eigenen oder kindlichen Körper wie in der Anorexie oder den artifiziellen Störungen vor allem in Form von Zufügung von Verletzungen des kindlichen Körpers wie beim Münchhausen-by-Proxy-Syndrom.AbstractStarting with the new definition of paraphilia as planned for the next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) it will be shown that the topic cannot be handled without a structural definition of the former perversion. Using the most advanced definition for male perversions it will be investigated if there are female counterparts covering the same structural deficits and pseudosexual solutions. This is done using an interpretation by Beyer of a fairy tale from the brothers Grimm which can be considered as typical for these solutions. The basic clinical background will be exemplified using several long-term psychoanalytical cases of women during which it became clear that the creation and destruction of children’s lives is an equivalent to the reparative function of the sexual act in the male perversion, temporarily stabilizing an extremely vulnerable narcissistic structure. It will be discussed whether there are other structural equivalents of perverse solutions, for example taking power of the child’s or the own body as in anorexia or Munchhausen by proxy syndrome.

Zusammenfassung  Ausgehend von der Tatsache, dass alle psychischen Störungen auch Emotionsstörungen sind, werden aus der Forschung über die modulare Struktur des Emotionsystems eine Systematik von kranheitsspezifischen Verschaltungen derselben in sozialen Beziehungen erstellt und für die einzelnen klinisch empirisch bestätigten Konstellationen Kontraindikationen sowie Behandlungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert. Regulationsstörungen werden von defizitären Zustandsbildern unterschieden und ein grundlegender Mechanismus der Affektinduktion, der die Störung interaktiv aufrechterhält

Zusammenfassung Das mimisch affektive Verhalten von Patientinnen, die an Panikstörungenlitten, wurde mit demjenigen Verhalten von Patientinnenmit Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörungen verglichen. Dieersten Therapiestunden sowie im Falle der ...

In a Psychiatric hospital setting, 15 patients under  treatment for schizophrenia and 15 healthy persons were asked to draw (1) a human face, (2) another face that expressed their own feelings at that moment, and (3) afterward the facial expressions of rage, fear, disgust, joy, sadness and shame within a standardized egg-shaped face matriz. Both  groups were matched in age, sex and education, md aü drawings were coded independentiy. The schizophraiics drew fewer facal action units, and their facal drawings were more stereotyped than the control group. Neutral faces without any affectice expression  were twice as frequent within  the experimental group. According to Ekman and Friesen's table of emotion predictijon , the accuracy was the same for both groups with the exception of sadness.  Only 20« of the action units in the Schizofrenics sadness drwings were accurate compared to 51% in the contiol group. Based on the observation  drawrng process, findings are discussed within the 'theoretical framework of cathexis defense as an attempt to reduce the  the impact of te affective Stimuli the schoziphrenics created themselves .

In his earlier works, one of the present investigators attempted to show that psychologically distrubed person may be chracterized by their tedency to induce their social partners to reveal relatively stable and constant leitmotivs, inclinations to react, emotions and fantasies; hence, it should be possible to describe psychological illnesses by means of the patient's specific interaction strategies (Krause 1988; Krause and Lütolf 1988). We assume that this process induction is neither deliberate nor self-reflective. Inductive modes of behavior are  viewed of an unsconscios process of problem solving - a process , which is unsuccessful, since it is no longer appropriate to the reality of the adult patient. The present paper is part of a more comprehensive research project, the object of which is to account for these kinds of interactive strategies.

In this work the psychphysics of  interactive defensemechanisms like proctive identification is described . It can be shown that the severe redaction of affect expression on the side of the aptients  serves to control the affect of te other in oder to avoid a reactivation of affect exchange threatening the primary autonomiy.

Departing from the state of knowledge about the human afffect system a new look on the understading and diagnostics of mental disturbances will be offered.  Based on the idea of the epigentical pathways we are offering a decision tree about the diffrent pathways a patient had gone trough before he developped the actual solution. In doing so we are departung from the body affective systems, especially the face und the voice .

Ausgehend von der Behauptung über die erhöhte latente Aggressivität von stottern wurde die Beanspruchung von Redezeit als eine Form territorialen Verhaltens konzipiert und daraus die folgenden Hypothesen abgeleitet:
1. Stotterer  sollten in Interaktionen mit flüssigen Sprechen mehr Redezeit beanspruchen auch wenn sie nicht hörbar stottern
2. In dyaden an denen Stotterer  beteiligt sind sollte besonders häufig interruptive  Simultansprache auftreten.
3 stotterer sollten unabhängig von der Manifestation der Störung weniger "Back Channel"  Verhaltensweisen zeigen als flüssige Sprecher. Zur Überprüfung wurden 26 Stotterer in Begrüßungssituationen sowie während politische Diskussionen zusammen mit flüssigen Gesprächspartnern gefilmt und die Gespräche auf Tonband aufgenommen. Zwölf Dyaden  flüssiger Sprecher dienten als Kontrollgruppe. Aufgrund der Auswertung der visuellen und vokalen Daten wurden die Hypothese eins und drei für politische Diskussionen bestätigt. Bezüglich Hypothese zwei ergaben sich für Begrüßungssituationen genau gegenteilige Resultate: flüssige Sprecher zeigten mehr Simultansprache interaktiver Art. Simultansprache korrigierte allerdings hoch mit der Häufigkeit der Sprecherwechsels ist also ein Korrelat der Lebendigkeit des Gesprächs und steht mit Persönlichkeitseigenschaften wie Selbstsicherheit in Beziehungen die bei Stottern nicht zu finden sind.

Ausgend von einer erweiterten Affektdefinitipon werden einige neuere Befunde Aus der empirischen Forschung über diePhylo- und Ontose  unter Genese des Affektsystems referiert, die bisher von Psychoanalytikern kaum rezipiert wurden. Es gibt phylogenetisch entwickelte Affektausdrucksmuster, die bereits in den frühen Lebenswochen wenn auch in vom Erwachsenenverhalten verschiedenen zeitlichen Organisationsmustern auftreten. Die Signalanteile des Affektsystems laufenden kognitiven und Handlungsanteilen voraus.Das  Verhalten der frühen Pflegepersonen ist für die Affektsozialisierung ebenso relevant wie die gesellschaftlichen Randbedingungen, denen Sie unterliegen.

Zusammenfassung der 25-jährigen Studien der Forschungsgruppe Saarbrücken. Es wird argumentiert und mit dem empirischen Material untermauert, dass man die Hartnäckigkeit psychischer Störungen teilweise erklären kann durch das unbewusste mikroaffektive Verhalten der seelisch erkrankten Personen, das ihre normalen Partner dazu bringt, ihre unbewussten Annahmen über sich und die Welt zu bestätigen. Im zweiten Teil werden die Studien dargestellt, die untersuchten, ob sich gute Therapeuten ganz unterschiedlicher Therapeutischer Ausrichtungen dadurch auszeichnen, dass sie sich dieser unbewussten Verhaltensinduktion entziehen können. Diese Annahme konnte sehr überzeugend bestätigt werden. Es wird eine eine Taxonomie des Scheiterns gut ausgebildeter Therapeuten vorgenommen, und es werden Überlegungen zur Behandlungstechnik und Ausbildung angestellt. This work tries to summarize 25 years of work of the Saarbrücken research group. It will be argued that the longevity of psychic disturbances ca...

On the basis of characterizations of the psychodynamics of panic patients and previous findings on their affective facial behavior in first psychotherapy sessions, hypotheses are made on affective facial behavior of the therapist and its relationship to outcome satisfaction. Affective facial behaviour in 20 female patients with panic disorder and their male therapists in the first session of psychotherapy was coded with EMFACS. The data of facial behaviour was correlated with outcome ratings at the end of treatment. Therapists show less affective facial behaviour than panic patients; particularly, they smile less frequently. The frequency of smiling in the first session correlated negatively with outcome ratings. Therapists adapted their interactive behaviour to the relationship offers of their patients. The results are discussed on the background of the psychodynamics of panic disorders. Considering the different relationship offers, the results indicate that the interactive dialog...

In the present study we examined facial affective behavior in acutely traumatized patients undergoing EMDR therapy. Furthermore, we analyzed whether a decrease in emotional numbing was due to a reduction of symptoms. Amnestic tendencies were used as a moderator variable. The facial affective behaviour was coded using the Emotional Facial Acting Coding System, an instrument for the registration of facial movements with emotional relevance. The facial affective behavior of the patient's first and last EMDR session was compared. A significant increase in facial affective behavior as well as an increase in mental complaints were found. Furthermore, the reduction in amnestic tendencies did not result in a reduction of symptoms. Under the influence of the treatment it is possible to improve access to episodic affective memory. Nevertheless, a positive influence cannot be denoted at the end of the treatment.

In this piece of work the primary affects, as rage, fear, sadness and lacking of joy (anhedonia) are defined and discussed as specific causes for the development and outbreak of depressive states. Then conflicting primary emotions and depressive mental states are depicted to be followed by a discussion about the significance of emotion- and situation-centered coping. Cognitive attribution models covering the development of emotions on the one hand as well as the exacerbation of depression on the other, are discussed on this background in a critical fashion.

In the accompanying paper two fifteen-hour psychoanalytical therapies were investigated with regard to the temporal distribution of Luborskian relationship episodes and the facial expressions of both protagonists. The two therapies were taken from a sample of eleven treatments: one had had the most success; the other, the least. The investigation focussed on what type of interaction between the recollective narration of past relationships and the present form of relationships could be expected, and whether the relation between these two would be dependent upon the success of the therapy. The hypothesis that a parallel processing of the narrated episode and the exhibited emotion would occur within the patient could not be confirmed. The frequency of recollective narration correlated negatively--in line with a hypothesis of Freud's--with the frequency of exhibited emotions. In the successful treatment, however, the therapist exhibited the emotions which one would have expected the...

Summary This piece of work tries to summarize 25 years of work of the Saarbrücken research group. It will be argued that the longevity of psychic disturbances can be explained at least partially through an unconscious micro affective process through which patients lead their partners to confirm their unconscious assumptions about themselves and the world. It is shown how this

Der Prolog enthält Beiträge zu Erwartungen an eine klinische Bindungsforschung aus der Sicht der Psychoanalyse, der Gesprächspsychotherapie sowie der Verhaltenstherapie. Frau Köhler erwartet vor allem eine Ergänzung der entwicklungspsychologischen Diagnostik ...

Rief and Hofmann (2009, Nervenarzt 80:593-597) harshly criticise the meta-analysis on the effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (LTPP) by Leichsenring and Rabung (2008, JAMA 300(13):1551-1565). They find fault with the inclusion of naturalistic studies in addition to randomised clinical trials. Furthermore, they criticise the heterogeneity of the treatments included and the disorders studied. They suspect that a number of RCTs of LTPP with negative results for LTPP have been done and not been published. This paper comments on the following issues: the strict determination of RCTs is scientifically outdated and in order to investigate the effectiveness of psychotherapy naturalistic studies have to be included; the heterogeneity of studies included in meta-analysis as well as the heterogeneity of the patients studied reflect clinical reality, which is the purpose of effectiveness studies. The accusation of repressing results of LTPP RCTs is unsustainable. All in all, the meta-analysis by Leichsenring and Rabung was done accurately, and the results were controlled for by separate analyses of single subgroups. Therefore, their study does provide evidence of the effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for patients with complex mental disorders.

This is a synopsis of facaial and other nonverbal behavioral data of  peaople suffering from stuttering and their interaction partners. It can be shown that the speech process is embedded in a context of severe affective inhibitioin which is replicated by their fluent discourse partners , leading to a circel of augmenting the likelihood of the disturbance

Departing from the face fundamental epistemological questions of a psychology of interpreting expression are listed, discussed and submitted to an empirical screening of the existing studies. Subsepuently other body systems being relevant to interpretation like the voice and body movements are treated in the same way.

This is a report of a quasi experiment whose goal was to objectively define the psychophysical interactional basis of transference and coutertransference reactions specific to a patient s neurosis . Two methodological paths, both leading to meaningful data are discussed ; for one of them a singel case study is reported.,

Gives on overview on a researxh project on affective facial behavior of people suffering from stuttering and the effects on the nonverbal behavior of the interaction partners. It can be shown that the latter adopt their behavior to the same very low level if they keep the speech distrurbance under control , if they are openly stuttering the affect expression goes up. The first pattern has no reinforcement value for both speakers, whereas suttering is avvompanied by intesive attachment behvior by their intecation partners.

210 20 Minute  filmclips of political discussions with dyads of a healthy person interacting with somebody with a diagnosed mental distiurbance ( for example paranoid hallucinatory schicoprenia and 5 other groups were analysed in relation to facial exchange processes using EMFACS ( Emotional Facial Analyzing system) and related introspective phenomena. The interactionpartner were not informed about the disturbance . Healthy subjects under theamselves were acting as controlgroup.  The marked diffrences are shown and interpretd using affecttheory  and psychoanalytic defensc theory espicially proctive indentifiction as frame of thkinking.