Mari-Liisa Parder
University of Tartu, Centre for Ethics, Department Member
- University of Tartu, Dept of Social Sciences, Graduate Studentadd
Uuring "Euroopa teadlaste harta ja juhendi põhimõtete järgimine Eesti teadus- ja arendusasutustes" viidi läbi RITA tegevus 4 "Teadus- ja arendustegevuse ning innovatsiooni (TAI) poliitika seire" raames. Euroopa ühtse... more
Uuring "Euroopa teadlaste harta ja juhendi põhimõtete järgimine Eesti teadus- ja arendusasutustes" viidi läbi RITA tegevus 4 "Teadus- ja arendustegevuse ning innovatsiooni (TAI) poliitika seire" raames. Euroopa ühtse teadusruumi on olulise prioriteedina välja toodud "Avatud tööturg teadlastele". Seal on välja toodud põhimõtted kuidas kindlustada teadlastele parimad töötingimused, sh kuidas tagada võimalused laialdaseks mobiilsuseks – nii rahvusvaheliseks kui ka sektoritevaheliseks mobiilsuseks, kuidas muuta teadlaskarjäär noortele atraktiivsemaks ning väärtustada teadlaste ühiskondlik aktiivsus. Euroopa Komisjoni 2005. aasta märtsis avaldatud dokumendi "Euroopa Teadlaste Harta. Teadlaste töölevõtmise juhend" (edaspidi Harta ja juhend) eesmärk ongi toetada loetletud prioriteetide elluviimist.Uuring viidi Euroopa Komisjoni poolt välja töötatud HRS4R (Human Resources Strategy for Researchers) metoodika alusel läbi kahes etapis ja see kajastab olu...
This deliverables studies the existing range of codes and guidelines on ethics and integrity across disciplines, the existing<br> literature, codes and documentation - what is currently recognized as reference documentation on the... more
This deliverables studies the existing range of codes and guidelines on ethics and integrity across disciplines, the existing<br> literature, codes and documentation - what is currently recognized as reference documentation on the topic, the different<br> approaches, and existing good/best practices in place in the non-medical field. Existing codes and guidelines will be<br> mapped, codifying the common elements (values, principles, standards) and conflicting values and standards will be<br> explored, building upon work already done by e.g. Nathan Emmerich for AcSS Project; RESPECT; Kathinka Evers' EU<br> work on standards.<br>
Siinse uurimuse eesmärk on analüüsida väärtuskasvatust toetavaid tegevusi ja nende tulemuslikkuse hindamist Eesti üldhariduskoolides. Uurime, kuivõrd toovad Eesti üldhariduskoolid refleksiooni kaudu välja väärtusi toetavaid tegevusi ning... more
Siinse uurimuse eesmärk on analüüsida väärtuskasvatust toetavaid tegevusi ja nende tulemuslikkuse hindamist Eesti üldhariduskoolides. Uurime, kuivõrd toovad Eesti üldhariduskoolid refleksiooni kaudu välja väärtusi toetavaid tegevusi ning analüüsivad deklareeritud ja tegevustes rakendatavate väärtuste kooskõla. Vaatluse all on tegevused, mida koolid seostavad väärtuskasvatuse toetamisega, ning see, kas ja milliste meetoditega analüüsivad koolid väärtuskasvatust toetavate tegevuste tulemuslikkust. Analüüsi aluseks on üldhariduskoolide koostatud eneseanalüüsid, mis on esitatud Tartu Ülikooli eetikakeskuse tunnustusprogrammi ja mis sisaldavad väärtusarenduse analüüsi neljas valdkonnas. Valimisse kuulub 39 eneseanalüüsi aastatest 2010; 2016 ja 2019, mida analüüsiti kvalitatiivse sisuanalüüsi abil. Siinse uurimuse põhjal saab öelda, et Eesti koolides on levinud integreeriv eetiline kasvatus. Summary
Abstract Despite the fact that alcohol use by adolescents is publicly discouraged, alcohol plays an important role as a mediator of relationships between adolescents, and in the process of their becoming adults. Here I introduce the... more
Abstract Despite the fact that alcohol use by adolescents is publicly discouraged, alcohol plays an important role as a mediator of relationships between adolescents, and in the process of their becoming adults. Here I introduce the concept of situational abstinence – refusing alcohol in certain situations while consuming it in others – which offers a good alternative for maintaining and developing social relationships and is therefore used by adolescents at parties and other occasions. In this study, I analyse Estonian adolescents’ situational abstinence and their narratives regarding the possibilities of abstinence at parties where peers consume alcohol. The study uses social practise theory, which conceptualises social practise as a basic unit of social processes, seeing it as a recognisable pattern of action embedded in culture, with social actors acting as carriers of practise. Small-group interviews were conducted with 49 Estonian eighth grade students (13–15 years old), with the focus being on capturing their narratives about refusing alcohol. The results suggest that in adolescent party culture, the practise of situational abstinence exists, but is suppressed, especially during the preparatory phase of parties. Encouraging the sharing of narratives about situational abstinence could be an effective means of alcohol prevention.
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Research Ethics, Organizational Culture, Values, Political Science, Standards, and 14 moreProfessional Ethics, Medical Ethics, Research Integrity, Codex, Oaths, Developing Personal Values, Codes of Ethics, History of codes of ethics, Research ethics and integrity, Building Codes and standards, Codes of Professional Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Harmonization, and Ethics Guidelines
... lahti on. Kui olulist teenust pakutakse kohas, kuhu sihtgrupp ei pääse (näiteks Eesti lõikes ainult Tallinnas ja Tartus), on sihtgrupil (näiteks neil, kes elavad saartel või Eesti riigi äärealadel; neil, kes elavad ebapiisava... more
... lahti on. Kui olulist teenust pakutakse kohas, kuhu sihtgrupp ei pääse (näiteks Eesti lõikes ainult Tallinnas ja Tartus), on sihtgrupil (näiteks neil, kes elavad saartel või Eesti riigi äärealadel; neil, kes elavad ebapiisava ühistranspordiga piirkondades) väga keeruline ...
Research Interests:
The aim of the current study is to pilot methods for the involvement and empowerment of adolescents in regard to alcohol consumption and situational abstinence and the possibilities of adolescent-created narratives in alcohol abuse... more
The aim of the current study is to pilot methods for the involvement and empowerment of adolescents in regard to alcohol consumption and situational abstinence and the possibilities of adolescent-created narratives in alcohol abuse prevention. Alcohol consumption is analysed from the practice theory perspective, where alcohol consumption is an independent practice shared through various personal stories. Action research and co-creation methods were used in workshop sessions with adolescents in one school in Estonia. Adolescents aged 13–15 participated in the workshops and engaged in storytelling and the co-creation of stories. During five meetings, participants shared their views and experiences regarding alcohol party culture and situational abstinence. Short and informal participatory action research meetings made it possible for adolescents to express their thoughts regarding alcohol culture, especially norms. The participants did not consider alcohol consumption to be problemati...
AIMS – Adolescents’ abstinence from alcohol has not been much researched in terms of providing suggestions for prevention strategies. This study aims to fill that gap by offering a practice theory-inspired analysis of how the unwritten... more
AIMS – Adolescents’ abstinence from alcohol has not been much researched in terms of providing suggestions for prevention strategies. This study aims to fill that gap by offering a practice theory-inspired analysis of how the unwritten rules of partying practices are communicated between posters of Estonian youth forums.DATA –These forums are novel objects of analysis in research on teenagers’ alcohol use, and the article shares some topical experiences.RESULTS – The findings of the analysis show that non-drinking at teenagers’ alcohol-related social gatherings is generally communicated as a non-tolerated individual performance that is seen to erode the whole collective partying practice. Young people therefore suggest in forums various mimicry strategies to justify non-drinking.CONCLUSIONS – The article casts doubts about the efficiency of risk awareness raising and teaching individual skills in this context because they provide little help for those youngsters who have already bee...
Research Interests:
Despite the fact that alcohol use by adolescents is publicly discouraged, alcohol plays an important role as a mediator of relationships between adolescents, and in the process of their becoming adults. Here I introduce the concept of... more
Despite the fact that alcohol use by adolescents is publicly discouraged, alcohol plays an important role as a mediator of relationships between adolescents, and in the process of their becoming adults. Here I introduce the concept of situational abstinence – refusing alcohol in certain situations while consuming it in others – which offers a good alternative for maintaining and developing social relationships and is therefore used by adolescents at parties and other occasions. In this study, I analyse Estonian adolescents’ situational abstinence and their narratives regarding the possibilities of abstinence at parties where peers consume alcohol. The study uses social practise theory, which conceptualises social practise as a basic unit of social processes, seeing it as a recognisable pattern of action embedded in culture, with social actors acting as carriers of practise. Small-group interviews were conducted with 49 Estonian eighth grade students (13–15 years old), with the focus being on capturing their narratives about refusing alcohol. The results suggest that in adolescent party culture, the practise of situational abstinence exists, but is suppressed, especially during the preparatory phase of parties. Encouraging the sharing of narratives about situational abstinence could be an effective means of alcohol prevention.
Research Interests:
AIMS – Adolescents’ abstinence from alcohol has not been much researched in terms of providing suggestions for prevention strategies. This study aims to fill that gap by offering a practice theory-inspired analysis of how the unwritten... more
AIMS – Adolescents’ abstinence from alcohol has not been much researched in terms of providing suggestions for prevention strategies. This study aims to fill that gap by offering a practice theory-inspired analysis of how the unwritten rules of partying practices are communicated between posters of Estonian youth forums.
DATA –These forums are novel objects of analysis in research on teenagers’ alcohol use, and the article shares some topical experiences.
RESULTS – The findings of the analysis show that non-drinking at teenagers’ alcohol-related social gatherings is generally communicated as a non-tolerated individual performance that is seen to erode the whole collective partying practice. Young people therefore suggest in forums various mimicry strategies to justify non-drinking.
CONCLUSIONS – The article casts doubts about the efficiency of risk awareness raising and teaching individual skills in this context because they provide little help for those youngsters who have already been recruited into partying practices and who need peer legitimation to leave these practices. The authors pose suggestions for gradually making the current alcohol-related partying practices more tolerant of non-drinkers, thus opening “subculturally supported roads” to personal autonomy.
DATA –These forums are novel objects of analysis in research on teenagers’ alcohol use, and the article shares some topical experiences.
RESULTS – The findings of the analysis show that non-drinking at teenagers’ alcohol-related social gatherings is generally communicated as a non-tolerated individual performance that is seen to erode the whole collective partying practice. Young people therefore suggest in forums various mimicry strategies to justify non-drinking.
CONCLUSIONS – The article casts doubts about the efficiency of risk awareness raising and teaching individual skills in this context because they provide little help for those youngsters who have already been recruited into partying practices and who need peer legitimation to leave these practices. The authors pose suggestions for gradually making the current alcohol-related partying practices more tolerant of non-drinkers, thus opening “subculturally supported roads” to personal autonomy.
Research Interests:
Although the origin of professional codes of ethics can be traced back to ancient Greece, their peak was in the late twentieth century with more than 70% of codes of ethics being created after 1990. Today professional ethical standards... more
Although the origin of professional codes of ethics can be traced back to ancient Greece, their peak was in the late twentieth century with more than 70% of codes of ethics being created after 1990. Today professional ethical standards are formulated as codes of ethics, sets of principles or guidelines, declarations, conventions, charters, or laws, and they differ in scope, form, and content. As there is no consensus on what is meant by “research ethics” and “research integrity,” both concepts are clarified here.
Codes of ethics for scientists are often written in reaction to misconduct cases. However, the sudden boom in codes of ethics is also related to growing pressures upon scientists and the conflicting duties they face. Solutions to the issue of vast number of codes and guidelines – creating a few universal general codes for research or harmonization of existing documents – are also both problematic. A universal code makes sacrifices on the level of content to gain acceptance internationally, and differences in values will continue to pose ethical dilemmas and conflict.
The main obstacles and solutions in order to make codes of ethics work better are highlighted. It is argued that the process of drafting codes of ethics should be inclusive. To engage people real-life cases should be discussed for clarifying implicit values. Implementation requires skills or moral discussion and substantiation of positions. Codes of ethics, the shared understanding of values should be sought within professions. Declared and actual values should be in coherence both in the leadership of the organization and organizational culture.
Codes of ethics for scientists are often written in reaction to misconduct cases. However, the sudden boom in codes of ethics is also related to growing pressures upon scientists and the conflicting duties they face. Solutions to the issue of vast number of codes and guidelines – creating a few universal general codes for research or harmonization of existing documents – are also both problematic. A universal code makes sacrifices on the level of content to gain acceptance internationally, and differences in values will continue to pose ethical dilemmas and conflict.
The main obstacles and solutions in order to make codes of ethics work better are highlighted. It is argued that the process of drafting codes of ethics should be inclusive. To engage people real-life cases should be discussed for clarifying implicit values. Implementation requires skills or moral discussion and substantiation of positions. Codes of ethics, the shared understanding of values should be sought within professions. Declared and actual values should be in coherence both in the leadership of the organization and organizational culture.
