The deer motif is an extremely important figure in the folklore of the Turk and Iranian peoples. ... more The deer motif is an extremely important figure in the folklore of the Turk and Iranian peoples. In the origin story of the Hungarians, the Miracle Stag sent by the Celestials shows the way to the new homeland. The conquering Hungarians believed that the deities appeared in the form of different animals, such as the Turul bird in addition to the deer, and conveyed important information to them. In the case of the fraternal Turk people, the similarity is not surprising. Monuments reflecting Urartu’s sense of identity are unexplored from this point of view: depictions of deer are common in the north and south, in the Caucasus and Anatolia, but such relics are rare in Urartu’s territory. This study, using the method of literary source analysis, draws attention to the phenomenon itself and its possible causes by researching the roots of the Hungarian origin legend that can be traced back to the border of Urartu.
Keywords: Miracle Stag, animals, Turk peoples, archeological findings, Urartu
The most frequently cited definition of sustainable development comes from the UN World Commissio... more The most frequently cited definition of sustainable development comes from the UN World Commission on Environment and Development as a 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' This paper seeks an answer to the question of where the role of law can be placed in the conceptual framework of 'sustainability'; what is law like if it is sustainable; what the classic and modern interpretation of this concepts are; also how do these approaches relate to the lessons of legal history, and specifically to the lessons of certain stages of the history of Hungarian state and law as sustainability turns. The conclusion is a new definition of sustainable law rooted in legal historical research, which can also be a common denominator for different aspects of sustainability.
The order of the Crusaders of St. Anthony, the predecessor of the Antonites, was a lay brotherhoo... more The order of the Crusaders of St. Anthony, the predecessor of the Antonites, was a lay brotherhood founded at the end of the 11th century in France. This organization differed from the other Hospitaller Crusaders in that they did not engage in warfare. Since the foundation, their task has consistently been patient care and, within that, the fight against "St. Anthony's fire": ergot poisoning. The earliest documents on the nursing activities of the Antonites in Hungary date back to the beginning of the 14th century. The paper presents the operation of the order in Hungary by analyzing the available contemporary documents, focusing primarily on its main house, Daróc (now: Šarišské Dravce, Slovakia), and the conditions of the management of the Pozsony (now: Bratislava, Slovakia) hospital. The charters are, on the one hand, agreements regarding hospitals they operated, and on the other, documents related to their fundraising. Indulgence letters from the period of the above-mentioned preceptor Albert of Tapolca belong to the latter category. The role of the Antonites seems to decrease more and more starting from the 15th century. City councils gradually took complete control over their hospitals everywhere, and after the Reformation that spread in the meantime eventually led to the end of the role of the Antonite Order.
International Congress on Eurasian Economies, 2023
Mainstream economists, and most non-economists, as well, consider the existence of interest as a ... more Mainstream economists, and most non-economists, as well, consider the existence of interest as a matter-ofcourse. Moreover, some economists say that it is an essential regulator of the economy, which creates a balance between savers and investors, regulates the borrowings, and it is an essential tool for the central bank's monetary control. In our study we examine the role of the interest in the Christian and Islamic moral and economy. Comparing arguments for and against interest it became clear that-even if it was not discussed in detail-the pro arguments can be easily challenged, while counterarguments are considered as moral argument by mainstream economics forgetting the fact that the science of economics has emerged from ethics. In a system of interest payment every player of the economy has to pay interest, while in the Islamic monetary system, not only profit and loss are shared between the lender and borrower, but they also have to give to the poor. Within the framework of the moral side, we are curious about the methods by the Islamic economy works without interest, if interest itself is so important that it substantiates the whole economic mechanism.
Based on the German model, practice-oriented dual training is now widespread throughout the Europ... more Based on the German model, practice-oriented dual training is now widespread throughout the European Union, including Hungary. Higher education institutions, universities of applied sciences in particular, together with their industrial partners, offer training courses that meet the needs of the labour market and are flexible to adapt to them, in a sustainable way. The study presents the results of a questionnaire survey at the University of Dunaújváros to determine the impact of a pandemic, as a crisis, and the possibilities of its management, as well as introduces a new tetrahedron model of change management applicable at the research of sustainability during crises at higher education institutions. The fact that the energy crisis caused by the Russo-Ukrainian war forced the University of Dunaújváros to switch to online education again in the winter months for the sake of sustainability gives the study particular topicality.
For the initiation of the French journalist Raoul Follereau in 1954 the UNO inaugurated the Lepro... more For the initiation of the French journalist Raoul Follereau in 1954 the UNO inaugurated the Leprosy Day (Martyr’s Day) that is celebrated on the last Sunday of January every year. Although the bacterium that causes leprosy was isolated by the Norwegian scientist Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen in 1873 and from 1982 this disease can be cured with a special pharmaceutical complex, still 219.826 new leprous are detected on Earth every year, according to the data published in August, 2010 by WHO-experts. Ancient Chinese and Hindu source-strings from 600 B. C. are referring to leprosy, however, the disease was imported by the army of Alexander the Great from India around 327-326 B. C. Even the Old and the New Testament from the Holy Bible are mentioning leprosy in several details. During the Middle Ages the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, established in the Holy Land in 72 A. D., did pioneer work in nursing leprous. In the process of time the medical attendance concerning leprous was organized in special hospitals called „leprosoriums” built on river-banks. Special office and even services were organized for the treatment and isolation of the people infected. Although medical science has prevailed against leprosy, and almost simultaneously even jurisprudence defended the patients’ rights via legislation, still mankind can regrettably not get rid of this disease that stigmatizes seriously. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 246–251.
International Conference on Eurasian Economies 2023
Mainstream economists, and most non-economists, as well, consider the existence of interest as a ... more Mainstream economists, and most non-economists, as well, consider the existence of interest as a matter-of-course. Moreover, some economists say that it is an essential regulator of the economy, which creates a balance between savers and investors, regulates the borrowings, and it is an essential tool for the central bank's monetary control. In our study we examine the role of the interest in the Christian and Islamic moral and economy. Comparing arguments for and against interest it became clear that – even if it was not discussed in detail – the pro arguments can be easily challenged, while counterarguments are considered as moral argument by mainstream economics forgetting the fact that the science of economics has emerged from ethics. In a system of interest payment every player of the economy has to pay interest, while in the Islamic monetary system, not only profit and loss are shared between the lender and borrower, but they also have to give to the poor. Within the frame...
Robert Follereau, francia újságíró kezdeményezésére az ENSZ 1954-ben bevezette a Leprások Világna... more Robert Follereau, francia újságíró kezdeményezésére az ENSZ 1954-ben bevezette a Leprások Világnapját (Martyr’s Day), amelyet minden év januárjának utolsó vasárnapján tartanak meg. Bár a lepra kórokozóját Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen norvég tudós 1873-ban izolálta, és 1982 óta egy speciális gyógyszer-kombinációval gyógyítható a betegség, a WHO járványtani szakértőinek 2010. augusztus elején közzétett adatai szerint évente 219 826 új leprás beteget diagnosztizálnak a Földön. A leprára kínai és indiai források már Kr. e. 600 táján utalnak, a hellén világba pedig Nagy Sándor hadai hurcolták be Indiából Kr. e. 327–326 környékén. A betegséget a Biblia Ó- és Újszövetségi része egyaránt több helyen említi. A középkorban a leprás betegek ápolásában úttörő szerepet játszott a Kr. u. 72-ben, a Szentföldön alapított Jeruzsálemi Szent Lázár Katonai és Kórházi Lovagrend. A leprások gyógykezelését idővel már speciális, folyóvíz mellé települt leprosoriumok látták el. A fertőzöttek kezelésére és az egészségesektől való elkülönítésére külön hivatal és szertartásrendszer jött létre. Annak ellenére, hogy a leprával, mint betegséggel, szemben az orvostudomány már győzedelmeskedett, és ezzel nagyjából egy időben a jogtudomány is biztosította a betegek jogainak jogi normákkal történő védelmét, sajnálatos tény, hogy még a XXI. századra sem sikerült az emberiségnek megszabadulnia ettől a súlyosan stigmatizáló betegségtől.
For the initiation of the French journalist Robert Follereau in 1954 the UNO inaugurated the Leprosy Day (Martyr’s Day) that is celebrated on the last Sunday of January every year. Although the bacterium that causes leprosy was isolated by the Norwegian scientist Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen in 1873 and from 1982 this disease can be cured with a special pharmaceutical complex, still 219.826 new leprous are detected on Earth every year, according to the data published in August, 2010 by WHO-experts. Ancient Chinese and Hindu source-strings from 600 B. C. are referring to leprosy, however, the disease was imported by the army of Alexander the Great from India around 327-326 B. C. Even the Old and the New Testament from the Holy Bible are mentioning leprosy in several details. During the Middle Ages the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, established in the Holy Land in 72 A. D., did pioneer work in nursing leprous. In the process of time the medical attendance concerning leprous was organized in special hospitals called „leprosoriums” built on river-banks. Special offi ce and even services were organized for the treatment and isolation of the people infected. Although medical science has prevailed against leprosy, and almost simultaneously even jurisprudence defended the patients’ rights via legislation, still mankind can regrettably not get rid of this disease that stigmatizes seriously.
A termelés maximalizálása az ezzel generált negatív externáliák figyelembevétele nélkül,
beleértv... more A termelés maximalizálása az ezzel generált negatív externáliák figyelembevétele nélkül, beleértve ebbe a lakosság mentális és fizikai egészségének károsodását is, pszichológiai stresszt okoz. A gazdasági teljesítmény vezérelveire történő összpontosítás, beleértve a több munkát, jövedelemtermelést, a nagyobb mértékű kockázatvállalást, figyelmen kívül hagyva mindezeknek a munka és a magánélet közötti egyensúlyra, a jövedelemelosztásra, vagy általában az életminőségre gyakorolt hatását, olyan stresszt okoz, amely károsítja az emberi szervezetet. A stressz a külső ingerekre adott biológiai reakció, amely veszélyezteti a szervezet önfenntartási ösztönét. A „teljes gőzzel” működő kapitalizmus által jellemzett jóléti társadalmakban a stressz gazdasági és jogi bizonytalanságot generált. A jogelmélet eddig még nem vizsgálta a gazdasági jogalkotás túl-, illetve alulszabályozottságának szerepét mindezen stressz-okok vonatkozásában. Jelen tanulmány a „Feketehattyú”- elmélet alapján vázolja fel a túl- és alulszabályozottság szerepét a társadalmi stressztényezők között, továbbá választ keres arra a kérdésre is, hogy van-e (alanyi) jogunk a stresszmentes élethez.
In the medieval Hungarian Kingdom locus credibilis authenticus was the name given to the ecclesia... more In the medieval Hungarian Kingdom locus credibilis authenticus was the name given to the ecclesiastical bodies that had the right to issue a public charter using a certified seal. The chancery and the monastic convent were authentication sites. The study of the activities of these legal institutions could be an exciting addition to the legal history of the notary profession, as it is undoubtedly unique. Indeed, in the centuries of the medieval times the phenomenon of ecclesiastical bodies issuing a document under their own seal in the affairs of others, which would have been universally recognized, was completely unknown elsewhere in Europe. The paper describes the circumstances in which the institution was created, its main areas of activity, the conclusions to be drawn from their surviving documents, and the historical and political factors that led to its disappearance.
The settlement of the Order of the Holy Spirit in Hungary is unknown. The first Hungarian source ... more The settlement of the Order of the Holy Spirit in Hungary is unknown. The first Hungarian source remained about the order was found in Nagyszeben (Sibiu) in 1292. This source explains that on 24th June 1292 the city council of Nagyszeben handed over a house with all of its belongings to the order. This house had been used earlier as a hospital with the purpose of holding church services and of taking care of poor and sick people. The order used to own several hospitals in the territory of the Hungarian Kingdom. The cessation of the operation of the order is connected to the development of the embourgeoisement, in the course of which the infirmaries and pharmacies of the order gradually ended up under the supervision of the city councils by the 15-16th centuries. The non-consistent use of the terms cruciferi, hospitalis and Spiritus Sanctus in medieval Latin documents makes it difficult to identify the houses and hospitals operated by the order unambiguously.
The deer motif is an extremely important figure in the folklore of the Turk and Iranian peoples. ... more The deer motif is an extremely important figure in the folklore of the Turk and Iranian peoples. In the origin story of the Hungarians, the Miracle Stag sent by the Celestials shows the way to the new homeland. The conquering Hungarians believed that the deities appeared in the form of different animals, such as the Turul bird in addition to the deer, and conveyed important information to them. In the case of the fraternal Turk people, the similarity is not surprising. Monuments reflecting Urartu’s sense of identity are unexplored from this point of view: depictions of deer are common in the north and south, in the Caucasus and Anatolia, but such relics are rare in Urartu’s territory. This study, using the method of literary source analysis, draws attention to the phenomenon itself and its possible causes by researching the roots of the Hungarian origin legend that can be traced back to the border of Urartu.
Keywords: Miracle Stag, animals, Turk peoples, archeological findings, Urartu
The most frequently cited definition of sustainable development comes from the UN World Commissio... more The most frequently cited definition of sustainable development comes from the UN World Commission on Environment and Development as a 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' This paper seeks an answer to the question of where the role of law can be placed in the conceptual framework of 'sustainability'; what is law like if it is sustainable; what the classic and modern interpretation of this concepts are; also how do these approaches relate to the lessons of legal history, and specifically to the lessons of certain stages of the history of Hungarian state and law as sustainability turns. The conclusion is a new definition of sustainable law rooted in legal historical research, which can also be a common denominator for different aspects of sustainability.
The order of the Crusaders of St. Anthony, the predecessor of the Antonites, was a lay brotherhoo... more The order of the Crusaders of St. Anthony, the predecessor of the Antonites, was a lay brotherhood founded at the end of the 11th century in France. This organization differed from the other Hospitaller Crusaders in that they did not engage in warfare. Since the foundation, their task has consistently been patient care and, within that, the fight against "St. Anthony's fire": ergot poisoning. The earliest documents on the nursing activities of the Antonites in Hungary date back to the beginning of the 14th century. The paper presents the operation of the order in Hungary by analyzing the available contemporary documents, focusing primarily on its main house, Daróc (now: Šarišské Dravce, Slovakia), and the conditions of the management of the Pozsony (now: Bratislava, Slovakia) hospital. The charters are, on the one hand, agreements regarding hospitals they operated, and on the other, documents related to their fundraising. Indulgence letters from the period of the above-mentioned preceptor Albert of Tapolca belong to the latter category. The role of the Antonites seems to decrease more and more starting from the 15th century. City councils gradually took complete control over their hospitals everywhere, and after the Reformation that spread in the meantime eventually led to the end of the role of the Antonite Order.
International Congress on Eurasian Economies, 2023
Mainstream economists, and most non-economists, as well, consider the existence of interest as a ... more Mainstream economists, and most non-economists, as well, consider the existence of interest as a matter-ofcourse. Moreover, some economists say that it is an essential regulator of the economy, which creates a balance between savers and investors, regulates the borrowings, and it is an essential tool for the central bank's monetary control. In our study we examine the role of the interest in the Christian and Islamic moral and economy. Comparing arguments for and against interest it became clear that-even if it was not discussed in detail-the pro arguments can be easily challenged, while counterarguments are considered as moral argument by mainstream economics forgetting the fact that the science of economics has emerged from ethics. In a system of interest payment every player of the economy has to pay interest, while in the Islamic monetary system, not only profit and loss are shared between the lender and borrower, but they also have to give to the poor. Within the framework of the moral side, we are curious about the methods by the Islamic economy works without interest, if interest itself is so important that it substantiates the whole economic mechanism.
Based on the German model, practice-oriented dual training is now widespread throughout the Europ... more Based on the German model, practice-oriented dual training is now widespread throughout the European Union, including Hungary. Higher education institutions, universities of applied sciences in particular, together with their industrial partners, offer training courses that meet the needs of the labour market and are flexible to adapt to them, in a sustainable way. The study presents the results of a questionnaire survey at the University of Dunaújváros to determine the impact of a pandemic, as a crisis, and the possibilities of its management, as well as introduces a new tetrahedron model of change management applicable at the research of sustainability during crises at higher education institutions. The fact that the energy crisis caused by the Russo-Ukrainian war forced the University of Dunaújváros to switch to online education again in the winter months for the sake of sustainability gives the study particular topicality.
For the initiation of the French journalist Raoul Follereau in 1954 the UNO inaugurated the Lepro... more For the initiation of the French journalist Raoul Follereau in 1954 the UNO inaugurated the Leprosy Day (Martyr’s Day) that is celebrated on the last Sunday of January every year. Although the bacterium that causes leprosy was isolated by the Norwegian scientist Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen in 1873 and from 1982 this disease can be cured with a special pharmaceutical complex, still 219.826 new leprous are detected on Earth every year, according to the data published in August, 2010 by WHO-experts. Ancient Chinese and Hindu source-strings from 600 B. C. are referring to leprosy, however, the disease was imported by the army of Alexander the Great from India around 327-326 B. C. Even the Old and the New Testament from the Holy Bible are mentioning leprosy in several details. During the Middle Ages the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, established in the Holy Land in 72 A. D., did pioneer work in nursing leprous. In the process of time the medical attendance concerning leprous was organized in special hospitals called „leprosoriums” built on river-banks. Special office and even services were organized for the treatment and isolation of the people infected. Although medical science has prevailed against leprosy, and almost simultaneously even jurisprudence defended the patients’ rights via legislation, still mankind can regrettably not get rid of this disease that stigmatizes seriously. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 246–251.
International Conference on Eurasian Economies 2023
Mainstream economists, and most non-economists, as well, consider the existence of interest as a ... more Mainstream economists, and most non-economists, as well, consider the existence of interest as a matter-of-course. Moreover, some economists say that it is an essential regulator of the economy, which creates a balance between savers and investors, regulates the borrowings, and it is an essential tool for the central bank's monetary control. In our study we examine the role of the interest in the Christian and Islamic moral and economy. Comparing arguments for and against interest it became clear that – even if it was not discussed in detail – the pro arguments can be easily challenged, while counterarguments are considered as moral argument by mainstream economics forgetting the fact that the science of economics has emerged from ethics. In a system of interest payment every player of the economy has to pay interest, while in the Islamic monetary system, not only profit and loss are shared between the lender and borrower, but they also have to give to the poor. Within the frame...
Robert Follereau, francia újságíró kezdeményezésére az ENSZ 1954-ben bevezette a Leprások Világna... more Robert Follereau, francia újságíró kezdeményezésére az ENSZ 1954-ben bevezette a Leprások Világnapját (Martyr’s Day), amelyet minden év januárjának utolsó vasárnapján tartanak meg. Bár a lepra kórokozóját Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen norvég tudós 1873-ban izolálta, és 1982 óta egy speciális gyógyszer-kombinációval gyógyítható a betegség, a WHO járványtani szakértőinek 2010. augusztus elején közzétett adatai szerint évente 219 826 új leprás beteget diagnosztizálnak a Földön. A leprára kínai és indiai források már Kr. e. 600 táján utalnak, a hellén világba pedig Nagy Sándor hadai hurcolták be Indiából Kr. e. 327–326 környékén. A betegséget a Biblia Ó- és Újszövetségi része egyaránt több helyen említi. A középkorban a leprás betegek ápolásában úttörő szerepet játszott a Kr. u. 72-ben, a Szentföldön alapított Jeruzsálemi Szent Lázár Katonai és Kórházi Lovagrend. A leprások gyógykezelését idővel már speciális, folyóvíz mellé települt leprosoriumok látták el. A fertőzöttek kezelésére és az egészségesektől való elkülönítésére külön hivatal és szertartásrendszer jött létre. Annak ellenére, hogy a leprával, mint betegséggel, szemben az orvostudomány már győzedelmeskedett, és ezzel nagyjából egy időben a jogtudomány is biztosította a betegek jogainak jogi normákkal történő védelmét, sajnálatos tény, hogy még a XXI. századra sem sikerült az emberiségnek megszabadulnia ettől a súlyosan stigmatizáló betegségtől.
For the initiation of the French journalist Robert Follereau in 1954 the UNO inaugurated the Leprosy Day (Martyr’s Day) that is celebrated on the last Sunday of January every year. Although the bacterium that causes leprosy was isolated by the Norwegian scientist Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen in 1873 and from 1982 this disease can be cured with a special pharmaceutical complex, still 219.826 new leprous are detected on Earth every year, according to the data published in August, 2010 by WHO-experts. Ancient Chinese and Hindu source-strings from 600 B. C. are referring to leprosy, however, the disease was imported by the army of Alexander the Great from India around 327-326 B. C. Even the Old and the New Testament from the Holy Bible are mentioning leprosy in several details. During the Middle Ages the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, established in the Holy Land in 72 A. D., did pioneer work in nursing leprous. In the process of time the medical attendance concerning leprous was organized in special hospitals called „leprosoriums” built on river-banks. Special offi ce and even services were organized for the treatment and isolation of the people infected. Although medical science has prevailed against leprosy, and almost simultaneously even jurisprudence defended the patients’ rights via legislation, still mankind can regrettably not get rid of this disease that stigmatizes seriously.
A termelés maximalizálása az ezzel generált negatív externáliák figyelembevétele nélkül,
beleértv... more A termelés maximalizálása az ezzel generált negatív externáliák figyelembevétele nélkül, beleértve ebbe a lakosság mentális és fizikai egészségének károsodását is, pszichológiai stresszt okoz. A gazdasági teljesítmény vezérelveire történő összpontosítás, beleértve a több munkát, jövedelemtermelést, a nagyobb mértékű kockázatvállalást, figyelmen kívül hagyva mindezeknek a munka és a magánélet közötti egyensúlyra, a jövedelemelosztásra, vagy általában az életminőségre gyakorolt hatását, olyan stresszt okoz, amely károsítja az emberi szervezetet. A stressz a külső ingerekre adott biológiai reakció, amely veszélyezteti a szervezet önfenntartási ösztönét. A „teljes gőzzel” működő kapitalizmus által jellemzett jóléti társadalmakban a stressz gazdasági és jogi bizonytalanságot generált. A jogelmélet eddig még nem vizsgálta a gazdasági jogalkotás túl-, illetve alulszabályozottságának szerepét mindezen stressz-okok vonatkozásában. Jelen tanulmány a „Feketehattyú”- elmélet alapján vázolja fel a túl- és alulszabályozottság szerepét a társadalmi stressztényezők között, továbbá választ keres arra a kérdésre is, hogy van-e (alanyi) jogunk a stresszmentes élethez.
In the medieval Hungarian Kingdom locus credibilis authenticus was the name given to the ecclesia... more In the medieval Hungarian Kingdom locus credibilis authenticus was the name given to the ecclesiastical bodies that had the right to issue a public charter using a certified seal. The chancery and the monastic convent were authentication sites. The study of the activities of these legal institutions could be an exciting addition to the legal history of the notary profession, as it is undoubtedly unique. Indeed, in the centuries of the medieval times the phenomenon of ecclesiastical bodies issuing a document under their own seal in the affairs of others, which would have been universally recognized, was completely unknown elsewhere in Europe. The paper describes the circumstances in which the institution was created, its main areas of activity, the conclusions to be drawn from their surviving documents, and the historical and political factors that led to its disappearance.
The settlement of the Order of the Holy Spirit in Hungary is unknown. The first Hungarian source ... more The settlement of the Order of the Holy Spirit in Hungary is unknown. The first Hungarian source remained about the order was found in Nagyszeben (Sibiu) in 1292. This source explains that on 24th June 1292 the city council of Nagyszeben handed over a house with all of its belongings to the order. This house had been used earlier as a hospital with the purpose of holding church services and of taking care of poor and sick people. The order used to own several hospitals in the territory of the Hungarian Kingdom. The cessation of the operation of the order is connected to the development of the embourgeoisement, in the course of which the infirmaries and pharmacies of the order gradually ended up under the supervision of the city councils by the 15-16th centuries. The non-consistent use of the terms cruciferi, hospitalis and Spiritus Sanctus in medieval Latin documents makes it difficult to identify the houses and hospitals operated by the order unambiguously.
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Papers by Orsolya Falus
Keywords: Miracle Stag, animals, Turk peoples, archeological findings, Urartu
war forced the University of Dunaújváros to switch to online education again in the winter months for the sake of sustainability gives the study particular topicality.
Day), amelyet minden év januárjának utolsó vasárnapján tartanak meg. Bár a lepra kórokozóját Gerhard Henrik
Armauer Hansen norvég tudós 1873-ban izolálta, és 1982 óta egy speciális gyógyszer-kombinációval gyógyítható
a betegség, a WHO járványtani szakértőinek 2010. augusztus elején közzétett adatai szerint évente 219 826 új
leprás beteget diagnosztizálnak a Földön. A leprára kínai és indiai források már Kr. e. 600 táján utalnak, a hellén
világba pedig Nagy Sándor hadai hurcolták be Indiából Kr. e. 327–326 környékén. A betegséget a Biblia Ó- és Újszövetségi
része egyaránt több helyen említi. A középkorban a leprás betegek ápolásában úttörő szerepet játszott a
Kr. u. 72-ben, a Szentföldön alapított Jeruzsálemi Szent Lázár Katonai és Kórházi Lovagrend. A leprások gyógykezelését
idővel már speciális, folyóvíz mellé települt leprosoriumok látták el. A fertőzöttek kezelésére és az egészségesektől
való elkülönítésére külön hivatal és szertartásrendszer jött létre. Annak ellenére, hogy a leprával, mint
betegséggel, szemben az orvostudomány már győzedelmeskedett, és ezzel nagyjából egy időben a jogtudomány is
biztosította a betegek jogainak jogi normákkal történő védelmét, sajnálatos tény, hogy még a XXI. századra sem sikerült
az emberiségnek megszabadulnia ettől a súlyosan stigmatizáló betegségtől.
For the initiation of the French journalist Robert Follereau in 1954 the UNO inaugurated the Leprosy Day (Martyr’s
Day) that is celebrated on the last Sunday of January every year. Although the bacterium that causes leprosy was
isolated by the Norwegian scientist Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen in 1873 and from 1982 this disease can be
cured with a special pharmaceutical complex, still 219.826 new leprous are detected on Earth every year, according
to the data published in August, 2010 by WHO-experts. Ancient Chinese and Hindu source-strings from 600 B. C.
are referring to leprosy, however, the disease was imported by the army of Alexander the Great from India around
327-326 B. C. Even the Old and the New Testament from the Holy Bible are mentioning leprosy in several details.
During the Middle Ages the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, established in the Holy Land
in 72 A. D., did pioneer work in nursing leprous. In the process of time the medical attendance concerning leprous
was organized in special hospitals called „leprosoriums” built on river-banks. Special offi ce and even services were
organized for the treatment and isolation of the people infected. Although medical science has prevailed against
leprosy, and almost simultaneously even jurisprudence defended the patients’ rights via legislation, still mankind can
regrettably not get rid of this disease that stigmatizes seriously.
beleértve ebbe a lakosság mentális és fizikai egészségének károsodását is, pszichológiai
stresszt okoz. A gazdasági teljesítmény vezérelveire történő összpontosítás, beleértve a
több munkát, jövedelemtermelést, a nagyobb mértékű kockázatvállalást, figyelmen kívül
hagyva mindezeknek a munka és a magánélet közötti egyensúlyra, a jövedelemelosztásra,
vagy általában az életminőségre gyakorolt hatását, olyan stresszt okoz, amely károsítja
az emberi szervezetet. A stressz a külső ingerekre adott biológiai reakció, amely veszélyezteti
a szervezet önfenntartási ösztönét. A „teljes gőzzel” működő kapitalizmus által
jellemzett jóléti társadalmakban a stressz gazdasági és jogi bizonytalanságot generált.
A jogelmélet eddig még nem vizsgálta a gazdasági jogalkotás túl-, illetve alulszabályozottságának
szerepét mindezen stressz-okok vonatkozásában. Jelen tanulmány a „Feketehattyú”-
elmélet alapján vázolja fel a túl- és alulszabályozottság szerepét a társadalmi
stressztényezők között, továbbá választ keres arra a kérdésre is, hogy van-e (alanyi) jogunk
a stresszmentes élethez.
Nagyszeben (Sibiu) in 1292. This source explains that on 24th June 1292 the city council of Nagyszeben handed over a house with all of its belongings
to the order. This house had been used earlier as a hospital with the purpose of holding church services and of taking care of poor and sick
people. The order used to own several hospitals in the territory of the Hungarian Kingdom. The cessation of the operation of the order is connected to
the development of the embourgeoisement, in the course of which the infirmaries and pharmacies of the order gradually ended up under the supervision
of the city councils by the 15-16th centuries. The non-consistent use of the terms cruciferi, hospitalis and Spiritus Sanctus in medieval Latin
documents makes it difficult to identify the houses and hospitals operated by the order unambiguously.
Keywords: Miracle Stag, animals, Turk peoples, archeological findings, Urartu
war forced the University of Dunaújváros to switch to online education again in the winter months for the sake of sustainability gives the study particular topicality.
Day), amelyet minden év januárjának utolsó vasárnapján tartanak meg. Bár a lepra kórokozóját Gerhard Henrik
Armauer Hansen norvég tudós 1873-ban izolálta, és 1982 óta egy speciális gyógyszer-kombinációval gyógyítható
a betegség, a WHO járványtani szakértőinek 2010. augusztus elején közzétett adatai szerint évente 219 826 új
leprás beteget diagnosztizálnak a Földön. A leprára kínai és indiai források már Kr. e. 600 táján utalnak, a hellén
világba pedig Nagy Sándor hadai hurcolták be Indiából Kr. e. 327–326 környékén. A betegséget a Biblia Ó- és Újszövetségi
része egyaránt több helyen említi. A középkorban a leprás betegek ápolásában úttörő szerepet játszott a
Kr. u. 72-ben, a Szentföldön alapított Jeruzsálemi Szent Lázár Katonai és Kórházi Lovagrend. A leprások gyógykezelését
idővel már speciális, folyóvíz mellé települt leprosoriumok látták el. A fertőzöttek kezelésére és az egészségesektől
való elkülönítésére külön hivatal és szertartásrendszer jött létre. Annak ellenére, hogy a leprával, mint
betegséggel, szemben az orvostudomány már győzedelmeskedett, és ezzel nagyjából egy időben a jogtudomány is
biztosította a betegek jogainak jogi normákkal történő védelmét, sajnálatos tény, hogy még a XXI. századra sem sikerült
az emberiségnek megszabadulnia ettől a súlyosan stigmatizáló betegségtől.
For the initiation of the French journalist Robert Follereau in 1954 the UNO inaugurated the Leprosy Day (Martyr’s
Day) that is celebrated on the last Sunday of January every year. Although the bacterium that causes leprosy was
isolated by the Norwegian scientist Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen in 1873 and from 1982 this disease can be
cured with a special pharmaceutical complex, still 219.826 new leprous are detected on Earth every year, according
to the data published in August, 2010 by WHO-experts. Ancient Chinese and Hindu source-strings from 600 B. C.
are referring to leprosy, however, the disease was imported by the army of Alexander the Great from India around
327-326 B. C. Even the Old and the New Testament from the Holy Bible are mentioning leprosy in several details.
During the Middle Ages the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, established in the Holy Land
in 72 A. D., did pioneer work in nursing leprous. In the process of time the medical attendance concerning leprous
was organized in special hospitals called „leprosoriums” built on river-banks. Special offi ce and even services were
organized for the treatment and isolation of the people infected. Although medical science has prevailed against
leprosy, and almost simultaneously even jurisprudence defended the patients’ rights via legislation, still mankind can
regrettably not get rid of this disease that stigmatizes seriously.
beleértve ebbe a lakosság mentális és fizikai egészségének károsodását is, pszichológiai
stresszt okoz. A gazdasági teljesítmény vezérelveire történő összpontosítás, beleértve a
több munkát, jövedelemtermelést, a nagyobb mértékű kockázatvállalást, figyelmen kívül
hagyva mindezeknek a munka és a magánélet közötti egyensúlyra, a jövedelemelosztásra,
vagy általában az életminőségre gyakorolt hatását, olyan stresszt okoz, amely károsítja
az emberi szervezetet. A stressz a külső ingerekre adott biológiai reakció, amely veszélyezteti
a szervezet önfenntartási ösztönét. A „teljes gőzzel” működő kapitalizmus által
jellemzett jóléti társadalmakban a stressz gazdasági és jogi bizonytalanságot generált.
A jogelmélet eddig még nem vizsgálta a gazdasági jogalkotás túl-, illetve alulszabályozottságának
szerepét mindezen stressz-okok vonatkozásában. Jelen tanulmány a „Feketehattyú”-
elmélet alapján vázolja fel a túl- és alulszabályozottság szerepét a társadalmi
stressztényezők között, továbbá választ keres arra a kérdésre is, hogy van-e (alanyi) jogunk
a stresszmentes élethez.
Nagyszeben (Sibiu) in 1292. This source explains that on 24th June 1292 the city council of Nagyszeben handed over a house with all of its belongings
to the order. This house had been used earlier as a hospital with the purpose of holding church services and of taking care of poor and sick
people. The order used to own several hospitals in the territory of the Hungarian Kingdom. The cessation of the operation of the order is connected to
the development of the embourgeoisement, in the course of which the infirmaries and pharmacies of the order gradually ended up under the supervision
of the city councils by the 15-16th centuries. The non-consistent use of the terms cruciferi, hospitalis and Spiritus Sanctus in medieval Latin
documents makes it difficult to identify the houses and hospitals operated by the order unambiguously.