Miroslav Stefanov

PURPOSE: To study the localization and the shape of basal cell in the prostate gland of the cat with regard to assist the understanding of their role in the pathogenesis of benign and malignant lesions in this animal species. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prostate glands of 12 sexually mature, clinically healthy male European Shorthair cats at the age of 1–2 years, weighing 2.8 tо 4 kg were investigated. The localization and the shape of basal cells were determined in semi-thin and ultrathin cross sections by light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Epithelial basal cells in feline prostate alveoli did not attain the alveolar lumen and formed an incomplete, discrete boundary layer, located in close vicinity to the basal membrane. These cells are observed as an occasional and rare epithelial population in the alveolar part of feline prostate parenchyma. The shape of alveolar basal cells varied from oval and triangular to irregular. Basal cells were also observed in the epith...

Grounds for theory: Primo Vascular System (PVS) is a new anatomical and primordial system with unexpected morphological special features, body distribution and functional mechanisms which could be involved to the evolutionary processes. We can speculate and suppose that the DNA as a whole and the DNA granules in PVS’s microcells in particular, carry not only genetic information but its structure is capable to store and transform the information obtained by environment physical fields. The physicists offer the possibility of converting the information to energy and present their findings as a spiral-staircase. As the bases of the DNA lie horizontally between two spiraling strands, the most important in biology molecule of DNA is a spiral model which is able to convert information into energy and vice versa, energy into information on spiral-staircase DNA structure. We suggest that PVS, as a primordial body system distributing through the entire organisms and is connection from surrou...

A protective effect of two herbs, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Tinospora cordifolia, given as feed additives was observed against the growth inhibitory effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) and associated immunosuppression and biochemical or pathomorphological changes. The feed levels of 3 mg/kg OTA and fine powder of one of both herbs were given during a period of 32 days to female broiler chicks divided into 3 experimental and 1 control groups (14 chicks per group). The observed pathological and biochemical changes, the changes in relative organs’ weight and body weight, and the decrease of antibody titer against Newcastle disease were more pronounced in the OTA-treated chicks without herbal supplementation, and less pronounced in the chicks treated additionally with G. glabra or T. cordifolia as was shown by the better feed performance and the higher body weight in the chicks treated with the herbs. The higher relative weight of lymphoid organs of the chicks supplemented with both herbs reveale...

DIMITROV, R., D. VLADOVA, K. STAMATOVA, D. KOSTOV and M. STEFANOV, 2012. Anatomical com ­ puted tomographic study o f the heart and some mediastinal vessels o f the rabbit (Orycfo/agMS Z?M/g../. ^ g r f c . 18: 784-788 The aim o f the study is to utilize the com puted tom ography the anatom ical study o f the rabbit heart and some o f its m ediastinal vessels. We investigated seven sexually mature, healthy male w hite N ew Zealand rabbits, aged 12 months. The anim ats w ere anesthetized. The bodies o f the thoracic vertebrae were used as bone m arkers when perform ing the imaging. A t the level o f the third and fourth thoracic segm ent were found only vascular structures. At the fifth thoracic vertebrae a partial heart silhouette w as observed, and the com plete one -at the seventh. A t the third, fourth and ñ ñ h thoracic vertebrae an image o f the ascending aorta w as found, at the third and fourth one -aortic arch, at the ñ ñ h segm ent -the beginning o f the descending aorta. T...

The literature on the vascularization of the canine prostate is reviewed and the clinical significance of prostate morphology is described. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), combined with improved corrosion casting methods, reveal new morphological details that promise better diagnostics and treatment but also require expansion of clinical nomenclature. A proposal is made for including two previously unnamed veins in Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV). The canine prostate has two lobes with independent vascularization. Each lobe is supplied through the left and right a. prostatica, respectively. The a. prostatica sprouts three small vessels (cranial, middle, and caudal) towards the prostate gland. A. prostatica is a small-size artery whose wall structure is similar to the arteries of the muscular type. V. prostatica is a small-size valved vein. The canine prostate has capsular, parenchymal, and urethral vascular zones. The surface vessels of the capsule are predominantly veins and the diameter of arterial vessels is larger than that of the veins. The trabecular vessels are of two types: direct and branched. The prostate parenchyma is supplied by branches of the trabecular vessels. The periacinary capillaries are fenestrated and form a net in a circular pattern. The processes of the myoepithelial cells embrace both the acins and the periacinar capillaries. In the prostate ductal system. there are spermatozoa. The prostatic part of the urethra is supplied by an independent branch of a. prostatica. The prostatic urethral part is drained by v. prostatica, the vein of the urethral bulb and the ventral prostate veins. M. urethralis begins as early as the urethral prostatic part. The greater part of the white muscle fibers in m. urethralis suggest an enhanced anaerobic metabolism.

This review is designed to initiate a discussion we believe is necessary for the biomedical community, because of some recent evidences for existing of a new body anatomical system, or the primo vascular system (PVS), which could be the missing link in the scientific explanation of the unknown mechanism of action of acupuncture. Some important questions for the medical society, (eg, "What is the main source of the mistrust of Western medicine toward traditional Oriental medicine and could it be overcome?" or "Is the PVS a real one and what is its distribution, formation, and function?" or "Are there scientific proofs for intimate relationships of the PVS with meridian system and whether the PVS would be the physical basis of meridians?") are deeply studied and appropriately answered. Various pieces of knowledge are now combined to achieve a better understanding and to provide an acceptable explanation about the functions of such new system and to explai...

This review is designed to initiate a discussion we believe is necessary for the biomedical community, because of some recent evidences for existing of a new body anatomical system, or the primo vascular system (PVS), which could be the missing link in the scientific explanation of the unknown mechanism of action of acupuncture. Some important questions for the medical society, (eg, "What is the main source of the mistrust of Western medicine toward traditional Oriental medicine and could it be overcome?" or "Is the PVS a real one and what is its distribution, formation, and function?" or "Are there scientific proofs for intimate relationships of the PVS with meridian system and whether the PVS would be the physical basis of meridians?") are deeply studied and appropriately answered. Various pieces of knowledge are now combined to achieve a better understanding and to provide an acceptable explanation about the functions of such new system and to explai...

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of diet formulation on digestible amino acids (DAA) basis and supplementation of probiotic Lactina  on performance of broiler chickens. Four treatments were tested: TAA - total amino acids diet formulation, DAA - digestible amino acids diet formulation, TAA+L and DAA+L - diets with Lactina  supplementation. The probiotic preparation Lactina consisted of freeze-dried pure cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus, Enterococcus faecium and 4 strains of Lactobacillus. Each gram of Lactina  contained 0.1x10 9 CFU. Formulation of diets for broilers on DAA basis promoted the existence of increased levels of poor quality protein sources (sunflower meal and meat and bone meal) and resulted in reduced feed cost per 1 kg of yield without negative influence on performance traits. Lactina  fed chickens had decreased feed conversion ration, increased body weight and yield of carcass, meat, liver, gizzard and heart. The tested probiotic preparat...

The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare CT and MRI imaging anatomy of the rabbit liver. As anatomical bone landmark, we used Th8. Ten sexually mature; healthy clinically rabbits have been studied. Computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed in compliance with the standard imaging anatomical protocol when study the rabbit liver. The studied animals were positioned in dorsoventral (abdominal) recumbency. When the aim is to find topographic localization of the liver (its lines, lobes, edges and position relative to adjacent organs), transversal helical CT anatomical study of the cranial abdominal region, at the level of Th8 is a high informative method.The anatomical data for the rabbit liver, obtained by MRI, give real and precision information for its lobes, topography of the big vessels, interlobar visualization of the gall bladder, gall bladder’s parts, beginning of the cystic duct and topography of the investigated orga...

The vascular bed of canine prostate was studied and detailed distinct vascular zones were visualized on corrosion casts by scanning electron microscopy. This study was performed because of scarce information about the zonal vascularization of the prostate gland in dogs. There are no ...

Grounds for theory: Primo Vascular System (PVS) is a new anatomical and primordial system with unexpected morphological special features, body distribution and functional mechanisms which could be involved to the evolutionary processes. We can speculate and suppose that the DNA as a whole and the DNA granules in PVS's microcells in particular, carry not only genetic information but its structure is capable to store and transform the information obtained by environment physical fields. The physicists offer the possibility of converting the information to energy and present their findings as a spiral-staircase. As the bases of the DNA lie horizontally between two spiraling strands, the most important in biology molecule of DNA is a spiral model which is able to convert information into energy and vice versa, energy into information on spiral-staircase DNA structure. We suggest that PVS, as a primordial body system distributing through the entire organisms and is connection from surrounding energy fields and every cell of the body. PVS is capable to bring and store information transforming from environmental fields which permits dramatic and sudden " jump "-changing of the organism's DNA, cells and organisms as a whole. The sudden changing of organisms may explain why there are not enough proofs for intermediate forms between the species and evolution could be logical process due to external signals and influences. Possible effects of theory: Involving of PVS in the evolutionary process as connection between external energies (as electromagnetic field and even information field) with every small part of living organisms as their DNA molecules can explain why the evolution could be a logical process based on the influence of the different physical fields to every cell by transforming energy to information throughout DNA which permits complex " evolutionary jumping " of the organisms. It is possible vice versa process which is able to provoke changes based on influence of internal signals as products of metabolic processes, as well as bio-electrical, bio-luminous and acoustical signals. The acoustical signals could be products of the movement of the internal organs, the muscles, the tendons, the sphincters and valves, too. All internal physical fields bring information concerning indications about the level of the bioprocesses to the PVS web and the organisms react both to the external and internal normal and pathological changes. Conclusion: Our speculations lead to conclusion that PVS could be not only primordial anatomical system but PVS lay at the bottom of the evolution of the living organisms.

PURPOSE: Researching of the rabbit heart by two-dimensional transthoracal ultrasonography in order to data about the heart imaging anatomy and diagnostics of this animal be given. OBJECTS: Eight sexually mature, healthy New Zealand rabbits, aged 12 months with body weight from 2.8 kg to 3.2 kg were investigated. METHODS: The animals were anesthetized and positioned in laying lateral left and right position. The trasducer was put in the places for imaging of standard planes from the heart image. RESULTS: At the imaging of the heart in right parasternal plane on its longitudinal axis, the ascending aorta was visualized as a hyperechoic finding, surrounded by the close heart structures. The image from the left parasternal plane on the longitudinal axis of the heart showed the both left heart cavities. The parasternal plane on the short axis of the heart was a transversal image, and the valvular apparatus was visualized. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that the two-dimensional tra...

Prevailing computed tomography (CT) data on the dog over those on the cat and the differences between their mediastinal anatomy necessitate the specification of the CT images in the cat. For this purpose 14 mature clinically healthy domestic cats were studied using contrast computed tomography. Tomographic slices were made transversally across second (Th2) and third (Th3) thoracic vertebrae. The study

SUMMARY Material from the heart ventricles of 6 sexually mature domestic cats was used in the present study. The material was processed by conventional histological and histochemical methods. Histological preparations were formalin- paraffin histoslices stained with haematoxylin (according Erlich) - eosin. Paraffin slices from material fixed in Carnua'a solution were stained with Maurice alcian blue, followed by a PAS reaction for viewing free and conjugated polysaccharides. Differentiation of glycosaminoglycans was done by histochemical tests using alcian blue at pH 1.0 and pH 2.5. The light microscopic study of the heart ventricle walls in the cat showed structural identity compared with that of other mammalian species. Histochemical reactions established that the heart ventricle myocardium contains both free polysaccharides (glycogen) and glucosaminoglycans of the non- sulphate type.

ABSTRACT The study was carried out with the purpose to demonstrate the anatomo-topographic features of rabbit vesicular glands by computed axial tomography imaging (CT). Eight sexually matured, clinically healthy male white New Zealand rabbits, 12 months of age and weighing 2.8-3.2 kg were used. CT scans of the pelvis were performed in the transverse planes from the seventh Lumbar (L7) vertebra to the first Sacral vertebra (SI), with a section thickness of 2 mm. The cranial border of the vesicular glands was visualized in the transverse plane between L7 and SI while the caudal part of the glands was observed in scans of the pelvic inlet in the transverse plane through the caudal part of SI. In the transverse scans of the pelvic inlet halfway SI, the vesicular glands appeared as transversely ovoid, homogeneous and relatively hypodense structures as compared to the adjacent soft tissues. The glandular areas were relatively hypodense compared to the urethral and rectal walls. The density of the rabbit vesicular glands was that of the soft tissues, ranging from 31±0.33 HU in precontrast imaging and 78±0.33 HU in postcontrast imaging.

In this study we compare the quality of vascular casts, obtained from organs of several animal species from different sources and sacrified under different conditions. Organs from healthy animals were injected with two different polymers such as Mercox and Batson No. 17. When the specimens were observed under a scanning electron microscope structural elements such as endothelial nuclear impressions on vessels and capillaries, endothelial cell borders, venous valves, imprints of smooth muscle cells and intra-arterial cushions were identified. Organs excised post mortem from large animals can be used for micro-vascular corrosion casting studies with optimal results.

DIMITROV, R., D. VLADOVA, K. STAMATOVA, D. KOSTOV and M. STEFANOV, 2012. Anatomical computed tomographic study of the heart and some mediastinal vessels of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 18: 784-788 The aim of the study is to utilize the computed tomography the anatomical study of the rabbit heart and some of its mediastinal vessels. We investigated seven sexually mature, healthy male white New Zealand rabbits, aged 12 months. The animals were anesthetized. The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae were used as bone markers when performing the imaging. At the level of the third and fourth thoracic segment were found only vascular structures. At the fifth thoracic vertebrae a partial heart silhouette was observed, and the complete one – at the seventh. At the third, fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae an image of the ascending aorta was found, at the third and fourth one – aortic arch, at the fifth segment – the beginning of the descending aorta. The results confirm the thesis, that the rabbit is a suitable biological model for morphological and functional studies of the heart.

Two periods of primo vascular system (PVS) discovery exist. The first one includes the five reports of B. H. Kim made from 1962 to 1965. The second one is from 2002 until the present time and includes reports made mainly by the Seoul National University group using modern methods. The purpose of this review is to describe the claims in B. H. Kim's reports, to comment on the most important points of his claims, and to offer hypotheses for the morphological architecture and the function of the PVS. The PVS integrated the cardiovascular, nervous, and hormonal systems. Thus, the particularities of the various body systems are combined in the PVS. The PVS is not a simple circulatory system like the cardiovascular system. Its influence on all body systems is a combination of not only substances and signals but also energy and information. The primordial PVS is like a matrix for the vascular and the nervous systems, which are formed around the PVS. The PVS is duplicated by the vascular and the nervous systems in the very early stage of body development. This is the reason why the PVS combines the features of the vascular, the nervous, and the hormonal systems. Subsequently, all embryonic body systems have developed, the primordial PVS remains connected to them, but dominates and controls them as the primeval functional system.

The purpose of this review is to describe the methodology, instruments, and subject animals used until now for studies of the meridian (Kyungrak) system and the primo vascular system (PVS). The PVS is observed as an anatomical system distributed in cavities , organs, and tissues throughout the body. We analyzed the most important points of the PVS based on the results obtained until the present. Our main effort has been directed to describing the main thesis relating to the morphological structures and their topography, the functional mechanisms of the PVS, and possible roles of the PVS in pathological processes. The substance of the PVS in all its aspects is as a system covering the whole body and regulating and coordinating the biological processes that are the basis for life. In conclusion, we suggest that the finding of the PVS represents the discovery of a new integrated morphological-functional system.

The literature on the vascularization of the canine prostate is reviewed and the clinical significance of prostate morphology is described. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), combined with improved corrosion casting methods, reveal new morphological details that promise better diagnostics and treatment but also require expansion of clinical nomenclature. A proposal is made for including two previously unnamed veins in Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV). The canine prostate has two lobes with independent vascularization. Each lobe is supplied through the left and right a. prostatica, respectively. The a. prostatica sprouts three small vessels (cranial, middle, and caudal) towards the prostate gland. A. prostatica is a small-size artery whose wall structure is similar to the arteries of the muscular type. V. prostatica is a small-size valved vein. The canine prostate has capsular, parenchymal, and urethral vascular zones. The surface vessels of the capsule are predominantly veins and the diameter of arterial vessels is larger than that of the veins. The trabecular vessels are of two types: direct and branched. The prostate parenchyma is supplied by branches of the trabecular vessels. The periacinary capillaries are fenestrated and form a net in a circular pattern. The processes of the myoepithelial cells embrace both the acins and the periacinar capillaries. In the prostate ductal system. there are spermatozoa. The prostatic part of the urethra is supplied by an independent branch of a. prostatica. The prostatic urethral part is drained by v. prostatica, the vein of the urethral bulb and the ventral prostate veins. M. urethralis begins as early as the urethral prostatic part. The greater part of the white muscle fibers in m. urethralis suggest an enhanced anaerobic metabolism.

The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare CT and MRI imaging anatomy of the rabbit liver. As anatomical bone landmark, we used Th8. Ten sexually mature; healthy clinically rabbits have been studied. Computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed in compliance with the standard imaging anatomical protocol when study the rabbit liver. The studied animals were positioned in dorsoventral (abdominal) recumbency. When the aim is to find topographic localization of the liver (its lines, lobes, edges and position relative to adjacent organs), transversal helical CT anatomical study of the cranial abdominal region, at the level of Th8 is a high informative method.The anatomical data for the rabbit liver, obtained by MRI, give real and precision information for its lobes, topography of the big vessels, interlobar visualization of the gall bladder, gall bladder's parts, beginning of the cystic duct and topography of the investigated organ to close structures which are with similar and higher level of magnetization.

Objectives: As the peripheral part of the primo vascular system (PVS) is difficult to visualize, we used a vascular casting material Mercox injected directly into the skin to take advantage of a simple procedure to visualize PVS structures as primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes (PNs) in the skin. Methods: Two colors of the polymer Mercox were injected into mouse skin. After a partial maceration of the whole body with potassium hydroperoxide solution, we anatomized it under a stereomicroscope to trace the Mercox that had been injected into the PVS. Results: Injection of Mercox directly into the skin allowed the PVs and the PNs to be visualized. This approach can fill the PVS when the material is ejected out of the PVs or PNs. The shapes, sizes, and topographic positions of the nodes and the vessels are the hallmarks used to identify the PVS in skin when Mercox is used as a tracer. Conclusion: The direct injection of the casting material Mercox into skin, with modified partial maceration procedures , is a promising method for visualizing the PVs and the PNs in the peripheral part of the PVS in skin. The polymer Mercox can penetrate through the primo pores of the primo vascular wall and fill the PVs and the PNs. The data prove that PVs and PNs exist on the hypoder-mal layer of the skin.

We used for the first time a vascular casting material to take advantage of a simple tracing procedure and to isolate the peculiar features of acupuncture point injections. The polymer Mercox was injected into the skin of a dead mouse at acupuncture points along the bladder meridian lines. After a partial maceration of the whole body with a potassium-hydroperoxide solution, we anatomized it under a stereomicroscope to trace the injected Mercox. Many organs were checked to determine whether or not they contained some Mercox tracing. Connections between the injection sites along the acupuncture points were observed. Two to three layers of Mercox in a plate shape were found This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and