Books by Andrew Fairbairn
by Derek Counts, Erin Walcek Averett, Jody Michael Gordon, Steven Ellis, Adam Rabinowitz, Matthew Sayre, Christopher F Motz, Brandon R . Olson, Gabriela Ore Menendez, Samuel B Fee, Shawn A Ross, Libertad Serrano Lara, Andrew Fairbairn, Matthew Spigelman, and J. Andrew Dufton Mobilizing the Past is a collection of 20 articles that explore the use and impact of mobile digi... more Mobilizing the Past is a collection of 20 articles that explore the use and impact of mobile digital technology in archaeological field practice. The detailed case studies present in this volume range from drones in the Andes to iPads at Pompeii, digital workflows in the American Southwest, and examples of how bespoke, DIY, and commercial software provide solutions and craft novel challenges for field archaeologists. The range of projects and contexts ensures that Mobilizing the Past for a Digital Future is far more than a state-of-the-field manual or technical handbook. Instead, the contributors embrace the growing spirit of critique present in digital archaeology. This critical edge, backed by real projects, systems, and experiences, gives the book lasting value as both a glimpse into present practices as well as the anxieties and enthusiasm associated with the most recent generation of mobile digital tools. This book emerged from a workshop funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities held in 2015 at Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston. The workshop brought together over 20 leading practitioners of digital archaeology in the U.S. for a weekend of conversation. The papers in this volume reflect the discussions at this workshop with significant additional content. Starting with an expansive introduction and concluding with a series of reflective papers, this volume illustrates how tablets, connectivity, sophisticated software, and powerful computers have transformed field practices and offer potential for a radically transformed discipline.
Individual chapters are available for free download, here:
http://dc.uwm.edu/arthist_mobilizingthepast/
by Derek Counts, Erin Walcek Averett, Jody Michael Gordon, Adam Rabinowitz, Steven Ellis, Rebecca E Bria, Christopher F Motz, Matthew Sayre, Eric Poehler, Brandon R . Olson, Samuel B Fee, Libertad Serrano Lara, Shawn A Ross, Andrew Fairbairn, and J. Andrew Dufton For more information, please visit:
https://thedigitalpress.org/mobilizing-the-past-for-a-digital... more For more information, please visit:
https://thedigitalpress.org/mobilizing-the-past-for-a-digital-future/
Mobilizing the Past is a collection of 20 articles that explore the use and impact of mobile digital technology in archaeological field practice. The detailed case studies present in this volume range from drones in the Andes to iPads at Pompeii, digital workflows in the American Southwest, and examples of how bespoke, DIY, and commercial software provide solutions and craft novel challenges for field archaeologist. The range of projects and contexts ensures that Mobilizing the Past for a Digital Future is far more than a state-of-the-field manual or technical handbook. Instead, the contributors embrace the growing spirit of critique present in digital archaeology. This critical edge, backed by real projects, systems, and experiences, gives the book lasting value as both a glimpse into present practices as well as the anxieties and enthusiasm associated with the most recent generation of mobile digital tools.
This volume celebrates the career of archaebotanist Professor Gordon C. Hillman. Twenty-eight pap... more This volume celebrates the career of archaebotanist Professor Gordon C. Hillman. Twenty-eight papers cover a wide range of topics reflecting the great influence that Hillman has had in the field of archaeobotany. Many of his favourite research topics are covered, the body of the text being split into four sections: Personal reflections on Professor Hillman's career; archaeobotanical theory and method; ethnoarchaeological and cultural studies; and ancient plant use from sites and regions around the world. The collection demonstrates, as Gordon Hillman believes, that the study of archaebotany is not only valuable, but vital for any study of humanity. Please contact me for copies of the papers
This collection of refereed papers covers the thematic fields of geoarchaeology, archaeobotany, m... more This collection of refereed papers covers the thematic fields of geoarchaeology, archaeobotany, materials analysis and chronometry, with particular emphasis on the first two. The editors Andrew Fairbairn, Sue O’Connor and Ben Marwick outline the special value of these contributions in the introduction. The international nature of archaeological science will mean that the advances set out in these papers will find a receptive audience among many archaeologists elsewhere. There is no doubt that the story that Australasian archaeology has to tell has been copiously enriched by incorporating a widening net of advanced science-based studies. This has brought attention to the nature of the environment as a human artefact, a fact now more widely appreciated, and archaeology deals with these artefacts, among others, in this way in this publication.
Brings together papers from the Neolithic Studies Group concerning plant use an Neolithic Britain... more Brings together papers from the Neolithic Studies Group concerning plant use an Neolithic Britain and adjacent regions. Papers include: Bringing plants into the taskscape (Alasdair Whittle); High resolution mapping of Neolithic and Bronze Age landscapes and landuse (Michael J. Allen); Coleopteran evidence for the elm decline, Neolithic activity in woodland, clearance and the use of the landscape (Mark Robinson); Plant resources on a Neolithic crannog as indicated by insect remains (Clive Warsop); Floodplain vegetation history: clearings as potential ritual spaces? (Anthony G. Brown); Woodland, trees, and people in the Neolithic of southern Britain (Phil Austin); Evaluating the importance of cultivation and collecting in Neolithic Britain (Glynis Jones); Further considerations of Neolithic charred cereals, fruits and nuts (Mark Robinson); Revising the wheat crops of Neolithic Britain (Frances McLaren); The Neolithization of the Netherlands (Corrie Bakels); On the spread of plant crops across Neolithic Britain, with special reference to southern England (Andrew Fairbairn); Human consumption of plant foods in the British Neolithic (Michael P. Richards); Neolithic ale: Barley as a source of malt sugars for fermentation (Mervyn Dineley and Graham Dineley); Plant as the raw materials for cults (Linda Hurcombe); The altering eye: reconstructing archaeobotany (John Swogger).
Archaeology of Turkey by Andrew Fairbairn
Fragments of possible fired clay found at Boncuklu Höyük, central Turkey, appear to derive from r... more Fragments of possible fired clay found at Boncuklu Höyük, central Turkey, appear to derive from rudimentary vessels, despite the later ninth- and early eighth-millennium cal. BC and thus ‘Aceramic’ dates for the site. This paper will examine the evidence for such fired clay vessels at Boncuklu and consider their implications as examples of some of the earliest pottery in Anatolia. The discussion will examine contextual evidence for the role of these fragments and consider their relative rarity at the site and the implications for the marked widespread adoption of pottery in southwest Asia c. 7000–6700 cal. BC.
Australian Archaeology, Jun 1, 2007
The archaeological documentation of the development
of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is... more The archaeological documentation of the development
of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is
not yet mirrored by a genetic understanding of the
human populations involved, in contrast to the
spread of farming in Europe . Sedentary farming
communities emerged in parts of the Fertile Crescent
during the tenth millennium and early ninth millennium
calibrated (cal) BC and had appeared in central
Anatolia by 8300 cal BC . Farming spread into
west Anatolia by the early seventh millennium cal
BC and quasi-synchronously into Europe, although
the timing and process of this movement remain unclear.
Using genome sequence data that we generated
from nine central Anatolian Neolithic individuals,
we studied the transition period from early Aceramic
(Pre-Pottery) to the later Pottery Neolithic, when
farming expanded west of the Fertile Crescent. We
find that genetic diversity in the earliest farmers
was conspicuously low, on a par with European
foraging groups. With the advent of the Pottery
Neolithic, genetic variation within societies reached
levels later found in early European farmers. Our results
confirm that the earliest Neolithic central Anatolians
belonged to the same gene pool as the first
Neolithic migrants spreading into Europe. Further,
genetic affinities between later Anatolian farmers
and fourth to third millennium BC Chalcolithic south
Europeans suggest an additional wave of Anatolian
migrants, after the initial Neolithic spread but before
the Yamnaya-related migrations. We propose that
the earliest farming societies demographically
resembled foragers and that only after regional
gene flow and rising heterogeneity did the farming
population expansions into Europe occur.
The Boncuklu project offers the opportunity to understand
what the uptake of farming meant for ea... more The Boncuklu project offers the opportunity to understand
what the uptake of farming meant for early Holocene
foragers, in terms of their household organisation and social
practices, landscape engagements, ritual and symbolism, as
well to understand the spread of farming from the Fertile
Crescent, to points to the west and ultimately into Europe.
The ritual and symbolic practices at Boncuklu are
especially intriguing, given that Boncuklu seems to be a
direct predecessor of Çatalhöyük and is located only 9.5km
to its north.
This paper explores the effectiveness of a domestic mode of production model in explaining the de... more This paper explores the effectiveness of a domestic mode of production model in explaining the development of Neolithic households in South-west Asia, using evidence from the site of Boncuklu in central Anatolia. We present evidence that Boncuklu households were institutionalized through repetitive practice, highly structured and symbolically charged domestic activity, ritual and symbolism stressing the animate and transcendental nature of the house, relating to continuity and idiosyncratic identity display. The Boncuklu evidence also suggests supra-household groups, possibly bound together by certain landscape exploitation activities, were reinforced by their own distinctive ritual practices and symbolism in parallel with and probably in a certain tension with the cohesive tendencies of individual households, even in the absence of evidence of monumental non-domestic communal structures seen at some Neolithic sites. This suggests the domestic mode of production model does not apply well to Neolithic South-west Asia, certainly for long time periods and in certain regions.
The Ottoman reoccupation of the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük (Kırşehir Province, Turkey) apparently oc... more The Ottoman reoccupation of the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük (Kırşehir Province, Turkey) apparently occurred sometime during the fifteenth century CE, a time of massive territorial and administrative transformation in the Empire. A rich suite of archaeobotanical material recovered from the site offers a potentially invaluable source of information on Ottoman-era Anatolian agroeconomy, especially since historiographic research on the topic has uniformly ignored archaeological perspectives. Here we present results of a multi-proxy analysis aimed at establishing an absolute multiphasic chronology for Kaman-Kalehöyük’s Ottoman occupation, founded upon Bayesian statistical modelling of high-precision radiocarbon dates from cereal remains. We use the new chronology to position Kaman-Kalehöyük’s resettlement within a historical context, allowing a new perspective on settlement responses to large-scale Ottoman sociopolitical change in Anatolia.
The archaeological documentation of the development of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is... more The archaeological documentation of the development of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is not yet mirrored by a genetic understanding of the human populations involved, in contrast to the spread of farming in Europe. Sedentary farming communities emerged in parts of the Fertile Crescent during the tenth millennium and early ninth millennium calibrated (cal) BC and had appeared in central Anatolia by 8300 cal BC. Farming spread into west Anatolia by the early seventh millennium cal BC and quasi-synchronously into Europe, although the timing and process of this movement remain unclear. Using genome sequence data that we generated from nine central Anatolian Neolithic individuals, we studied the transition period from early Aceramic (Pre-Pottery) to the later Pottery Neolithic, when farming expanded west of the Fertile Crescent. We find that genetic diversity in the earliest farmers was conspicuously low, on a par with European foraging groups. With the advent of the Pottery Neolithic, genetic variation within societies reached levels later found in early European farmers. Our results confirm that the earliest Neolithic central Anatolians belonged to the same gene pool as the first Neolithic migrants spreading into Europe. Further, genetic affinities between later Anatolian farmers and fourth to third millennium BC Chalcolithic south Europeans suggest an additional wave of Anatolian migrants, after the initial Neolithic spread but before the Yamnaya-related migrations. We propose that the earliest farming societies demographically resembled foragers and that only after regional gene flow and rising heterogeneity did the farming population expansions into Europe occur.
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2015
ABSTRACT The Bronze and Iron Ages of central Anatolia encompass a period of significant social an... more ABSTRACT The Bronze and Iron Ages of central Anatolia encompass a period of significant social and political change. In contrast to the well-documented changes in the social landscape, the environmental landscape for the region at this time is poorly understood. The limited temporal and spatial coverage from environmental records means it is difficult to understand the finer details of environmental change, especially in relation to the archaeology of specific sites. This paper offers a complete and continuous diachronic wood charcoal assemblage for the Middle Bronze Age to Late Iron Age from Kaman-Kalehöyük in central Anatolia. Results show a significant decline in taxa richness from the Middle Bronze Age to the Late Iron Age, particularly during the Hittite Empire period. The decline in richness is followed by a dramatic increase in pine use from the beginning of the Iron Age. The timing and exploitation of key taxa in the Kaman-Kalehöyük assemblage do not match that indicated in the regional pollen data but rather show a clear local signature chronologically matched to the Hittite Empire. http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1QWQk15SlTQfLS
Previous anthracological research on multi-use pit fills at Kaman-Kalehoyük in central Turkey sho... more Previous anthracological research on multi-use pit fills at Kaman-Kalehoyük in central Turkey shows a sudden and dramatic increase in pine use from the Early Iron Age onwards, accompanied by a decline in taxa richness from the Middle Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age. This paper explores whether fuel choice was the driving factor behind this pattern of change through a comparative taxonomic analysis of
wood charcoal assemblages derived from multi-use pits, domestic hearths, and room fills accumulated during the Middle Bronze Age to Late Iron Age occupation at the site. Results from the hearth assemblages parallel those from the pits, documenting a decline in taxa richness from the Middle Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age, particularly during the Hittite Empire period, followed by a dramatic increase in
pine in the Iron Age. However, the room fill composition does not match the same pattern. Results confirm that changes in taxonomic representation represented in the pit fills at Kaman-Kalehoyük was driven by fuel wood selection, with remains from room fills reflecting different selection behaviour
relating to construction activities.
The Bronze and Iron Ages of central Anatolia encompass a period of significant social and politic... more The Bronze and Iron Ages of central Anatolia encompass a period of significant social and political
change. In contrast to the well-documented changes in the social landscape, the environmental landscape
for the region at this time is poorly understood. The limited temporal and spatial coverage from
environmental records means it is difficult to understand the finer details of environmental change,
especially in relation to the archaeology of specific sites. This paper offers a complete and continuous
diachronic wood charcoal assemblage for the Middle Bronze Age to Late Iron Age from Kaman-Kalehoyük
in central Anatolia. Results show a significant decline in taxa richness from the Middle Bronze Age to the
Late Iron Age, particularly during the Hittite Empire period. The decline in richness is followed by a
dramatic increase in pine use from the beginning of the Iron Age. The timing and exploitation of key taxa
in Kaman-Kalehoyük assemblage do not match that indicated in the regional pollen data but rather show
a clear local signature chronologically matched to the Hittite Empire.
Plant macrofossil analysis, phytolith analysis and AMS radiocarbon dating at Pınarbaşı in central... more Plant macrofossil analysis, phytolith analysis and AMS radiocarbon dating at Pınarbaşı in central Anatolia confirm the presence and continuity of plant gathering practice as a key subsistence strategy from c. 9000–7700 cal BC. Results demonstrate the use of almond, terebinth and hackberry as food plants, similar to Palaeolithic/Epipalaeolithic subsistence strategies in the Antalya region. Crop and/or crop progenitor use is unsupported, with sporadic cereal macrofossils rare and shown by direct radiocarbon dating to be intrusive, a conclusion supported by the phytolith analysis. Seed exploitation is also rejected. Results confirm the presence of sedentary foragers from 9000 cal BC in central Anatolia, contemporary with the Levantine PPNA-Early PPNB, suggest a different plant subsistence focus to contemporary forager societies in the Fertile Crescent and indicate economic differences with contemporary sites in central Anatolia which were already cultivating crops.
Archaeobotany—the study of plant remains preserved in archaeological strata—provides a complement... more Archaeobotany—the study of plant remains preserved in archaeological strata—provides a complementary view of past plant use to that provided by the historical record at the Middle Bronze Age (MBA ) city of Kanesh. Systematic soil sampling and flotation processing has produced a rich record of charred plant remains from both the upper and lower cities. Preliminary results from Early Bronze Age III (EB III) and MBA contexts indicate differential patterns of plant consumption between the lower and upper cities, mainly in relation to differences in the consumption of arable byproducts, such as straw and chaff, with a historical change in the importance of crop species seen between the EB III and MBA occupations. Crop assemblages mirror those found across the region, being dominated by hulled wheat, naked wheat and hulled barley with lentil and bitter vetch also present. MBA trade in hazelnuts is confirmed through the presence of nutshell fragments in three contexts from the upper and lower cities and trade in some other fruits is probable. Furthermore, weed seeds indicate the exploitation of wetter, perhaps irrigated, lands along the river valleys, as well as drier areas upslope. Processed food, including possible bread, is also recorded. While in its early stages, preliminary archaeobotanical evidence shows great promise as a source of evidence to complement historical sources concerning the MBA plant economy, corroborative evidence confirming contentious historical interpretations of plant use and offers the possibility of long-term diachronic analysis of change in plant use, economy, and landscape.
Uploads
Books by Andrew Fairbairn
Individual chapters are available for free download, here:
http://dc.uwm.edu/arthist_mobilizingthepast/
https://thedigitalpress.org/mobilizing-the-past-for-a-digital-future/
Mobilizing the Past is a collection of 20 articles that explore the use and impact of mobile digital technology in archaeological field practice. The detailed case studies present in this volume range from drones in the Andes to iPads at Pompeii, digital workflows in the American Southwest, and examples of how bespoke, DIY, and commercial software provide solutions and craft novel challenges for field archaeologist. The range of projects and contexts ensures that Mobilizing the Past for a Digital Future is far more than a state-of-the-field manual or technical handbook. Instead, the contributors embrace the growing spirit of critique present in digital archaeology. This critical edge, backed by real projects, systems, and experiences, gives the book lasting value as both a glimpse into present practices as well as the anxieties and enthusiasm associated with the most recent generation of mobile digital tools.
Archaeology of Turkey by Andrew Fairbairn
of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is
not yet mirrored by a genetic understanding of the
human populations involved, in contrast to the
spread of farming in Europe . Sedentary farming
communities emerged in parts of the Fertile Crescent
during the tenth millennium and early ninth millennium
calibrated (cal) BC and had appeared in central
Anatolia by 8300 cal BC . Farming spread into
west Anatolia by the early seventh millennium cal
BC and quasi-synchronously into Europe, although
the timing and process of this movement remain unclear.
Using genome sequence data that we generated
from nine central Anatolian Neolithic individuals,
we studied the transition period from early Aceramic
(Pre-Pottery) to the later Pottery Neolithic, when
farming expanded west of the Fertile Crescent. We
find that genetic diversity in the earliest farmers
was conspicuously low, on a par with European
foraging groups. With the advent of the Pottery
Neolithic, genetic variation within societies reached
levels later found in early European farmers. Our results
confirm that the earliest Neolithic central Anatolians
belonged to the same gene pool as the first
Neolithic migrants spreading into Europe. Further,
genetic affinities between later Anatolian farmers
and fourth to third millennium BC Chalcolithic south
Europeans suggest an additional wave of Anatolian
migrants, after the initial Neolithic spread but before
the Yamnaya-related migrations. We propose that
the earliest farming societies demographically
resembled foragers and that only after regional
gene flow and rising heterogeneity did the farming
population expansions into Europe occur.
what the uptake of farming meant for early Holocene
foragers, in terms of their household organisation and social
practices, landscape engagements, ritual and symbolism, as
well to understand the spread of farming from the Fertile
Crescent, to points to the west and ultimately into Europe.
The ritual and symbolic practices at Boncuklu are
especially intriguing, given that Boncuklu seems to be a
direct predecessor of Çatalhöyük and is located only 9.5km
to its north.
wood charcoal assemblages derived from multi-use pits, domestic hearths, and room fills accumulated during the Middle Bronze Age to Late Iron Age occupation at the site. Results from the hearth assemblages parallel those from the pits, documenting a decline in taxa richness from the Middle Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age, particularly during the Hittite Empire period, followed by a dramatic increase in
pine in the Iron Age. However, the room fill composition does not match the same pattern. Results confirm that changes in taxonomic representation represented in the pit fills at Kaman-Kalehoyük was driven by fuel wood selection, with remains from room fills reflecting different selection behaviour
relating to construction activities.
change. In contrast to the well-documented changes in the social landscape, the environmental landscape
for the region at this time is poorly understood. The limited temporal and spatial coverage from
environmental records means it is difficult to understand the finer details of environmental change,
especially in relation to the archaeology of specific sites. This paper offers a complete and continuous
diachronic wood charcoal assemblage for the Middle Bronze Age to Late Iron Age from Kaman-Kalehoyük
in central Anatolia. Results show a significant decline in taxa richness from the Middle Bronze Age to the
Late Iron Age, particularly during the Hittite Empire period. The decline in richness is followed by a
dramatic increase in pine use from the beginning of the Iron Age. The timing and exploitation of key taxa
in Kaman-Kalehoyük assemblage do not match that indicated in the regional pollen data but rather show
a clear local signature chronologically matched to the Hittite Empire.
Individual chapters are available for free download, here:
http://dc.uwm.edu/arthist_mobilizingthepast/
https://thedigitalpress.org/mobilizing-the-past-for-a-digital-future/
Mobilizing the Past is a collection of 20 articles that explore the use and impact of mobile digital technology in archaeological field practice. The detailed case studies present in this volume range from drones in the Andes to iPads at Pompeii, digital workflows in the American Southwest, and examples of how bespoke, DIY, and commercial software provide solutions and craft novel challenges for field archaeologist. The range of projects and contexts ensures that Mobilizing the Past for a Digital Future is far more than a state-of-the-field manual or technical handbook. Instead, the contributors embrace the growing spirit of critique present in digital archaeology. This critical edge, backed by real projects, systems, and experiences, gives the book lasting value as both a glimpse into present practices as well as the anxieties and enthusiasm associated with the most recent generation of mobile digital tools.
of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is
not yet mirrored by a genetic understanding of the
human populations involved, in contrast to the
spread of farming in Europe . Sedentary farming
communities emerged in parts of the Fertile Crescent
during the tenth millennium and early ninth millennium
calibrated (cal) BC and had appeared in central
Anatolia by 8300 cal BC . Farming spread into
west Anatolia by the early seventh millennium cal
BC and quasi-synchronously into Europe, although
the timing and process of this movement remain unclear.
Using genome sequence data that we generated
from nine central Anatolian Neolithic individuals,
we studied the transition period from early Aceramic
(Pre-Pottery) to the later Pottery Neolithic, when
farming expanded west of the Fertile Crescent. We
find that genetic diversity in the earliest farmers
was conspicuously low, on a par with European
foraging groups. With the advent of the Pottery
Neolithic, genetic variation within societies reached
levels later found in early European farmers. Our results
confirm that the earliest Neolithic central Anatolians
belonged to the same gene pool as the first
Neolithic migrants spreading into Europe. Further,
genetic affinities between later Anatolian farmers
and fourth to third millennium BC Chalcolithic south
Europeans suggest an additional wave of Anatolian
migrants, after the initial Neolithic spread but before
the Yamnaya-related migrations. We propose that
the earliest farming societies demographically
resembled foragers and that only after regional
gene flow and rising heterogeneity did the farming
population expansions into Europe occur.
what the uptake of farming meant for early Holocene
foragers, in terms of their household organisation and social
practices, landscape engagements, ritual and symbolism, as
well to understand the spread of farming from the Fertile
Crescent, to points to the west and ultimately into Europe.
The ritual and symbolic practices at Boncuklu are
especially intriguing, given that Boncuklu seems to be a
direct predecessor of Çatalhöyük and is located only 9.5km
to its north.
wood charcoal assemblages derived from multi-use pits, domestic hearths, and room fills accumulated during the Middle Bronze Age to Late Iron Age occupation at the site. Results from the hearth assemblages parallel those from the pits, documenting a decline in taxa richness from the Middle Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age, particularly during the Hittite Empire period, followed by a dramatic increase in
pine in the Iron Age. However, the room fill composition does not match the same pattern. Results confirm that changes in taxonomic representation represented in the pit fills at Kaman-Kalehoyük was driven by fuel wood selection, with remains from room fills reflecting different selection behaviour
relating to construction activities.
change. In contrast to the well-documented changes in the social landscape, the environmental landscape
for the region at this time is poorly understood. The limited temporal and spatial coverage from
environmental records means it is difficult to understand the finer details of environmental change,
especially in relation to the archaeology of specific sites. This paper offers a complete and continuous
diachronic wood charcoal assemblage for the Middle Bronze Age to Late Iron Age from Kaman-Kalehoyük
in central Anatolia. Results show a significant decline in taxa richness from the Middle Bronze Age to the
Late Iron Age, particularly during the Hittite Empire period. The decline in richness is followed by a
dramatic increase in pine use from the beginning of the Iron Age. The timing and exploitation of key taxa
in Kaman-Kalehoyük assemblage do not match that indicated in the regional pollen data but rather show
a clear local signature chronologically matched to the Hittite Empire.
centre. This archaeobotanical discovery at Kultepe provides the earliest direct evidence for trade in hazelnuts in the region, probably imported on a small scale as luxury items facilitated by the Assyrian trade network. It also provides independent support for historical claims that hazelnut was traded at Kanesh based on the analysis of cuneiform tablets.
consultation with, and for the use of, Indigenous Australians. It includes a consideration of the potential and design requirements of web-delivered courses for more effectively introducing Indigenous communities to the professional CHM sector and thus achieving the long-term goal of increasing the participation of those communities in professional work.
Excavation reports of four Roman military sites - the forts of Vetera I, Ellingen, Oberstimm and Rottweil - are used in this article to highlight the range of problems encountered and solutions arrived to resolve them, a process requiring constant revision and refinement.
This paper discusses the methodology and analyses being used in this project to investigate social behaviour within Roman military forts and fortresses of the 1st and 2nd centuries CE through analyses of the spatial distribution of artefacts at these sites. The processes involved include digitising previously published maps and artefact catalogues from Roman military sites to create searchable databases and GIS maps. They also include the classification of the artefacts according to a number of functional and gender-associated categories (e.g. combat equipment, male and female dress, toilet etc.) so that the spatial distributions of the relevant activities can be plotted. This data is then used to interpret the spatial relationships of these activities and the people involved in them.
The double legionary fortress of Vetera I, on the Lower Rhine, has been used to exemplify these processes. This fortress was excavated in the early 20th century and the artefacts were comprehensively published in 1995 (N. Hanel, Vetera I: Die Funde aus den römischen Lagern auf dem Fürstenberg bei Xanten. Rheinische Ausgrabungen 35, Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne and Dr Rudolf Halbert, Bonn, 1995). The paper includes descriptions of the methods and software employed in the digitisation of relevant material from these volumes, the formation of relational databases, and the importation of this data and of site maps into a GIS programme. To illustrate these processes and to present some of the results, the paper also includes a number of examples of the analyses carried out, together with interactive GIS maps of these analyses.
The Easton Down monument falls relatively late in the regional sequence of long barrow construction. Its setting was probably one of scattered, non-permanent clearances in woodland. Woodland was still widespread on the higher downland of the region in the middle of the Neolithic. Renewed and bigger-scale clearance towards the end of the Neolithic may be connected with the construction of very large monuments elsewhere in the region. The later prehistoric landscape became both more open and less diverse.