Economic

The entry into force of the World Trade Organization (WTO) TRIPS Agreement in 1995 transformed the international intellectual property system. The harmonization of basic intellectual property standards has operated to protect investment in innovation, limiting risks from unjustified ‘free riding’. Yet these same harmonized IP standards sharply curtailed the traditional capacity of suppliers of public goods, such as health care and nutrition, to address priority needs of less affluent members of society, particularly in (but not limited to) developing countries. In the Doha Declaration, the Waiver Decision of 30 August 2003 and the Article 31bis Protocol of Amendment, stakeholders concerned with re-opening policy space for the supply of newer pharmaceutical products pushed back against restrictive elements of the TRIPS Agreement.Governments around the world are in the process of deciding whether to ratify and accept the Article 31bis Amendment. Based on their Study for the Internatio...

Many intertwined factors contribute to sustainability in the desert settlements of Birdsville and Bedourie. Taking one factor, the commitment to, and achievement of, full employment for all local residents, this paper draws data from a larger research project ...

Material aspirations are initially fairly similar among income groups; consequently more income brings greater happiness. Over the life cycle, however, aspirations grow along with income, and undercut the favourable effect of income growth on happiness, although the ...

This paper investigates the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Tanzania focusing on maize and paddy as the staple food crops. We use Tanzania National Panel Survey (NPS) data for 2008/9, 2010/11, and 2012/13. The results suggest a significant impact of weather variables – temperature and rainfall, and their
shocks on agricultural productivity in Tanzania. Also, farmers’ education appears to reduce the impact of temperature shocks on productivity. These findings imply a need for policy intervention to ensure that farmers are equipped for climate change adaptation as well as the use of modern farming technologies and inputs.

The monograph describes the organic basis, the phenomena of lexical reflection and the logistics of the formation of new entities in business on the general theoretical positions of the development of activities in transition economies. Using the principles of the market economy and on the tools of political economy, the monograph clarifies the interaction functions, the genesis and the structural-analytical model communication of movement, which arises in business and approximates the reproduction complex to the post-industrial economy. Based on the logistics of stratification and structuration, the monograph develops classification signs and situational provisions of filling business with quality, a conceptual principle of accelerating the transition of relations into business, and a method of forming the sphere of service business.
The monograph is intended for researchers, teachers and professionals who are engaged in the processes of the formation of the organic structure of activity, in the development of the entrepreneurial function of a human and in the management of business processes in a non-equilibrium changing economic space.

Saienko V. Relationship processes in business : monograph / V. Saienko. – Opole : Publishing house of the Academy of management and administration in Opole, 2019. – 160 p. ISBN 978-83-62683-55-0

Saienko, V. (2019). Relationship processes in business : monograph. Publishing house of the Academy of management and administration in Opole, Opole. ISBN 978-83-62683-55-0

Saienko V.: Relationship processes in business: monograph. Publishing house of the Academy of management and administration in Opole, Opole 2019, 160 p. ISBN 978-83-62683-55-0

Picking the right hotel can be tricky especially in today’s world of multiple rating systems. A luxury hotel rating once topped out at five stars but in the war to snag vacationers certain hotels that sing tunes of opulence and luxurious pleasure have started to accumulate seven stars. Star rating systems vary from continentto continent, country to country, and in a country. Hotel ratings have become a subjective assessment of amenities depending on the hotel and location. But the big question that is how they rate a seven stars Hotel. What makes it different from five stars Hotel or any fine establishment alike. In this case, the author is over viewing some of the Hotels in the world that are known for its seven stars reputation and taking a closer look on how they get their reputation for being the most luxurious Hotels in the world.

Many speak of ‘economic sustainability’ but few define what they mean. On a finite world with biophysical limits, what should it mean? Firstly, it must be based on ecological reality and limits. It must acknowledge human dependence on nature and the environmental crisis caused by ignoring this. It must move past denial of our problems, as you don’t solve problems you deny exist. The paper analyses the underlying assumptions of neoclassical economics, and their failing to be based on ecological reality. It then considers what economic sustainability should be and considers immediate first steps, and the path to first a green economy and then a steady state economy.

The 21st century consumers are mindful of problems that impact social and environmental sustainability, fast fashion’s main emphasis is faster turnaround from factories to stay competitive thus some retail companies aren’t paying keen attention on the ethics in apparel production factories (Bhasin, 2014, June 04; Tan, 2016). According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) forced labor is a worldwide concern affecting 21 million people; simply put there are 3 out of every 1,000 victims who are part of forced labor within Asia-Pacific with 11.7 million and other regions as shown in Appendix A (Mcclelland, 2017). 260 million children partake in employment with an estimate of 170 million children engaged in apparel making; ILO estimated that 6 million children are in forced labor with 14 to 16 working hour days in poor working conditions with reported cases in Bangladesh apparel factories; yarn spinning in India; cotton seeds production in Benin; and harvesting cotton in Uzbekistan (Moulds, 2017; Peiris, 2005). Ashridge Centre for Business and Sustainability, and Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) confirmed that 71% of companies admitted to cases of modern slavery in their supply chain; with 168 million child labor cases in 2017 and a proven improvement from 246 million cases in 2000 (Mcclelland, 2017). Can apparel suppliers and retailers tackle the unethical practices that are impacting humanity and integrate practices that would ensure social sustainability? The focus of this research was for an opportunity to acquire and understand millennials perspectives on the unethical conduct and fashion industry with relevance to apparel sourcing, manufacturing, industry sustainability.

JEL: L60, L67, M14, D29, K20

Soft skills development has come with the intention of an all-rounded development of individual personality and entrepreneurship can be taught or not has been an argument until today. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the importance of soft skills to enhance entrepreneurial capacity. The three key soft skills that researchers examined were communication, leadership, and critical and problem-solving skills while the entrepreneurial capacity was the dependent variable of this study. A total of five successful entrepreneurs were purposively selected to be the informants of this study. Researchers employed a qualitative method using interview protocol as an instrument to conduct in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using content analysis. The results revealed that critical thinking and problem-solving skills is the most significant soft skills to assist entrepreneurs to improve their competitiveness and productivity. Moreover, all the informants came to the consensus that...

Strategic formulation is a management tool for measuring negotiated performance targets. It is a freely negotiated performance agreement between the government, acting as the owner of public agency on one hand, and the management of the agency on the other hand. The County government strategies are anchored on the Kenya Vision 2030. In revising their strategies, the County government needs to employ participatory approach, relying on the consensus of stakeholder groups, including civil society, the private sector and donor partners. The study focused on Isiolo county government. This is because the county government has been formulating and implements their strategies for the period of 3 years. The study involved all the management employees who include head of department of the county government. There were 63 managerial staff who were involved in the study. The study adopted descriptive research design. The study adopted a census sample design since the target population was manag...

In the present context of women’s socio-economic empowerment, Bangladesh has played a revolutionary role in microcredit movement and has proved that the poor women are creditworthy and they can even do better in repaying the debt. This movement is no longer limited to only microcredit program; rather it includes more service-oriented in the frame of microfinance operation. Microcredit institutions in Bangladesh have dramatically increased the credit available to poor rural women since the mid-1980s. Moreover, Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) have become a dominant financial institution for the poor section of people, especially women who cannot access formal financial institutions in a large extent. Though poor women have access to microfinance, later it has been explored that due to various kind of patriarchal norms and other socio-economical constraints, women in most cases lose the control on proper utilization of debt. Even though, sometimes women’s decision-making power and the expansion of enterprise became shrink due to lack of control over the loan utilization process. This paper mainly focuses on how microfinance intervention in Bangladesh played a decisive role in women’s economic empowerment and to what extent government policy initiatives and institutional building approach assist in flourishing microfinance discourse more friendly for the most vulnerable poor women. Moreover, this paper also evaluates the most prominent two selected institutions named BRAC and Grameen Bank’s microfinance operation from a critical viewpoint and assess to what are the existing ambiguity in the arena of microfinance operation at the field level.

This study investigates the relationship between money and inflation using coin-tegration tests. For a broad sample of countries, the paper finds that most time series data underlying a typical monetarist model are nonstationary, indicating that it is necessary to appropriately ...

This paper reviews the current Corona virus situation, then examines the legal definitions of negligence and fiduciary duty in an attempt to determine whether closing a university because of health concerns over the Corona virus might result in legal liability for the university's board members and relevant university administrators.