Robert Josifoski

The geological investigation of Fingal Head and Toohey Forest provides valuable insight into the complex geological processes that have shaped these two sites. Fingal Head, located in northern New South Wales, is characterized by its volcanic basalt formations formed by lava flows from the now extinct Tweed Shield volcano approximately 23 million years ago. Observations and GPS data document the geological features and sedimentary characteristics of this coastal area. Key findings include analysis of basalt columns, distribution of sediment samples and the effects of weathering and erosion.

Toohey Forest in Brisbane is characterized by sclerophyllous forest and sandy uplift. Investigation of the Tingalpa Beds and Neranleigh Fernvale Group using GPS data and field observations reveals a complex stratigraphic sequence shaped by sediment deposition and tectonic activity. Interpretation of the data collected provides a comprehensive picture of the geological history and sedimentary processes in this region.

This study combines fieldwork, GPS data and laboratory interpretation to shed light on the geological differences and similarities between Fingal Head and Toohey Forest. The results contribute to a better understanding of the geological evolution and natural processes that have influenced these two important geological sites.

North Stradbroke Island is located 15 km east of the Southeast Coast of Queensland, east of Brisbane. Fraser Island is located 15 km east of the coast of Queensland near Hervey Bay. Both are sand islands that were heavily used for sand mining of mineral sources of heavy metals, particularly titanium and zircon. Conservational organizations and groups were often complaining that the rehabilitation practices produce “unnatural” landscapes, but over time, the nature began to form “wild” dunes again near the beach, along the “artificial” frontal dunes, and the landscape starts to look interesting again. When it comes to restoration of mining land, it is important to have information on the vegetation and the types of habitats that were in the region prior to mining, and extensive studies on the soil, flora and fauna should be conducted (Lubke and Avis 1999). Sand-mining should not stop where it does not significantly disturb the ecosystem, and if it’s very unique, as in the case with Fraser Island, exceptions should be made in favour of the environment.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Standard Chemical Tests:
- Carbon-Carbon double bond – Alkenes
- Hydroxyl Group (Alcohols and Phenols)
- The Carbonyl Group – Carboxylic Acids
- The Carbonyl Group – Ketones
- The Carbonyl Group – Aldehydes
- The Carbonyl Group – Esters
- The Amino Group
- Amides
- The Nitro Group
- Ethers
- Molisch’s Test For Sugars

Experimental Section: During the experiment, a sample of cigarette smoke was collected in a cell and the IR spectrum of the cigarette smoke was measured. The data collected was a graph with a full spectrum in the infrared (from 1000-4000 cm-1) showing the prominent peaks in the cigarette smoke, of which we are only interested in the CO peak. The data was used to calculate the CO bond length. Cigarette brand: Winfield Red (16 mg) Results Section: Section 1: IR spectrum of cigarette smoke. Insert your FTIR spectrum and identify all the compounds observed.

Remote sensing is currently the only feasible means of providing spatial data on multiple scales, at the same time consistent and on regular basis, with data sets freely available to the public, such as those of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 operated by NASA, and from this year the free data sets from Sentinel, a satellite operated by the European Space Agency. These remote sensing instruments can be applied by using various techniques to extract information of interest, and for our purpose we will explore the possibility of state and regional planning for agricultural use of fertile soil, based on collected information about the distribution of Fe-oxides on the ground.

This project is mapping iron oxides in the western part of Wide Burnett region, Queensland, an area of 50x50 km centered around Gin Gin, governed by the Bundaberg City Council. Wide Burnett Region is well known for its fertile soils, but agriculture is mainly developed in its eastern part around the city of Bundaberg.

To extract the information about iron oxides related to mafic regolith, I used the following ratio: Red Band/Blue Band (B4/B2). To extract the information about ferric iron oxide, I used the ratio: NIR Band/Blue Band (B5/B2). To extract the information about high grade Iron ore (related to mafic saprolite), I used the ratio: (B4+B6)/B5. mapped the iron oxide areas with unsupervised and supervised classification. To validate the accuracy of this created map, I compared the extracted information with a WorldView2 image that I extracted from ArcGlobe, overlaid on the Landsat 8 image of the area of my interest. The usefulness of this project is to show that we can use Landsat imagery to assess the distribution of fertile soils anywhere on earth. This map can be used by the government to do better planning for agriculture and the urban development.

The large surface area of leaves compared to their volume enhances the absorption of light for photosynthesis, but it also aids the absorption of CO2 during photosynthesis as well as the release of O2 as a by-product of photosynthesis. The problem with the larger leaf surface area is that it allows more evaporation and a greater need for water, and the stomata, through the opening and closing of their pores, control the rate of water evaporation. If the air is hot and dry, plants close their stomata as they try to keep water from too much evaporating. This study investigates why certain plants do better in certain environments. By comparing the stomata density of the mystery plants and the known existing traits of C3, C4 and CAM plants, the aim is to be able to distinguish plant species based on the number of the stomata on the adaxial (top) and abaxial (bottom) side of the leaf.

Bacteria, the most abundant form of life on our planet, are the smallest organisms, and they occur in soil, water, air, on plants and in animals and people. This study compares the bacterial numbers in four different types of environment that are of concern: in soil, wastewater, freshwater from ponds and in chlorinated tap water. In lab settings, colonies were observed on agar plates without opening them, and only bacteria were counted either manually or with electronic counters. The soil samples contained in average 474,000 bacteria per ml, the wastewater samples contained in average 34,500 of bacteria per ml, and the pond water just 3400 bacteria per ml of water. The experiment found no bacteria in chlorinated water, which confirms that chlorine is effective for water disinfection. There is a concern that chlorine may be a health hazard, but still it is an acceptable risk, because of its proven ability to kill pathogens. The methodology in this experiment has certain limits. Though it is a fast and inexpensive way to determine the number of bacteria in soil, effluent, fresh water and chlorinated water, it cannot determine the types of bacteria, and for this purpose more sophisticated techniques and instruments are needed. The number of bacteria in waste water has a relevance in water quality monitoring and wastewater reclamation, but one must be very cautious, as there are a wide range of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater, and their types depend on the sanitary conditions of the community. All bacteria, including pathogens, can grow in numbers very fast in optimal environments, where water and warm temperature are present, and if the sanitary standards of wastewater sanitation are not strict, that can pose a significant health risk for the society. The most effective and the least dangerous chemical for water disinfection is chlorine.

The geological investigation of Fingal Head and Toohey Forest provides valuable insight into the complex geological processes that have shaped these two sites. Fingal Head, located in northern New South Wales, is characterized by its volcanic basalt formations formed by lava flows from the now extinct Tweed Shield volcano approximately 23 million years ago. Observations and GPS data document the geological features and sedimentary characteristics of this coastal area. Key findings include analysis of basalt columns, distribution of sediment samples and the effects of weathering and erosion.

Toohey Forest in Brisbane is characterized by sclerophyllous forest and sandy uplift. Investigation of the Tingalpa Beds and Neranleigh Fernvale Group using GPS data and field observations reveals a complex stratigraphic sequence shaped by sediment deposition and tectonic activity. Interpretation of the data collected provides a comprehensive picture of the geological history and sedimentary processes in this region.

This study combines fieldwork, GPS data and laboratory interpretation to shed light on the geological differences and similarities between Fingal Head and Toohey Forest. The results contribute to a better understanding of the geological evolution and natural processes that have influenced these two important geological sites.